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Effective URL: https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/nakasone-warns-adversaries-hack-unseen-in-us/?utm_campaign=Breaking%20News&_hsmi=1179659...
Submission: On March 14 via manual from US — Scanned from DE
Effective URL: https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/nakasone-warns-adversaries-hack-unseen-in-us/?utm_campaign=Breaking%20News&_hsmi=1179659...
Submission: On March 14 via manual from US — Scanned from DE
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NAKASONE WARNS ADVERSARIES HACK UNSEEN IN US
"WE SHOULD UNDERSTAND WHAT OUR ADVERSARIES ARE DOING," GEN. NAKASONE TOLD
CONGRESS. "THEY ARE NO LONGER LAUNCHING ATTACKS FROM DIFFERENT PARTS IN THE
WORLD. THEY UNDERSTAND THAT THEY CAN COME INTO THE US, USE OUR INFRASTRUCTURE,
AND THERE'S A BLIND SPOT FOR US NOT BEING ABLE TO SEE THEM."
By Brad D. Williams on March 25, 2021 at 5:48 PM
Gen. Paul Nakasone
WASHINGTON: Cyber Command chief Gen. Paul Nakasone told Congress today that
America’s adversaries are brazenly “exploit[ing] a gap” in the structure of US
cyber civilian and military authorities to attack the nation from within.
“US adversaries are demonstrating a changed risk calculus,” Nakasone said. “They
are undertaking malign activities in cyberspace of greater scale, scope, and
sophistication.”
This includes increasingly instigating cyber campaigns against US entities from
the US’s own backyard, conducting domestic hacks partly from infrastructure that
is geographically within the country, he testified. Operating inside the US puts
threat actors beyond the purview and reach of CYBERCOM and the National Security
Agency.
“We should understand what our adversaries are doing,” Nakasone told Congress.
“They are no longer launching attacks from different parts in the world. They
understand that they can come into the US, use our infrastructure, and there’s a
blind spot for us not being able to see them.”
Nakasone said he sees two “critical areas” the US needs to address. Both
contribute to the government’s lack of visibility into what’s happening across
domestic networks.
“It’s not that we can’t connect the dots. We can’t see all the dots,” Nakasone
said, referring in part to US laws and policies that prevent CYBERCOM and the
NSA from monitoring or carrying out cyber operations directly on domestic
networks. “We have to be able to see what’s happening in terms of the broad
depth of our nation,” he added.
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The second critical area is the lack of cyber information sharing, particularly
between the US public and private sectors. To this point, Nakasone said, “[The
SolarWinds and Exchange] attacks took place within the US, and there are right
now legal barriers and disincentives for the private sector to share information
with the government. We have a difficulty, as a government, understanding the
totality of the intrusion.”
To this point, Nakasone observed, “In terms of my authorities, as both the
commander of CYBERCOM and director of NSA, I operate outside the US. It’s not
just a matter of policy. It’s also law, in terms of we as a nation, rightly so,
have a very, very determined balance between privacy and security.”
He added, “In terms of this changing risk calculus for our adversaries, their
intent we, of course, continue to monitor. But I think [the SolarWinds and
Exchange hacks are] the clarion call for us to look at this differently.”
For one hour and 29 minutes Nakasone gave highly nuanced testimony that, at
times, seemingly hinted at a greater role for CYBERCOM and NSA on domestic
networks, before he stated his view point blank: “It’s not necessarily that it’s
CYBERCOM or NSA that needs to be [monitoring US networks]. I’m saying the nation
needs an ability to be able to see what’s going on within the US.”
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Some of Nakasone’s testimony on the lack of visibility and information sharing
alludes to why the SolarWinds threat actor and hack were so difficult to detect.
According to Feb. 23 congressional testimony by FireEye CEO Kevin Mandia, part
of the SolarWinds threat actor’s attack infrastructure consisted of leased
virtual private servers hosted within US data centers. Microsoft said the
original Chinese threat actor behind ProxyLogon also used leased virtual private
servers located in US data centers to attack US entities.
Because US law and policy forbid CYBERCOM and NSA from operating on US networks,
“We, as CYBERCOM or NSA, may see what is occurring outside the US, but when it
comes into the US, our adversaries… understand the laws and policies we have
within our nation, and so they are utilizing our own infrastructure, our own
internet service providers to create these intrusions.”
Nakasone noted that the FBI and other law enforcement entities can monitor US
networks, within the proper legal framework. The issue is that adversaries are
increasing their “scale, scope, level of sophistication” paired with the ability
to move “very quickly.”
“What I’m identifying right now,” Nakasone said, “is that our adversaries
understand that they can come into the US and rapidly utilize an ISP, come up
and do their activities, and then come down before a warrant can be issued,
before we can actually have surveillance by a civilian authority here within the
US. That’s the challenge that we have right now.”
In the case of the SolarWinds threat actor, security investigators tracked some
of its activities to virtual private servers leased from Amazon Web Services, as
well as other cloud providers. AWS has publicly confirmed this. AWS declined to
send a company official to testify in the Feb. 23 Senate Intelligence Committee
hearing on the SolarWinds hack, which drew the ire of several lawmakers.
In today’s hearing — without offering any specific policy proposal to Congress —
Nakasone said one consideration following the hacks might be whether or not to
explore laws “in terms of the private sector understanding who their customers
are.”
The issues Nakasone highlighted today — lack of total domestic network
visibility and inadequate information sharing — are not new, but Nakasone’s
pointed statements on US legal and policy hindrances to potential solutions
appear to be a change from past public testimony and speeches.
The US, in fact, has long faced multiple conundrums in how to effectively
prevent nation-state cyber campaigns against domestic entities. One issue is
that the vast majority of US IT infrastructure is owned and operated by the
private sector, which is not keen to allow domestic government entities with the
legal authority to monitor their networks over concerns of customer privacy,
legal liability, and a handful of other considerations.
Another issue is the lack of information sharing, which was highlighted today by
Nakasone, in the Feb. 23 Senate hearing, and in countless past congressional
hearings on the matter. Companies are usually loathe to share cyber threat
intelligence about hacks or data breaches with the government for fear of legal
liability, future regulations, brand reputation damage, and the potential loss
of revenue, among other issues.
Nonetheless, Nakasone highlighted the need for action in this area. “How do we
drive better partnerships between what the public sector needs and what the
private sector can offer?” he asked. “Information sharing is critical for us to
have success in the future.”
A third issue is the lingering fallout eight years later from the 2013 Edward
Snowden revelations about illegal NSA activities on US networks, which raised
issues of public trust in government security services. It also sparked a
nationwide debate on the proper balance and inherent trade-offs between national
security and personal privacy.
Nakasone said, “This is at the heart of our Fourth Amendment, being able to look
at [domestic cybersecurity] in terms of why it’s so important that we have the
right balance between privacy and security that is maintained. And so being able
to address that is the challenge we have going forward.”
However, until these and other thorny issues are adequately addressed through
congressional legislation, the US will likely continue to fumble these
challenges.
At the core of these matters is the nation’s cyber resiliency, which Nakasone
characterized by analogy: “We can have all the capabilities that we want, all
the teams that we want,” Nakasone said, “but if there’s a hole in the bucket
we’re filling with water, and the water’s coming out faster than we can fill it
in, then there’s a problem.”
The hearing also touched on a variety of other issues, including CYBERCOM and
NSA’s role in 2020 election. Nakasone said CYBERCOM conducted “11 hunt-forward
operations in nine different countries for the security of the 2020 election.”
“Hunt forward” is the CYBERCOM concept that entails proactively identifying
security vulnerabilities on US partners’ networks overseas, with their advance
permission, and then sharing information on those vulnerabilities to improve
overall cybersecurity. Of course, hunt-forward operations are conducted only
outside of the US.
* Topics: Congress, cybercom, CyberCommand, Gen. Paul Nakasone, Microsoft
Exchange Hack, National Security Agency, nsa, senate, SolarWinds
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