pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2600:1901:0:c831::
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URL:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37265999/
Submission: On December 12 via api from US — Scanned from US
Submission: On December 12 via api from US — Scanned from US
Form analysis 10 forms found in the DOM
GET /
<form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<a class="pubmed-logo" aria-label="Pubmed Logo" href="/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="pubmed_logo">
<img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0d576970-ea4f-4f8d-9bab-bf51569c42d2/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo">
</a>
<a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
</a>
<div role="search" class="search-input">
<div class="form-field ">
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term"> Search: </label>
<span class="twitter-typeahead ncbi-autocomplete"><input type="search" name="term" data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top="" data-replace-term-with-exact="" data-exact-query="" placeholder="" class="term-input tt-input" required="required" id="id_term"
spellcheck="false" dir="auto" style="position: relative; vertical-align: top;" aria-owns="id_term_listbox" role="combobox" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-expanded="false"><span role="status" aria-live="polite"
style="position: absolute; padding: 0px; border: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px; margin-bottom: -1px; margin-right: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); white-space: nowrap;"></span>
<pre aria-hidden="true"
style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden; white-space: pre; font-family: BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: auto; text-transform: none;"></pre>
<div role="listbox" class="tt-menu" id="id_term_listbox" aria-expanded="false" style="position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0px; z-index: 100; display: none;">
<div role="presentation" class="tt-dataset tt-dataset-0"></div>
</div>
</span><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore=""></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" data-pinger-ignore=""><span
class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Create alert and Create RSS are buttons that look like links -->
<!-- Better for them to look like buttons but no space -->
<div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout">
<div class="search-links">
<a href="/advanced/" class="search-input-link adv-search-link" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a>
<a href="/clipboard/" class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="clipboard">
Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
</a>
</div>
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
<a href="/help/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="user_guide">
User Guide
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</form>POST /results-export-ids/
<form id="save-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o7qw55RF1WRvvJgEqLMi8rAmRVE7nr2OCyJkWvgaVVNqK0nH0bbSyRi4oh6IxdeZ">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label>
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel" ref="linksrc=close_save_panel" aria-controls="save-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form>POST /send-email/
<form id="email-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/send-email/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/send-email/" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"
method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o7qw55RF1WRvvJgEqLMi8rAmRVE7nr2OCyJkWvgaVVNqK0nH0bbSyRi4oh6IxdeZ">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<span class="action-panel-label"> Subject: </span>
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 37265999 - PubMed</span>
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 37265999">
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="7f397df1cf8ad2df632d4da83d3c66b4c7691c74d11160229738b05e400328e9">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> To: </label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required="">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label"> From: </label>
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container" style="display: none;">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="send"> Send email </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel" ref="linksrc=close_email_panel" aria-controls="email-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel </button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="">
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524">
</form><form id="collections-action-panel-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o7qw55RF1WRvvJgEqLMi8rAmRVE7nr2OCyJkWvgaVVNqK0nH0bbSyRi4oh6IxdeZ">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label>
<input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore="" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add" disabled=""> Add </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o7qw55RF1WRvvJgEqLMi8rAmRVE7nr2OCyJkWvgaVVNqK0nH0bbSyRi4oh6IxdeZ">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked="">
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore=""> Add </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o7qw55RF1WRvvJgEqLMi8rAmRVE7nr2OCyJkWvgaVVNqK0nH0bbSyRi4oh6IxdeZ">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label>
<input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required="" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required=""></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked="">
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional" style="display: none;">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected="">5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form>POST /results-export-ids/
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post"
data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o7qw55RF1WRvvJgEqLMi8rAmRVE7nr2OCyJkWvgaVVNqK0nH0bbSyRi4oh6IxdeZ">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed">
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</form><form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o7qw55RF1WRvvJgEqLMi8rAmRVE7nr2OCyJkWvgaVVNqK0nH0bbSyRi4oh6IxdeZ">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label>
<input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value="" required="" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button type="button" disabled="" class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button>
</div>
</form><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="o7qw55RF1WRvvJgEqLMi8rAmRVE7nr2OCyJkWvgaVVNqK0nH0bbSyRi4oh6IxdeZ">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label
for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li>
<li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
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Gates Open Res
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. 2022 Jul 19:6:80.
doi: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13666.1. eCollection 2022.
STUDY PROTOCOL FOR UNICEF AND WHO ESTIMATES OF GLOBAL, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL
LOW BIRTHWEIGHT PREVALENCE FOR 2000 TO 2020
Julia Krasevec 1 , Hannah Blencowe 2 , Christopher Coffey 1 , Yemisrach B
Okwaraji 2 , Diana Estevez 3 , Gretchen A Stevens 4 , Eric O Ohuma 2 , Joel
Conkle 1 , Giovanna Gatica-Domínguez 5 , Ellen Bradley 2 , Ben Kimathi
Muthamia 1 , Nita Dalmiya 6 , Joy E Lawn 2 , Elaine Borghi # 5 , Chika
Hayashi # 1
Affiliations Expand
AFFILIATIONS
* 1 Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations
Children's Fund, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
* 2 Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health, London School
of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
* 3 Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact, World Health
Organization, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland.
* 4 Independent Researcher, Los Angeles, CA, 90245, USA.
* 5 Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva,
1202, Switzerland.
* 6 Programme Group, United Nations Children's Fund, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
# Contributed equally.
* PMID: 37265999
* PMCID: PMC10229761
* DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13666.1
Item in Clipboard
STUDY PROTOCOL FOR UNICEF AND WHO ESTIMATES OF GLOBAL, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL
LOW BIRTHWEIGHT PREVALENCE FOR 2000 TO 2020
Julia Krasevec et al. Gates Open Res. 2022.
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. 2022 Jul 19:6:80.
doi: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13666.1. eCollection 2022.
AUTHORS
Julia Krasevec 1 , Hannah Blencowe 2 , Christopher Coffey 1 , Yemisrach B
Okwaraji 2 , Diana Estevez 3 , Gretchen A Stevens 4 , Eric O Ohuma 2 , Joel
Conkle 1 , Giovanna Gatica-Domínguez 5 , Ellen Bradley 2 , Ben Kimathi
Muthamia 1 , Nita Dalmiya 6 , Joy E Lawn 2 , Elaine Borghi # 5 , Chika
Hayashi # 1
AFFILIATIONS
* 1 Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations
Children's Fund, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
* 2 Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health, London School
of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
* 3 Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact, World Health
Organization, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland.
* 4 Independent Researcher, Los Angeles, CA, 90245, USA.
* 5 Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva,
1202, Switzerland.
* 6 Programme Group, United Nations Children's Fund, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
# Contributed equally.
* PMID: 37265999
* PMCID: PMC10229761
* DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13666.1
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ABSTRACT
Background Reducing low birthweight (LBW, weight at birth less than 2,500g)
prevalence by at least 30% between 2012 and 2025 is a target endorsed by the
World Health Assembly that can contribute to achieving Sustainable Development
Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) by 2030. The 2019 LBW estimates indicated a global
prevalence of 14.6% (20.5 million newborns) in 2015. We aim to develop updated
LBW estimates at global, regional, and national levels for up to 202 countries
for the period of 2000 to 2020. Methods Two types of sources for LBW data will
be sought: national administrative data and population-based surveys.
Administrative data will be searched for countries with a facility birth rate
≥80% and included when birthweight data account for ≥80% of UN estimated live
births for that country and year. Surveys with birthweight data published since
release of the 2019 edition of the LBW estimates will be adjusted using the
standard methodology applied for the previous estimates. Risk of bias
assessments will be undertaken. Covariates will be selected based on a
conceptual framework of plausible associations with LBW, covariate time-series
data quality, collinearity between covariates and correlations with LBW.
National LBW prevalence will be estimated using a Bayesian multilevel-mixed
regression model, then aggregated to derive regional and global estimates
through population-weighted averages. Conclusion Whilst availability of LBW data
has increased, especially with more facility births, gaps remain in the quantity
and quality of data, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. Challenges
include high percentages of missing data, lack of adherence to reporting
standards, inaccurate measurement, and data heaping. Updated LBW estimates are
important to highlight the global burden of LBW, track progress towards
nutrition targets, and inform investments in programmes. Reliable, nationally
representative data are key, alongside investments to improve the measurement
and recording of an accurate birthweight for every baby.
Keywords: Bayesian modelling; Low birthweight; global estimates; newborn;
nutrition.
Copyright: © 2022 Krasevec J et al.
PubMed Disclaimer
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
No competing interests were disclosed.
FIGURES
Figure 1.. Flow diagram of the data…
Figure 1.. Flow diagram of the data search and review process.
Figure 1.. Flow diagram of the data search and review process.
Figure 2.. Conceptual framework for the identification…
Figure 2.. Conceptual framework for the identification of potential covariates
for use in the low…
Figure 2.. Conceptual framework for the identification of potential covariates
for use in the low birthweight estimates.
This framework has been informed by previous publications – .
See this image and copyright information in PMC
SIMILAR ARTICLES
* National, regional, and worldwide estimates of low birthweight in 2015, with
trends from 2000: a systematic analysis.
Blencowe H, Krasevec J, de Onis M, Black RE, An X, Stevens GA, Borghi E,
Hayashi C, Estevez D, Cegolon L, Shiekh S, Ponce Hardy V, Lawn JE, Cousens S.
Blencowe H, et al. Lancet Glob Health. 2019 Jul;7(7):e849-e860. doi:
10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30565-5. Epub 2019 May 15. Lancet Glob Health. 2019.
PMID: 31103470 Free PMC article.
* Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among
people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas.
Crider K, Williams J, Qi YP, Gutman J, Yeung L, Mai C, Finkelstain J, Mehta
S, Pons-Duran C, Menéndez C, Moraleda C, Rogers L, Daniels K, Green P. Crider
K, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 1;2(2022):CD014217. doi:
10.1002/14651858.CD014217. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID: 36321557
Free PMC article.
* National, regional, and global estimates of low birthweight in 2020, with
trends from 2000: a systematic analysis.
Okwaraji YB, Krasevec J, Bradley E, Conkle J, Stevens GA, Gatica-Domínguez G,
Ohuma EO, Coffey C, Estevez Fernandez DG, Blencowe H, Kimathi B, Moller AB,
Lewin A, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Dalmiya N, Lawn JE, Borghi E, Hayashi C.
Okwaraji YB, et al. Lancet. 2024 Mar 16;403(10431):1071-1080. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01198-4. Epub 2024 Feb 28. Lancet. 2024. PMID: 38430921
* Tuberculosis.
Bloom BR, Atun R, Cohen T, Dye C, Fraser H, Gomez GB, Knight G, Murray M,
Nardell E, Rubin E, Salomon J, Vassall A, Volchenkov G, White R, Wilson D,
Yadav P. Bloom BR, et al. In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, Jha P,
editors. Major Infectious Diseases. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2017
Nov 3. Chapter 11. In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, Jha P, editors. Major
Infectious Diseases. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2017 Nov 3. Chapter 11.
PMID: 30212088 Free Books & Documents. Review.
* New Option in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) Allows for the Conversion of
Prevalence of Small-for-Gestational-Age and Preterm Births to Prevalence of
Low Birth Weight.
Kozuki N, Katz J, Clermont A, Walker N; Child Health Epidemiology Reference
Group SGA–Preterm Birth Working Group. Kozuki N, et al. J Nutr. 2017
Nov;147(11):2141S-2146S. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.247767. Epub 2017 Sep 13. J
Nutr. 2017. PMID: 28904115 Review.
See all similar articles
CITED BY
* Spatial analysis and factors associated with low birth weight in Ghana using
data from the 2017 Ghana Maternal Health Survey: spatial and multilevel
analysis.
Boateng D, Oppong FB, Senkyire EK, Logo DD. Boateng D, et al. BMJ Open. 2024
Aug 5;14(8):e083904. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083904. BMJ Open. 2024. PMID:
39107031 Free PMC article.
* The global burden of disease attributable to preterm birth and low birth
weight in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: An analysis of the
Global Burden of Disease Study.
Liu T, Xu Y, Gong Y, Zheng J, Chen Z. Liu T, et al. J Glob Health. 2024 Jul
12;14:04109. doi: 10.7189/jogh.14.04109. J Glob Health. 2024. PMID: 38991211
Free PMC article.
* [Analysis of pregnancy outcomes, disease progression, and risk factors in
patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease].
You FN, Luo L, Liu XJ, Zhang XW, Li C. You FN, et al. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao
Yi Xue Ban. 2023 Dec 18;55(6):1045-1052. doi:
10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2023.06.014. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.
2023. PMID: 38101787 Free PMC article. Chinese.
REFERENCES
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ASSOCIATED DATA
* figshare/10.6084/m9.figshare.20113040.v1
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