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Open access
Research article
First published online August 20, 2021
MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE AND EVOLUTION OF RESEARCH ON PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF
TOURISTS
Chu feng Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-7069, Yong Ma
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-3085, and Jie Ren
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-475X oliviarenj@qq.comView all authors and
affiliations
All Articles
https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211040794
* Contents
* Abstract
* Research Methods and Data Sources
* General Characteristics
* The Core Basic Knowledge
* Evolution Characters and Development Trend
* Directions for Future Research on PEBT
* Discussion
* Conclusion
* Acknowledgments
* Declaration of Conflicting Interests
* Funding
* ORCID iDs
* Footnotes
* References
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ABSTRACT
The pro-environmental behavior of tourists (PEBT) can reduce the impact of
tourism activities on the environment, which has attracted more and more
attention from scholars. Based on the 159 articles of the PEBT from 2003 to the
present in the “Web of Science” database, analyzing the overall characteristics,
core knowledge, and knowledge evolution of this field with the help of CiteSpace
and Vosviewer software, to systematically grasp the development panorama and
find the future direction of the research on PEBT. The results show that
economics, ecology, and psychology have a strong knowledge spillover effect for
research on PEBT. Three regional research circles, eight-core scientific
communities, and four core prior knowledge groups have formed for research on
PEBT. The research content mainly focuses on exploring the measurement, forming
mechanism, and influencing factors of PEBT. The effect of attitude or place
attachment to PEBT has once been the research hotspot in this field. The
research focus is to explore PEBT under multiple scenarios from the perspective
of multi-disciplinary in recent years. Finally, a series of directions for
future research on PEBT were put forward, aiming to bring some useful references
to scholars.
Tourist destinations are facing environmental issues such as climate change,
water pollution, air pollution, depletion of natural resources, and loss of
species (Budeanu, 2007), and many phenomena indicate that environmental
degradation in tourism destinations is related to tourist activities (Budeanu,
2007; Onwezen & Bartels, 2013), such as producing a large amount of harmful gas
(Russell & Russell, 2010), damaging to the vegetation (Xiao & Huang, 2010), and
the surface (Marín-Yaseli & Martínez, 2003) of the tourist destination. In a
way, the pro-environmental behavior of tourists (PEBT) and the ecologically
sustainable development of the destination have a robust symbiotic relationship
(Weaver & Lawton, 2011). When tourists reduce the damage to the environment of
tourist destinations or try to protect the environment actively, a series of
environmental problems faced by tourist destinations will be improved. In recent
years, encouraging and guiding tourists to implement pro-environmental behaviors
have been considered as beneficial methods for sustainable development of the
region (Bhati & Pearce, 2016; T. H. Lee et al., 2013; Miao & Wei, 2013).
PEBT refers to tourists’ efforts to minimize the damage to the destination
environment or even protect the destination environment (Kollmuss & Agyeman,
2002; Steg & Vlek, 2009). PEBT has attracted widespread attention from folklore
scholars and professors since it was proposed (Han, 2015). Tourists’
environmentally responsible behavior (T. H. Lee et al., 2013), Tourists’
ecological behavior (Minciu et al., 2012), Tourists’ environmentally friendly
behavior (Dolnicar & Grün, 2009), Tourists’ sustainable behavior (Ballantyne &
Packer, 2016), and other related series of term have been proposed one after
another. However, their essential connotations are the same (Qiu et al., 2018).
To explain the complex social phenomenon (Moghimehfar & Halpenny, 2016),
scholars have introduced the theory of planned behavior (TPB), norm activation
model (VAM), value-belief-norm theory (VBN), place attachment theory (PBT),
goal-oriented theory (MGB), and other theoretical models to explain the
formation mechanism of PEBT, to analyze the driving factors of PEBT from
multi-dimension such as values, personal norms, experience, satisfaction, place
attachment, destination image, expected guilty, self-efficacy, and demographic
characteristics. However, Antimova et al. believe that PEBT is a problem that
needs to be continuously explored for promoting the sustainable development of
destinations (Antimova et al., 2012).
This study aims to clarify the academic ecology of research on the PEBT, which
lays a foundation for the further development of research in this field. To
achieve the above research objectives, this study will take the literature
related to PEBT in the Web of Science database as the research object and
analyze the following problems using bibliometric analysis: (a) The external
characteristics of the research on PEBT; (b) The characteristics of sequential
development; (c) Core knowledge groups, main research contents, and research
trends of existing knowledge accumulation. Specifically, this study will clarify
the key literatures and scholars in this field, focus on analyzing the core
knowledge accumulation in research on PEBT, and find out the research trend by
analyzing the knowledge evolution process of this field. As the main research
method of this study, the bibliometric analysis method has been regarded as a
mature and effective method of document analysis and information mining, which
can perform statistical and quantitative analysis of academic literature
results, so as to relatively objectively deduce the development status and
development trend of the discipline (Y. Chen et al., 2015). As the first
literature review with the method of bibliometric analysis of research on PEBT,
this study is able to help the scholars understand the research progress in the
field and to provide a reference for the determination of the direction of
subsequent research on PEBT.
RESEARCH METHODS AND DATA SOURCES
RESEARCH METHODS AND TOOLS
To comprehensively obtain a complete picture of research on PEBT, analyzing the
overall characteristics, core basic knowledge, development history, recent
research characteristics, and trends of PEBT are the key points of this article.
With the help of CiteSpace and Vosviewer, the visual and quantitative analysis
of the literature in the field of PEBT is performed. Among them, CiteSpace can
implement co-occurrence analysis in the subject area, national co-occurrence
analysis, author co-occurrence analysis, and keyword co-occurrence analysis.
Thus, we can explore the key points of the subject area or knowledge area at
various development stages and understand the dynamic mechanism of knowledge
development and change (Y. Chen et al., 2015). However, Vosviewer can generate a
knowledge map of map visualization, overlay visualization, and density
visualization based on literature data and document data, as well as form a
detailed and clear cluster of knowledge units to represent the relationship
between the document data (Gao, 2015). Based on CiteSpace and Vosviewer, the
research team will combine traditional literature analysis with a bibliometric
analysis method to analyze important literature and comprehensively and
accurately grasp the research landscape of PEBT.
DATA SOURCES
This study selects the five major citation index data sets of the Web of Science
(WOS), which includes SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A & HCI, CPCI-S, and CPCI-SSH.
Although WOS is the only data source of the study, there are a series of reasons
for choosing the database. First, the WOS database is comprehensive, which
includes more than 9,000 kinds of journals with international level. Citation
retrieval in WOS database can track the existing related research during the
last 100 years. Second, the data format processed by Citespace software is based
on the data format downloaded from WOS database (C. Chen, 2015). Third, WOS can
provide more perfect references, indexes, and other literary analysis elements.
There are many scholars in the field who have taken WOS as the data source of
literature review and analyzed the research situation of relevant fields with
the method of bibliometric analysis (Albort-Morant et al., 2017; Zyoud et al.,
2017).
Furthermore, based on the combing of terms related to PEBT, this article uses
(“environmentally responsible behavior” OR “responsible environmental behavior”
OR “environmentally friendly behavior” OR “environmentally concerned behavior”
OR” environmental protection behavior” OR “pro-environmental behavior” OR
“ecological behavior” OR “eco-friendly behavior” OR “environmentally significant
behavior” OR “sustainable behavior”) AND (“touris*” OR “visit *” OR “travel *”)
as the search terms, selects all years as time span, selects “article,” “review”
and “proceeding paper” as types of this research, and retrieved 262 related
literature on June 21, 2019. Furthermore, to ensure the scientificity of the
analysis results and avoid invalid or duplicate literature in the search
results, our research team selects three researchers in this field to conduct a
comprehensive and detailed screening independently based on search results.
Through reading the downloaded literature one by one to screen out the effective
documents, the screening criteria are that the research object of the literature
is tourists and the research topic is pro-environmental behavior. Finally, it
was imported into CiteSpace for data cleaning, and 159 valid literature was
defined as data of PEBT.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
CHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF PUBLISHED PAPERS ON PEBT
The number of literature on PEBT has continued to rise, and it is found that its
growth trend basically conforms to the exponential growth law using curve
fitting analysis, but it has experienced a sharp increase in 2018. Combined with
the growth characteristics of the literature in the field, it can be divided
into three periods: slow growth period (2003–2012), volatile growth period
(2013–2017), and rapid growth period (2017–2018).
Figure 1. Time-series analysis of published papers on PEBT. (The graph was drawn
based on data from Web of Science).
Note. PEBT = pro-environmental behavior of tourists.
Open in viewer
In the slow growth period, the word of PEBT is clearly proposed by Taniguchi et
al. (2003), and Travel Feedback Program (TFP) will have a positive impact on
PEBT. The number of publications in this field basically maintained a growth
level of less than or equal to four articles per year, and the annual research
output was small. In 2012, the validity of the “Kyoto Protocol” was extended at
the 18th United Nations Climate Change Conference, and member states are
increasingly paying attention to environmental issues.
In the volatile growth period (2013–2017), the number of articles published per
year fluctuates between 10 and 20, except for 2014. To some extent, the increase
in the number of documents at this stage is mainly due to many scholars from
China gradually entered the research field during this period, just as Lee et
al. The number of articles published during this period is five and has a high
number of citations, which lays a foundation for the rapid development of
research on PEBT. In December 2017, the Third United Nations Environment
Conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya, advocating creating a “zero pollution
planet” and put forward that environmental issues should be concerned.
In the rapid growth period (2017–2018), more scholars from mainland China, the
United States, and South Korea began to enter this field, and the annual
increase of research on PEBT rose from 18 to 52, and the number of literature
produced is up to 14 papers, 13 papers, and 8 papers, respectively. The field of
research on PEBT has entered a rapid development period in 2018, and the number
of literature has increased rapidly.
TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF DISCIPLINES
Using the citespace, select “category” as the analyzing point based on the data
set of PEBT. According to the criteria (the Modularity Q >0.3, Silhouette score
> 0.4; Newman, 2004), the analyzing result (the Modularity Q = 0.3216,
Silhouette score = 0.6167) of the Figure 2 is reasonable. Figure 2 shows the
evolution of the disciplinary field of PEBT. The nodes, connections lines
between nodes, and the nodes’ purple outer circle are the key indicators of the
knowledge map. The size of each node in the map is proportional to the number of
co-occurrences of the subject area. Moreover, the thicker the connection lines
between the nodes are the stronger the disciplines’ connection. As well, the
purple outer circle of the nodes represents the betweenness centrality of the
nodes and reflects the importance of this discipline in the research on PEBT (Y.
Chen et al., 2015). Overall, 23 nodes and 80 connection lines (Figure 2)
indicate that the research on PEBT involves multiple research areas and mainly
focuses on the ecological environment, sociology, and leisure reception.
Furthermore, analysis from the time dimension reveals that the research on PEBT
was mainly related to economics, ecological environment, sociology, psychology
and leisure reception, and other subject areas in the early stage. In the middle
and later stages, research on PEBT has begun to involve management, education,
and transportation science due to knowledge spillover effects. It is worth
noting that a noticeable purple ring appears in the co-occurrence node of
economics, ecology, and psychology, indicating that these disciplines in the
PEBT play strong knowledge spillovers and are to become an important point
connecting the new subject areas.
Figure 2. Knowledge map of subject area co-occurrence form time zone view.Open
in viewer
ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PATTERN
THE DISTRIBUTION OF REGIONAL RESEARCH POWER
To analyze the international research pattern and identify the academic
influence of different regions in this field, the data set of PEBT was imported
into Citespace, select “country” as the analyzing point and convert the
analyzing result into the strength distribution table of PEBT (Table 1).
Analyzing from the table, the research power is uneven in regions distribution.
The primary research power circle of research on PEBT includes China, the United
States, and Korea. Australia and England are in the secondary research circle of
research on PEBT, and there are a few scholars in Spain, Canada, India, Austria,
Germany, Norway, and Slovenia who have published documents in this field.
Whatsmore, Australia, China, England, and the United States have strong
betweenness centrality. Betweenness centrality is a key indicator of the
importance of nodes in the map structure. Highly betweenness centrality means an
important link between two different countries (Y. Chen et al., 2015), which
shows that the United States, Australia, England, and China have a strong
influence on this research field.
Table 1. Distribution of Regional Research Power of PEBT.
NumberAreaDocum-entsBetween-ness Centralit-yNumbe-rAreaDocumen-tsBetweenne-ss
centr-ality1China490.187Canada302USA340.458India303Korea2409Austria30.084Australia150.3310Germany205England80.2111Norway206Spain4012Slovenia20
Note. PEBT = pro-environmental behavior of tourists.
Open in viewer
CORE RESEARCH SCHOLARS
Scholars are the source of motivation for the development of the discipline, and
the co-author map can be used to identify core authors, the scientific
community, the strength of cooperation and mutual citations among scholars in
this field (Hu et al., 2013). Select “author” as the analyzing point, and the
co-author map was generated by citespace (Figure 3). 159 articles in the data
set of research on PEBT involved 358 scholars. As shown in Figure 3, there are
23 nodes in the co-author map, 21 connection lines, 8 cooperative groups, which
shows that Cooperation among authors in this area needs to be strengthened, and
there are only eight-core scientific communities in this field. Among them, the
first and second scientific communities have relatively high occurrence
frequency, and they are more closely linked. In addition, it is worth noting
that more scholars have published 1 article and did not appear in the co-author
map, but this also conforms to the general law of bibliometrics that a few
scholars produce most research results in each scientific field.
Figure 3. Author co-occurrence knowledge map.Open in viewer
According to the analysis in Table 2, Han, Kim, Hyun, and Lee are the largest
scientific community in this research field. Moreover, Han is the core author in
the first community and the most influential author in the field. In his early
studies, he mainly analyzed PEBT in the hotel context from multiple perspectives
of theory such as value-belief-norm theory, the theory of planned behavior, norm
activation model, and goal-oriented behavior theory, and gradually expand the
case of the study from hotels to cruise, conference and museum scenarios and
limit the sample of the research to young groups such as college students,
focusing on exploring the impact factors and formation mechanism of PEBT in
specific scenarios or segmented groups (Han, 2014, 2015; Han et al., 2016; Han &
Hyun, 2017, 2018; Han, Hwang & Lee, 2017; Han, Kim, & Kiatkawsin, 2017; Han, Kim
& Lee, 2018). Besides, Lee and Jan are the second-largest scientific community
in this field, working at the Yunlin University of Science and Technology in
Taiwan, China, and cooperating closely based on academic relationships. Their
research direction in this field is to explore the influencing factors and
related measuring scales of PEBT in the context of eco-tourism and community
tourism (T. H. Lee, 2011; T. H. Lee et al., 2013; T. H. Lee & Jan, 2015a, 2015b,
2018a, 2018b, 2019b).
Table 2. List of Core Authors for Research on PEBT.
FrequentAuthorFrequentAuthor14Heesup Han2Yu Wang7Wansoo Kim2Lujun Su6Tsung Hung
Lee2Peng Yu6Fenhauh Jan2Xiaohong Chen3Minseong Kim2Yenting Helena Chiu3Shanyong
Wang2Huan Hu3Sunghyup Sean Hyun2Scott R Swanson3Brijesh Thapa2Wani
Lee2Tsunghsiung Chen2Ljubica Knezevic Cvelbar2Jinhe Zhang2Jing Wang2Jun Li2Sara
Dolnicar2Sanghyeop Lee
Note. PEBT = pro-environmental behavior of tourists.
Open in viewer
THE CORE BASIC KNOWLEDGE
Highly cited literature in this field can be presented by creating a reference
mutual citation map based on co-citation analysis. The high cited literature in
PEBT is the core basis for further related study (Gao, 2015). The data set of
PEBT was imported into Vosviewer and used co-citation analysis to analyze the
field’s core basic knowledge group. In Figure 4, there are 33 nodes, 499
connection lines, and 4 groups with different colors, which means that there is
33 core cited references, closely tied among the 33 cited references, and four
core knowledge groups have been formed for the research on PEBT (Table 3).
Figure 4. Co-citation knowledge map of documents.Open in viewer
Table 3. List of Literature Co-Cited Knowledge Groups.
Research contentsKnowledge groupCategoryAuthor of the cited literature of the
Communist Party of ChinaDefinition and Related Measurements of PEBTKnowledge
Group 1: Definition and Related Measurements of Pro-Environmental
BehaviorDefinition of pro-environmental behaviorKollmuss and Agyeman (2002),
Steg and Vlek (2009)Measurement of pro- environmental behavior and related
variables in general scenarioSmith-Sebasto and D’Costa (1995), Dunlap et al.
(2000), Stern (2000), Ballantyne et al. (2011)Measurement of pro- environmental
behavior in specific scenariosHalpenny (2010), Vaske & Kobrin (2001), T. H. Lee
et al. (2013)Mechanisms for PEBTKnowledge Group 2: Mechanisms for Pro-
environmental Behavior“Rational driven” perspectiveFishbein and Ajzen (1975),
Ajzen (1991)“Ethical Drive” PerspectiveSchwartz (1977), Onwezen and Bartels
(2013), Stern et al. (1999)Combined “rational drive” with “moral drive”Bamberg
and Schmidt (2003), Klockner (2013)Influential factors of PEBTKnowledge Group 3:
The Formation Mechanism and Influential FactorsFormation mechanismHan (2014),
Kim and Han (2010), M. F. Chen and Tung (2014), Han (2015)FactorsJ. Lee et al.
(2010)Knowledge Group 4: Influential factors of Pro-Environmental
BehaviorFactorsW. H. Lee and Moscardo (2005), Powell & Ham (2008), T. H. Lee
(2011), Chiu et al. (2014)
Note. PEBT = pro-environmental behavior of tourists.
Open in viewer
The green part (Figure 4) is the core knowledge group 1 in this field, mainly
about the definition and measurement of PEB, and an important knowledge base for
defining and measuring PEBT. Kollmuss and Agyeman (2002) and Steg and Vlek
(2009) define PEB which are cited by many scholars in the field of behavior
research, minimizing the harm to the surrounding environment by individual
behavior and even protecting the environment is at the core of the definition of
PEB (Kollmuss & Agyeman, 2002; Steg & Vlek, 2009). According to the
characteristics of highly cited literature, PEBT can be divided into two types.
One is the related measurement of PEB in general scenarios: Smith-Sebasto and
D’Costa (1995), Dunlap et al. (2000), Stern (2000), and Ballantyne et al. (2011)
developed the measurement scales of PEBT in the general scenarios. Among them,
Smith-Sebasto and D’Costa (1995) consider the PEB consists of education,
citizenship, finance, physical strength, law, and persuasive behaviors, using
deductive methods to develop the scale of PEB (Smith-Sebasto & D’Costa, 1995)
for the individual in general situations. As well, a new ecological paradigm
(NEP) scale developed by Dunlap et al. (2000) is currently widely used to
measure the ecological values and consciousness of individuals in research on
PEB (Dunlap et al., 2000). Also, the scale of biosphere value (Stern, 2000)
designed by Stern (2000), and dimensional view of environmental knowledge
proposed by Ballantyne et al. (2011) have been recognized by most scholars in
this field (Ballantyne et al., 2011). In fact, the scale of biosphere value was
first proposed by Stern, and Ballantyne rejected the single-dimensional view of
environmental knowledge and proposed that the measurement of environmental
knowledge needs to be distinguished according to the subjectivity and
objectivity of decision-making, which has been cited by many scholars. Another
one is the measurements of PEB in specific scenarios. According to the
scenarios, Halpenny (2010), Vaske & Kobrin (2001), and T. H. Lee et al. (2013)
modified or redesigned the measurement scale of PEB based on the general scale,
such as the national park (Halpenny, 2010), natural environment (T. H. Lee et
al., 2013), and community tourism (T. H. Lee et al., 2013), which has been
repeatedly used by subsequent scholars to measure the PEBT or intentions of PEBT
in specific scenarios.
It is worth noting that there are a series of scales of PEBT in national park
tourism, eco-tourism, and community tourism, but the scale of PEBT in seaside
tourism, intangible cultural heritage tourism, and so on have not yet appeared
in the core knowledge group and need further exploration.
The red part (Figure 4) is the core knowledge group 2 in the field, which mainly
involves researching the formation mechanism of PEB from different perspectives
and is an important knowledge base for exploring the formation mechanism of
PEBT. At present, there are mainly three types of cited literature related to
the formation mechanism of PEB: The first category, with the “rational-driven”
perspective, “rational-driven” insists that it is mainly based on rational
thinking. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) proposed a rational action theory (TRA) from
the perspective of social psychology that human behavior is a rational choice
and be influenced by their behavioral intentions, attitudes, and subjective
norms (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). Furthermore, Ajzen (1991) proposed the theory of
planned behavior based on the Rational Action Theory, which considers intention
as a key indicator of behavior and is affected by personal attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991). With a “moral-driven”
perspective, PEB of personal is mainly based on an altruistic perspective in the
second category. Schwartz (1977) proposed the norm activation model (NAM), which
indicates that individual PEB is mainly affected by personal norms, as well as,
personal norms are driven by problem awareness and responsibility relationships
(Schwartz, 1977). Moreover, based on the norm activation model, Stern et al.
(1999) incorporated value theory, new ecological perspectives and put forward
value-belief-norm theory (VBN) to explain the formation mechanism of PEBT (Stern
et al., 1999). The third category combined “rational-driven” with “moral-driven”
views. Specifically, Bamberg and Schmidt (2003) combined the theory of planned
behavior with the norm activation model, finding that incentives, morals, and
habits have a predictive effect on college students’ car use choices (Bamberg &
Schmidt, 2003). Onwezen and Bartels (2013) used norm activation theory, expected
pride, and guilt to proposed a framework based on norm activation theory,
indicating that the extended model can be a better way to explain the formation
mechanism of individual PEB in specific situations (Onwezen & Bartels, 2013).
Besides, combined with the norm activation model, the theory of planned
behavior, value-belief-norm theory, and habitual variables, Klockner (2013)
proposed a comprehensive action decision model (CAIM) by using Meta-analysis,
that considers subjective and objective environmental constraints can enhance
the interpretation of repetitive behaviors (Klockner, 2013).
Needless to say, each theoretical perspective of this knowledge group can be
effective guidance when studying the formation mechanism of the PETB of specific
scenarios, but Bamberg and Schmidt (2003) questioned the adequacy of the theory,
such as rational action theory, the theory of planned behavior, and norm
activation model, and argued that authors who put forward these models did not
explain the degree of interpretation of each theoretical model in different
scenarios (Bamberg & Schmidt, 2003). Put the tourists as a research subject, the
applicability of each theoretical model in different situations needs to be
further tested.
The blue part (Figure 4) is the core knowledge group 3 in the field, which
mainly involves the research on the formation mechanism and factors of PEB in
green hotels, and is an important knowledge base to explore the formation
mechanism and influencing factors of PEBT. Han (2010) initially used the theory
of planned behavior to analyze the formation mechanism of PEB of consumers in
the context of green hotels (Kim & Han, 2010). Nevertheless, Kim and Han (2010),
M. F. Chen and Tung (2014), and Han (2015) found the theory of planned behavior
has certain limitations. Therefore, Kim and Han (2010) analyzed PEB of consumers
from a rational perspective and added environmental protection concerns,
perceived consumer benefits, and environmental behavior awareness into the
original framework of TPB (Kim & Han, 2010). As well as combing a rational
perspective with a moral perspective, M. F. Chen and Tung (2014) proposed an
expanded theoretical model of TPB, which adds the consumer’s perceived
responsibility to the theoretical framework of TPB (M. F. Chen & Tung, 2014).
Studies have shown that the expanded theoretical model of TPB has a stronger
explanatory effect on the PEB of consumers. Therefore, based on the perspectives
of rationality and morality, Han (2015) considered the factor of scenario and
combined the theory of planned behavior with value-belief-norm theory to explore
the PEBT in green hotels, indicating that the definition of its comprehensive
theoretical determinants and the scale of consequences awareness have attracted
more attention from scholars (Han, 2015), which is the highest co-cited
literature in knowledge group 3 with a total of 37 citations. However, only one
highly cited literature was related to research on factors of PEB in the context
of green hotels. J. Lee et al. (2010) initially began to explore the impact of
the green hotel image on consumers’ intentions of PEB and found that PEB of
green hotels is good for establishing the image of green hotels and promote
environmentally friendly behavior of consumers (J. Lee et al., 2010), which has
been cited 18 times and has a strong guiding significance for the image
management of green hotels.
The yellow part (Figure 4) is the core knowledge group 4 in this field, which
mainly explores the factors of PEB of eco-tourists and is an important basis for
exploring the influencing factors of PEBT. Among them, empirical research
results of W. H. Lee and Moscardo (2005), Powell and Ham (2008), T. H. Lee
(2011), and Chiu et al. (2014) have attracted more scholars’ attention in the
field of PEBT, and their total citations in this field have reached 19, 20, 26,
and 22, respectively. Furthermore, the empirical research of W. H. Lee and
Moscardo (2005) found that the satisfaction of tourist experience will affect
the PEBT (W. H. Lee & Moscardo, 2005). By exploring the relationship between
environmental knowledge and PEB of island tourists, Powell and Ham (2008) found
that tourists’ pro-environmental knowledge has a positive effect on PEBT (Powell
& Ham, 2008). T. H. Lee (2011) found that commitment of tourists to protection
is a prerequisite for recreational involvement to affect PEB (T. H. Lee, 2011),
and Chiu et al. (2014) first explored the impact of perceived value on PEB in
eco-tourism scenarios (Chiu et al., 2014). Overall, it can be seen that
experience, environmental knowledge, protection commitment, and perceived value
of tourists are the factors that scholars are currently paying more attention to
in this field. Based on the analysis of the highly cited literature and its
citing literature, the factors of PEBT involve multiple fields, most of which
are closely related to choices of their theoretical perspective and mainly
originated from the field of social psychology.
Based on the literature co-cited analysis, it can be found that group 1, group
2, group 3, and group 4 contains the definition, measurement, formation
mechanism, and influencing factors of PEBT. Among them, group 1 and group 2
belong to the research results in the field of PEB under general scenarios, and
the results in the field of PEB under general scenarios are the important
accumulation of the research on PEBT, which is a beneficial supplement and
perfection to the research of PEB in tourism scenario. However, only group 4
belongs to the specific contents of the study of PEBT, which also reflects that
the study of PEBT needs to be further developed.
EVOLUTION CHARACTERS AND DEVELOPMENT TREND
The keywords in academic papers are the core content of the academic paper, so
that the keywords can be called key points of the academic paper. At the same
time, “spot to face” is an important way in academic research. Therefore, using
the keyword is an efficient way to analyze knowledge evolution in a specific
field. The method of effectiveness has been justified by Multiple subject areas
such as communication and library science (G. X. Yu & Dai, 2017).
To clarify the development of research on PEBT, the data set of research on PEBT
is divided into three data subsets according to the chronological
characteristics: data subset 1 (data set of research on PEBT in 2003–2012), data
subset 2 (data set of research on PEBT in 2013–2017), and data subset 3 (data
set of research on PEBT in 2017–2018). Furthermore, each data subset was
imported separately to CiteSpace and used keywords co-occurrence analysis and
set the consistent threshold (select top 20 levels of occurred keywords
co-occurrence from each slice). Three researchers (two doctoral students and one
graduate student) performed data preliminary processing and merged numbers, and
so on, for the co-occurrence keywords extracted by CiteSpace. As well as
re-imported into CiteSpace, generate a knowledge graph (Figure 5A to 5C) of the
keyword of highly frequency co-occurrence and emergence table of the keyword
(Table 4). Among them, the node, the connection between nodes, and the node’s
purple outer circle are the key indicators in each knowledge graph. Each node
represents a co-occurrence keyword, and its size is directly proportional to the
number of co-occurrences of the keyword. And the thicker the connection between
the nodes is, the greater the number of co-occurrences of the two keywords is.
The purple outer circle of each node represents the betweenness centrality and
reflects the influence of the co-occurrence keywords in the research on PEBT.
Simultaneously, the three researchers read the literature of highly frequency
co-occurrence keywords in the data set of PEBT one by one. In particular, the
high-frequency co-occurrence keywords are analyzed, classified, and compared.
After being guided by experts in the field, they are organized into a list of
important co-occurrence keywords for research on PEBT (Table 5). Combining
Figures 5, Tables 4 and 5, protection (conservation) of the tourism destination
environment is an important development demand in this field at all stages.
Scholars mainly explore the impact/determinant and decision-making process of
PEBT or behavioral intentions (decision making), which is mainline of research
on PEBT, aiming to provide a series of management solutions for environmental
protection of tourism destinations. In the three phases (2003–2012, 2012–2017,
2017–2018), related terms of PEBT have gradually diversified, but overall the
termed “pro-environmental behavior of tourists” has the highest value of
co-occurrences and betweenness centrality. Besides, the research scenarios
explored by scholars have gradually expanded from eco-tourism, protected areas
to the specific green hotel, national parks, seashore, intangible cultural
heritage sites, and museums. Through the three-stage high-frequency
co-occurrence keyword knowledge map, it can be seen that the number of nodes and
the number of connections lines between nodes in each stage of keyword
co-occurrence knowledge map is on the rise, and the research field of PEBT is
becoming more and more abundant.
Figure 5. Knowledge map of high-frequency co-occurrence keywords for all period.
(A) 2003–2012, (B) 2013–2017, and (C) 2018–.Open in viewer
Table 4. Burst Words of Research on the PEBT.
KeywordsStrengthBeginattitude2.77262009determinant2.25382013place
attachment1.85792014
Note. PEBT = pro-environmental behavior of tourists.
Open in viewer
Table 5. Key Staged Co-Occurrence Keywords of Research on PEBT.
PhasePhase I (2003–2012)Phase II (2013–2017)Phase III
(2018–)TypeKeywordsFrequency
of co-occurrenceBe-tw-ee -nn-ess
Cen-tral-ityKeywordsFrequ-ency
of co-occur-renceBet-wee -nne-ss
Cent-rali -tyKeywordsFrequ-ency
of co-occurrenceBet-wee -nne-ss
Cent-rali -tyRelated termsecological behavior30.18pro-environment-al
behavior250.39pro-environmenta-l behavior310.24Environmen-tally responsible
behavior20Environment-ally responsible behavior140.29Environment-ally
responsible behavior200.05ecological behavior60.06sustainable
behavior20.09conservation behavior50.07Research scenariosprotected
area20.25ecotourism50green hotel130.18ecotourism50.91green hotel40.08national
park50national park30.09wildlife40.18public
transportatio-n30island20.51wildlife30.05ecotourism20.32Theoretical
perspectiveplanned behavior50.18planned behavior180.3planned
behavior240.07personal norm20.16place attachment130.1place attachment110.06norm
activation model50.03Value-belief-norm theory70.09personal norm40.03personal
norm60social norm30norm activation model50Influence
factorsattitude50attitude150.14attitude260.66value30.29satisfaction110.07satisfaction100.19personal
norm20.16destination
image70.21knowledge90identity20.21involvement50.11experience80perception50.09perception50personal
norm40.03trust30identity40value30.09value40.03belief20.14education30personal
value20.3social norm30biospheric value20.37customer
satisfaction20.07Environment-al value20.14Research line and
goalsimpact30intention150.06conservation100.08intention20.14conservation140.18decision
making90.13management20.68determinant70impact80.13association20.16decision
making40.04determinant70.11conservation20.68impact40.06antecedent20.12
Note. PEBT = pro-environmental behavior of tourists.
Open in viewer
To further analyze the research characteristics of each stage, the three
researchers read the literature of co-occurrence keywords in the data set of
PEBT one by one (Figure 5A to 5C), the high-frequency co-occurrence keywords are
selected, analyzed, classified, they are organized into a list of important
co-occurrence keywords for research on PEBT (Table 5). Combined with the
traditional method of literature review, the series of evolution characters can
be drawn out, combining Figure 5 and Tables 4 and 5.
1.
Research line and goals: Protection (conservation) were one of the most common
co-occurrence keywords during the three stages (Figure 5), which indicated that
protection (conservation) of tourism destination environment is an important
development demand in this field at all stages. In a way, scholars mainly
explore the impact/determinant and decision-making process of PEBT or behavioral
intentions (decision making), which is the main research line on PEBT. The
purpose of most studies aims to provide a series of management solutions for the
environmental protection of tourism destinations.
2.
Related terms: For phase and frequency of related terms of PEBT, related terms
emerged in Phase I, but its co-occurrence frequency is low. In Phase II and
Phase III, related terms gradually diversified, and the total current frequency
is more than 50 for each phase. Overall the term, “pro-environmental behavior of
tourists” has the highest value of co-occurrences and betweenness centrality.
Among them, the definition of PEBT proposed by Halpenny (2010) has been widely
applied in this field.
3.
Research scenarios: In Phase I, the research scenarios mainly focused on
eco-tourism, protected areas and expanded to specific scenarios in Phase II and
Phase III, such as green hotels, national parks, seashore, intangible cultural
heritage sites, and museums. Moreover, for research on PEBT in specific
scenarios, scholars tried to use the revised scale of PEB to designing a new
scale (T. H. Lee et al., 2013), and the research sample is gradually segmented,
scholars have begun to pay attention to the PEBT in segmented tourism markets
such as the young and participators in specific tourism activities (T. H. Lee et
al., 2018).
4.
Influence factors: The factors influencing PEBT mainly involved internal factors
of the tourists such as attitude, value, personal norms, satisfaction,
involvement in Phase I. Among them, attitude became a research hotspot in 2009
(Table 4) and was an important factor in research on PEBT for all periods
because attitude can be considered a potential expression of behavior (Ajzen &
Fishbein, 1977). Furthermore, the determinant was the research hotspot in 2013.
In phase II and phase III, Scholars started to pay more attention to external
factors such as destination image, social norm, and education in research on
PEBT. Moreover, many scholars began to use multidisciplinary theoretical
perspectives to deeply explore the factors of PEBT, including the perceived
reputation of destination on PEBT and subjective well-being from the perspective
of information economics (L. J. Su et al., 2018), violation of norms on the
intention of tourists to use cars in national parks from the perspective of
criminal psychology (H. M. Zhang et al., 2018), employee quality perception and
value perception on the PEBT from the perspective of marketing (He et al.,
2018).
5.
Theoretical perspective: In Phase I, “planned behavior,” “personal norm” emerge
in Figure 5A, which respectively represents the theory of planned behavior and
the norm activation theory and is used to explain the formation mechanism of
PEBT. In Phase II and Phase III, the place attachment theory and
value-belief-norm theory have been getting wide attention from scholars in this
field, the place attachment theory based on the perspective of the human–earth
relationship set off a wave of an upsurge in this field from 2014 to today
(Table 4). Overall, there are two main research paradigms on the formation of
PEBT at present. One is modifying the early theory such as rational action, norm
activation theory, the theory of planned behavior, value-belief-norm theory,
place attachment theory, and goal-oriented theory to explain the formation
mechanism of PEBT, new variables are introduced into the original theoretical
model, and an extended theoretical model is proposed based on the research
scenario or the specific characteristics of the research object (Han, Olya, Kim,
& Kim, 2018), to improve the ability of the original theoretical model to
explain the formation mechanism of PEBT. Another one is driven by a theoretical
perspective, combining multiple theoretical models (Han, Hwang, et al., 2019; T.
H. Lee & Jan, 2018; Liu et al., 2017) or introducing other theoretical models
such as neutralization technology theory (Chuang et al., 2018) to propose a
comprehensive theoretical model to explain the formation mechanism of PEBT.
Besides, the research methods involved in this field have begun to diversify.
Quantitative research methods such as multivariate linear regression and
structural equation models are still mainstream research methods, but due to the
possibility of multicollinearity or low model fitting (Han, Kim, & Kiatkawsin,
2017; Y. G. Zhang & Wang, 2019), scholars have begun to use ethnography (W. F.
Wang et al., 2018), a meta-analysis (Lanzini & Khan, 2017), eye movement
experiments (Penz et al., 2017), and qualitative comparative studies (Yadav et
al., 2019; H. M. Zhang et al., 2019).
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ON PEBT
THE FORMATION MECHANISM OF PEBT FROM MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE
Based on the co-citation analysis and co-occurrence keywords analysis, the
formation mechanism of PEBT is one of the main research contents in this field.
The research on the formation mechanism of PEBT is mainly based on the research
paradigm of PEB and takes the theoretical perspective of “rational-driven” and
“moral-driven” as the main theoretical perspectives. Because the complexity of
people makes it difficult to fully understand its formation mechanism (H. M.
Zhang et al., 2019), the related research on the formation mechanism of PEBT
needs to be further strengthened in the future. Meanwhile, Chuang et al. (2018)
analyze the formation mechanism of PEBT by introducing theories from other
disciplines. It is an important direction to study the formation mechanism of
PEBT from multiple disciplines, such as S-O-R theory, which is based on
environmental psychology.
THE SCALE DEVELOPMENT OF PEBT AND RELATED VARIABLES UNDER SPECIAL SCENARIOS
The development and related research of measurement scales of PEBT and related
variables in specific scenarios need to be further strengthened. The first is to
focus on the design and development of measurement scales of PEBT in specific
scenarios. Based on the core knowledge group, the scale currently used by most
scholars to measure the PEBT in specific situations is based on a revised
version of the scale of PEB in general scenarios. Based on the eco-tourism
scenario, only T. H. Lee et al. (2013) in the cited literature redesigned the
scale of PEBT according to the specific scenario (T. H. Lee et al., 2013), but
some environmental management scholars believe that the role of contextual
factors in PEB cannot be ignored (Grimmer et al., 2016; Steg & Vlek, 2009). The
second is to develop measures of related variables in the context of tourism. In
recent years, more scholars in this field have begun to explore the PEBT based
on different theories of the subject and introduce new variables into this
research field, which will help In-depth exploration of the driving factors of
PEBT, but the existence of disciplinary boundaries also cannot be ignored, such
as destination social responsibility (L. J. Su & Swanson, 2017), environmental
destination image (W. Lee & Jeong, 2018) and other variables in tourism research
need to be further clarified. The third is to strengthen the research on the
PEBT in a specific scenario. Based on the core knowledge group research, we can
know that research on the PEBT in green hotels and eco-tourism has formed a
respective knowledge group, and there are many highly cited literatures, but the
relevant research results from other tourism scenarios have not yet appeared in
the core knowledge group.
THE PEBT IN SEGMENTED TOURISM MARKETS
The PEBT in segmented tourism markets such as silver-haired tourism and
parent-child tourism need to be further researched. At present, scholars in this
field have begun to explore the formation mechanism of PEB of young tourists
(Han, Kiatkawsin, et al., 2019; Han, Kim, & Kiatkawsin, 2017). To a certain
extent, it can be regarded as the beginning of the research object’s
segmentation. Following the trend, exploring the PEBT in the segmented market
can offer more practical recommendations for promoting the sustainable
development of tourism destinations (Larson et al., 2018; T. H. Lee & Jan,
2019). In fact, the proportion of the global elderly population is growing, of
which the Chinese aging population may exceed 30% (G. Z. Wang, 2019). The number
of silver-haired tourists will continue to increase and may become the crowd
that affects the development of tourism destinations. Therefore, the PEB of
silver-haired tourists urgently needs to be further explored. At the same time,
parent-child tourism is becoming more and more popular with various parent-child
shows airing such as “Dad, Where Are We Going?” In parent-child tourism, parents
have an important impact on children’s behavior, resulting from children stare
at their parents in parent-child tourism (Zhong et al., 2018). It reflected that
parental behavior has a demonstration effect on children (N. Su, 2001).
Therefore, the PEB of parents in tourism not only directly affects the current
environment of tourist destinations but also may affect the future environment
of a tourist destination by affecting the long-term behavior of children. The
PEB of the parent in parent-child tourism is worthy of further research in the
future.
EXPANSION OF RESEARCH DATA SOURCES OF PEBT
Attempt to obtain relevant research data using experimental equipment such as
eye trackers, mutual reports, or online surveys. Currently, the acquisition of
research data through self-reporting is the main source of research data in the
field of research on PEBT. Individuals may be affected by social expectations or
social norms when performing self-reporting (Fisher et al., 1993). The
reliability of self-reported data is questioned (Gifford & Nilsson, 2014).
Experimental equipment such as eye trackers and VR are gradually becoming
popular, and research data are obtained by designing mutual reporting scales or
using questionnaires online and offline. In fact, these methods have been widely
used in the fields of sociology, psychology, management, and other disciplines.
Therefore, it can be seen that scholars can try to obtain relevant data in
various ways to improve the reliability and validity of research data in
research on PEBT.
PEBT AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Will the enhancement of tourists’ awareness of species conservation strengthen
their behaviors of species conservation? Mann et al. (2018) and Clayton et al.
(2014) believe that visiting wildlife parks can help cultivate tourists’
awareness of species conservation and strengthen their behaviors of species
conservation. MacDonald (2015) implemented a persuasive communication campaign
for the zoo and found that the quantified zoo protection information will
enhance the tourists’ behavior toward species protection. However, Ballantyne et
al. (2007) and other scholars believe that the safari experience can enhance
tourists’ awareness of species conservation, but it is not enough to change
tourists’ behaviors toward species conservation. Bueddefeld and Van Winkle
(2017) also found that the species protection behaviors of wildlife tourists are
less affected by general wildlife tourism. What about the relationship between
wildlife or other eco-tourism activities and PEBT? Does it have a material
impact on biodiversity conservation? The underlying mechanisms of these problems
need to be further clarified to help protect biodiversity and promote the
sustainable development of tourism.
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION ABOUT THE METHOD
Bibliometric analysis and traditional literature review methods are the main
methods used in this article, aiming to fully combine the advantages of the two
methods and avoiding the one-sidedness of the research results. As for the
bibliometric analysis method, it can present the research characteristics of the
field in a quantitative way, and it is more direct and objective than the
results presented by traditional literature review methods. In addition, quickly
analyzing a large number of literature samples is an important advantage of
bibliometric analysis (Y. Chen et al., 2015). However, the number of related
literature samples finally obtained in this article is small, and this advantage
cannot be fully reflected in this article. In comparison, the entire process of
data collection, analysis, and processing of traditional literature review
methods is done manually. Therefore, the traditional literature review method
has three outstanding characteristics: (a) It is extensive, which is mainly
since the manual collection of selected text data, data screening, and
processing methods can be more extensive. (b) It is uncertain, the entire
process of manual processing of documents is generally uncertain, and the
analysis results will be affected by the characteristics of the researchers. (c)
The high cost, the traditional literature review method generally requires
researchers to spend a lot of energy and time, making the research results more
specific and detailed.
In this article, the bibliometric analysis method is used to process the whole
research data to reduce the research scope and clarify the core research objects
of the research. Furthermore, the traditional literature review method is used
to analyze the characteristics and specific connotations of the core research
objects and reveal the characteristics of the entire research field. Also, the
amount of literature in the field of research on PEBT is relatively small in
recent years, basically representing the latest research results in this field.
Therefore, the traditional literature review method is used to explore the
latest research results of PEBT in recent years, aiming to grasp the latest
development trends in this field and lay the foundation for subsequent research
on PEBT.
DISCUSSION ABOUT THE RESULT OF THIS ARTICLE
This article mainly reveals the overall characteristics of the research on PEBT
from three aspects: a time-series analysis of the number of documents,
time-series analysis of disciplines, and the analysis of international research
pattern. It can be found that the number of documents in this field has
increased rapidly in recent years, and the distribution of disciplines has
become more extensive. But the number of core authors and the number of
documents by most of the core authors are small in this field. There are some
possible reasons for this phenomenon, the small number of documents by most core
authors may be determined by the laws of bibliometrics, and fewer scholars
produce most research results in each field. As well as, the small number of
core authors may be due to the fact that the field is still in the development
stage and the basic core author group is also in the development stage.
Moreover, the other possible reason is the WOS database does not include all the
documents in this field. Thus, some of the documents are not included in this
research data set, which directly leads to some core authors’ loss.
In addition, combining the results of bibliometric analysis, main results of
research on PEBT were divided into four parts: the formation mechanism of PEB,
the definition and measurement of PEB, and some factors of PEBT, but further
analysis of research results in recent years shows that scholars have gradually
explored the mechanism and factors of PEBT in various scenarios and come up in
knowledge groups, which may be caused by the following reasons. First, research
on the PEBT is in the development stage. Although scholars have begun to study
the PEBT, the amount of relevant literature is small, and no core knowledge
group has been formed. The second is that not all studies on the PEBT in
different scenarios have been included in the WOS database, resulting from
missing data.
CONCLUSION
In the research field of PEBT, this study first adopts the bibliometric analysis
to review the literature in research on PEBT. Through systematically exploring
the overall characteristics of the core, basic knowledge groups, knowledge
evolution process and development trend of the field, it can be found that they
have recently shown new characteristics and trends, no matter from the
chronological characteristics or the specific content of the research results.
In particular, the number of literature in this field has increased dramatically
in recent years, and the perspective of the subject has transformed from the
perspective of early economics and ecology to diversified perspective, the
research pattern has basically formed, and results of Chinese research in this
field has gradually increased and become one of the core research areas in this
field. As well as, the research methods involved have expanded from mainstream
quantitative research to ethnography, meta-analysis, and the research content
has been greatly improved in-depth and breadth even as a qualitative comparative
study, which is specifically reflected in the application of multidisciplinary
theoretical knowledge in the analysis of the influence mechanism of PEBT.
The limitation of this article is that Citespace or Vosviewer will set the same
threshold value for documents at different points in time when performing
bibliometric analysis. The core collection database of WOS has search
restrictions, which may cause a small number of documents have been ignored.
Other scholars can collect the relevant research results on PEBT based on other
databases to analyze the research characteristics in this field with the help of
relevant software to better promote the development of follow-up research in
this field.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Publication of this article was funded by the University of Florida Open Access
Publishing Fund.
DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the
research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
FUNDING
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the
research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The author(s) received
financial support for the research from Philosophy and Social Science Foundation
of China: 17CJY051.
ORCID IDS
Chu feng Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-7069
Yong Ma https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-3085
Jie Ren https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-475X
FOOTNOTES
1.
About Web of Science: wokinfo.com/
2.
Data sources: Google Scholar search.
3.
Overview of Citespace application suite:
http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/download/
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Volume 11, Issue 3
Article first published online: August 20, 2021
Issue published: July-September 2021
KEYWORDS
1. pro-environmental behavior of tourists (PEBT)
2. knowledge map
3. overall characteristics
4. knowledge evolution of the field
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HISTORY
Issue published: July-September 2021
Published online: August 20, 2021
AUTHORS
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CHU FENG YU
Hubei University, Wuhan, China
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-7069
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YONG MA
Hubei University, Wuhan, China
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-3085
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JIE REN
Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-475X
oliviarenj@qq.com
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NOTES
Jie Ren, Business School, College of Business Administration, Zhongnan
University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China. Email:
oliviarenj@qq.com
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1. Knowledge Mapping of Tourist Experience Research: Based on CiteSpace A...
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FIGURES AND TABLES
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FIGURES
Figure 1. Time-series analysis of published papers on PEBT. (The graph was drawn
based on data from Web of Science).
Note. PEBT = pro-environmental behavior of tourists.
Go to FigureOpen in Viewer
Figure 2. Knowledge map of subject area co-occurrence form time zone view.
Go to FigureOpen in Viewer
Figure 3. Author co-occurrence knowledge map.
Go to FigureOpen in Viewer
Figure 4. Co-citation knowledge map of documents.
Go to FigureOpen in Viewer
Figure 5. Knowledge map of high-frequency co-occurrence keywords for all period.
(A) 2003–2012, (B) 2013–2017, and (C) 2018–.
Go to FigureOpen in Viewer
MEDIA
TABLES
Table 1. Distribution of Regional Research Power of PEBT.
Go to TableOpen in Viewer
Table 2. List of Core Authors for Research on PEBT.
Go to TableOpen in Viewer
Table 3. List of Literature Co-Cited Knowledge Groups.
Go to TableOpen in Viewer
Table 4. Burst Words of Research on the PEBT.
Go to TableOpen in Viewer
Table 5. Key Staged Co-Occurrence Keywords of Research on PEBT.
Go to TableOpen in Viewer
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FiguresTables
View figure
Figure 1
Figure 1. Time-series analysis of published papers on PEBT. (The graph was drawn
based on data from Web of Science).
Note. PEBT = pro-environmental behavior of tourists.
View figure
Figure 2
Figure 2. Knowledge map of subject area co-occurrence form time zone view.
View figure
Figure 3
Figure 3. Author co-occurrence knowledge map.
View figure
Figure 4
Figure 4. Co-citation knowledge map of documents.
View figure
Figure 5
Figure 5. Knowledge map of high-frequency co-occurrence keywords for all period.
(A) 2003–2012, (B) 2013–2017, and (C) 2018–.
Table 1
Table 1. Distribution of Regional Research Power of PEBT.
Table 2
Table 2. List of Core Authors for Research on PEBT.
Table 3
Table 3. List of Literature Co-Cited Knowledge Groups.
Table 4
Table 4. Burst Words of Research on the PEBT.
Table 5
Table 5. Key Staged Co-Occurrence Keywords of Research on PEBT.
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