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CONTENTS
* 1 History
* 1.1 Establishment
* 1.2 Operational history
* 2 Current projects
* 2.1 Overall focus
* 2.2 Communicable diseases
* 2.3 Non-communicable diseases
* 2.4 Life and lifestyle
* 2.5 Emergency work
* 2.6 Health policy
* 2.7 Governance and support
* 2.8 Other work
* 2.9 Data handling and publications
* 3 Structure
* 3.1 Membership
* 3.2 Assembly and Executive Board
* 3.3 Regional offices
* 3.4 People
* 3.5 Country and liaison offices
* 3.6 Financing and partnerships
* 4 Controversies
* 4.1 IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40
* 4.2 Roman Catholic Church and AIDS
* 4.3 Intermittent preventive therapy
* 4.4 Diet and sugar intake
* 4.5 2009 influenza pandemic
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
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WHO emblem
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United
Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health. It was
established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a
member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health
Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations.
The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by all 61
countries of the United Nations by 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the
World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office
International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organization.
Since its creation, WHO has been responsible for playing a leading role in the
eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases,
in particular, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis; the mitigation of the effects
of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development, and
aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; substance abuse; and drive
the development of reporting, publications, and networking. WHO is responsible
for the World Health Report, a leading international publication on health, the
worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health Day.
Its links with the IAEA and distribution of contraception have both proved
controversial, as have guidelines on healthy eating and the 2009 flu pandemic.
CONTENTS
* 1 History
* 1.1 Establishment
* 1.2 Operational history
* 2 Current projects
* 2.1 Overall focus
* 2.2 Communicable diseases
* 2.3 Non-communicable diseases
* 2.4 Life and lifestyle
* 2.5 Emergency work
* 2.6 Health policy
* 2.7 Governance and support
* 2.8 Other work
* 2.9 Data handling and publications
* 3 Structure
* 3.1 Membership
* 3.2 Assembly and Executive Board
* 3.3 Regional offices
* 3.4 People
* 3.5 Country and liaison offices
* 3.6 Financing and partnerships
* 4 Controversies
* 4.1 IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40
* 4.2 Roman Catholic Church and AIDS
* 4.3 Intermittent preventive therapy
* 4.4 Diet and sugar intake
* 4.5 2009 influenza pandemic
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
HISTORY[]
ESTABLISHMENT[]
Main article: Establishment of the World Health Organization
The League of Nations Health Organization was established following the First
World War inside the League of Nations framework. According to the League's
Covenant, it was to "endeavour to take steps in matters of international concern
for the prevention and control of disease, even in cases of dire human
hardship".[1] Its efforts were hampered by the Second World War, during which
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration also played a role in
international health initiatives.[2] During the United Nations Conference on
International Organization, references to health had been incorporated into the
United Nations Charter and it passed a declaration that an international health
body would be set up.[3]
In February 1946, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations helped
draft the constitution of the new body.[2] The use of the word "world", rather
than "international", emphasised the truly global nature of what the
organization was seeking to achieve.[2] The constitution of the World Health
Organization had been signed by all 61 countries of the United Nations by 22
July 1946. It thus became the first specialised agency of the United Nations to
which every member subscribed.[3] Its constitution formally came into force on
the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th
member state.[4] The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24
July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GBP£1,250,000) for the
1949 year. Andrija Stampar was the Assembly's first president, and G. Brock
Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive
Secretary during the planning stages.[2] Its first priorities were to control
the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, and to
improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its
first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on
the spread and morbidity of disease.[2] The logo of the World Health
Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing.[5]
OPERATIONAL HISTORY[]
File:Directors of Global Smallpox Eradication Program.jpg
Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the
news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980
WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947, and by
1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive (using the BCG vaccine) was under
way. In 1955, the malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was
later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and
the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. WHO moved into
its headquarters building in 1966. The Expanded Programme on Immunization was
started in 1974, as was the control programme into onchocerciasis – an important
partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and World Bank. In the following year, the
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases was also
launched. In 1976, the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on
Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care.
The first list of essential medicines was drawn up in 1977, and a year later the
ambitious goal of "health for all" was declared. In 1986, WHO started it global
programme on the growing problem of HIV/AIDS, followed two years later by
additional attention on preventing discrimination against sufferers and UNAIDS
was formed in 1996. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established in
1988.[6]
In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the
World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox,
resulting in Resolution WHA11.54.[7] At this point, 2 million people were dying
from smallpox every year. In 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the
global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort
and adopted a new disease surveillance method.[8][9] The initial problem the WHO
team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network
of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment
activities.[10] The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in
Yugoslavia in 1972.[11] After over two decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO
declared in 1980 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in
history to be eliminated by human effort.[12]
In 1998, WHO's Director General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced
infant mortality, raised life expectancy and reduced rates of "scourges" such as
smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did,
however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that
progress in this area had been slow.[13] Cholera and malaria have remained
problems since WHO's founding, although in decline for a large part of that
period.[14] In the twenty-first century, the Stop TB Partnership was created in
2000, along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. The
Measles initiative was formed in 2001, and credited with reducing global deaths
from the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available.[6] In
2006, the organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for
Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for a global prevention, treatment and support
plan to fight the AIDS pandemic.[15]
CURRENT PROJECTS[]
OVERALL FOCUS[]
The WHO's constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by all
people of the highest possible level of health".[16]
WHO identifies its role as one of six main objectives:[17]
* providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in
partnerships where joint action is needed;
* shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and
dissemination of valuable knowledge;
* setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their
implementation;
* articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;
* providing technical support, catalyzing change, and building sustainable
institutional capacity; and
* monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
The 2012–2013 budget further identified thirteen areas among which funding was
distributed.[18]
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES[]
Two of those thirteen areas related to communicable diseases: the first, to
reducing the "health, social and economic burden" of communicable diseases in
general; the second to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in
particular.[18]
In terms of HIV/AIDS, WHO works within the UNAIDS network and considers it
important that it works in alignment with UNAIDS objectives and strategies. It
also strives to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with
the economic and social effects of the disease.[19] In line with UNAIDS, WHO has
set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of
those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in
children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%.[20]
Although WHO dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign in
the 1970s as too ambitious, it retains a strong commitment to malaria control.
WHO's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of malaria cases, and future
problems in malaria control schemes. WHO is to report, likely in 2015, as to
whether RTS,S/AS01, currently in research, is a viable malaria vaccine. For the
time being, insecticide-treated mosquito nets and insecticide sprays are used to
prevent the spread of malaria, as are antimalarial drugs – particularly to
vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children.[21]
WHO's help has contributed to a 40% fall in the number of deaths from
tuberculosis between 1990 and 2010, and since 2005, it claims that over 46
million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through
practices advocated by WHO. These include engaging national governments and
their financing, early diagnosis, standardising treatment, monitoring of the
spread and impact of tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply. It has also
recognised the vulnerability of victims of HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis.[22]
WHO aims to eradicate polio. It has also been successful in helping to reduce
cases by 99% since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988,
which partnered WHO with Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), as
well as smaller organizations. It works to immunize young children and prevent
the re-emergence of cases in countries declared "polio-free".[23]
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES[]
Another of the thirteen areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of
"disease, disability and premature from chronic noncommunicable diseases, mental
disorders, violence and injuries and visual impairment".[18][24]
LIFE AND LIFESTYLE[]
WHO also works to "reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key
stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood
and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active
and healthy aging for all individuals".[18][25]
It also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for"health conditions associated
with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy
diets and physical inactivity and unsafe sex".[18][26][27]
WHO works to improve nutrition, food safety and food security and to ensure this
has a positive effect on public health and sustainable development.[18]
EMERGENCY WORK[]
When any sort of disaster or emergency occurs, it is WHO's stated objective to
reduce any consequences it may have on world health and its social and economic
implications.[18]
HEALTH POLICY[]
WHO also addresses government health policy with two aims: firstly, "to address
the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and
programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor, genderresponsive,
and human rights-based approaches" and secondly "to promote a healthier
environment, intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all
sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to
health".[18]
In terms of health services, WHO looks to improve "governance, financing,
staffing and management" and the availability and quality of evidence and
research to guide policy making. It also strives to "ensure improved access,
quality and use of medical products and technologies".[18]
GOVERNANCE AND SUPPORT[]
The remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role
of WHO itself: firstly, "to provide leadership, strengthen governance and foster
partnership and collaboration with countries, the United Nations system, and
other stakeholders in order to fulfill the mandate of WHO in advancing the
global health agenda" and secondly "to develop and sustain WHO as a flexible,
learning organization, enabling it to carry out its mandate more efficiently and
effectively".[18]
OTHER WORK[]
The WHO and the World Bank constitute the core team responsible for
administering the International Health Partnership (IHP+). The IHP+ is a group
of partner governments, development agencies, civil society and others committed
to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work
together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development
cooperation into practice in the health sector.[28]
In addition, the WHO has also promoted road safety.[29] Each year, the
organization marks World Health Day focusing on a specific health promotion
topic, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding. Recent themes have been
drug resistance (2011) and ageing (2012).[30] As part of the United Nations, the
World Health Organization supports work towards the Millennium Development
Goals.[31] Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child
mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to
halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to WHO's
scope; the other five inter-relate and have an impact on world health.[32]
DATA HANDLING AND PUBLICATIONS[]
The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and
professionals to inform its work, such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological
Standardization,[33] the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy,[34] and the WHO Study
Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice.[35] WHO has also
worked on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and essential
surgical care,[36] trauma care,[37] and safe surgery.[38] The WHO Surgical
Safety Checklist is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient
safety.[39]
WHO runs the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, targeted at
improving health policy and systems.[40] WHO aims to improve access to health
research and literature in developing countries such as through the HINARI
network.[41] The organization has published tools for monitoring the capacity of
national health systems[42] and health workforces.[43] The Global Health
Observatory(GHO) has been the WHO's main portal which provides access to data
and analyses for key health themes by monitoring health situations around the
globe.[44] The World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and
well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms, including
the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70
countries,[45] and the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) covering
over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries.[46] The Country Health
Intelligence Portal (CHIP), has also been developed to provide an access point
to information about the health services that are available in different
countries.[47] The information gathered in this portal is utilized by the
countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans, implement, monitor,
and evaluate it. The WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems
(WHO-AIMS), the WHO Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL), and the Service
Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) provide guidance for data
collection.[48] Collaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies, such as
through the Health Metrics Network, also aim to provide sufficient high-quality
information to assist governmental decision making.[49] WHO promotes the
development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that
addresses their national needs, including through the Evidence-Informed Policy
Network (EVIPNet).[50] The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became
the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in
September 2009.[51]
The organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based tools, norms
and standards to support member states to inform health policy options. It
oversees the implementation of the International Health Regulations, and
publishes a series of medical classifications; of these, three are overreaching
"reference classifications": the International Statistical Classification of
Diseases (ICD), the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Health Interventions
(ICHI).[52] Other international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the
International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (adopted in
1981),[53] Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (adopted in 2003)[54] and the
Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel
(adopted in 2010).[55] The WHO regularly publishes a World Health Report, its
leading publication, including an expert assessment of a specific global health
topic.[56] Other publications of WHO include the Bulletin of the World Health
Organization,[57] the Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (overseen by
EMRO),[58] the Human Resources for Health (published in collaboration with
BioMed Central),[59] and the Pan American Journal of Public Health (overseen by
PAHO/AMRO).[60]
STRUCTURE[]
The World Health Organization is a member of the United Nations Development
Group.[61]
MEMBERSHIP[]
File:World Health Organization.png
Countries by World Health Organization membership status
As of 2012[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, the WHO has 194 member
states, including the Cook Islands and Niue.[62] As of
2009[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, it also had two associate
members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau.[63] Non-members of the WHO include
Liechtenstein and other states with limited diplomatic recognition.[62] Several
other entities have been granted observer status. Palestine is an observer as a
"national liberation movement" recognised by the League of Arab States under
United Nations Resolution 3118. The Holy See also attends as an observer, as
does the Order of Malta.[64] In 2010, Taiwan was invited under the name of
"Chinese Taipei".[65]
WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, WHO's
supreme decision-making body. All UN Member States are eligible for WHO
membership, and, according to the WHO web site, "other countries may be admitted
as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of
the World Health Assembly".[62]
In addition, the UN observer organizations International Committee of the Red
Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have
entered into "official relations" with WHO and are invited as observers. In the
World Health Assembly they are seated along the other NGOs.[64]
ASSEMBLY AND EXECUTIVE BOARD[]
File:World Health Organisation building south face.jpg
WHO Headquarters in Geneva
The World Health Assembly is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. Based in
Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May. It appoints the Director-General every
five years, and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO, including the
proposed budget. It also reviews reports of the Executive Board and decides
whether there are areas of work requiring further examination. The Assembly
elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the
Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to
carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to
facilitate its work.[66]
REGIONAL OFFICES[]
File:World Health Organisation regional offices.svg
Regional offices and regions of the WHO: ██ Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Congo
██ Americas; HQ: Washington DC, USA ██ Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark
██ Eastern Med.; HQ: Cairo, Egypt ██ South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India
██ Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines
The regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based
on article 44 of WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHA to "establish a
[single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined]
area". Many decisions are made at regional level, including importance
discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly,
which are designated by the regions.[67]
Each region has a Regional Committee, which generally meets once a year,
normally in the autumn. Representatives attend from each member or associative
member in each region, including those states that are not fully recognised. For
example, Palestine attends meetings of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Each
region also has a regional office.[67] Each Regional Office is headed by a
Regional Director, who is elected by the Regional Committee. The Board must
approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never overruled the
preference of a regional committee. The exact role of the board in the process
has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been
small.[67] Since 1999, Regional Directors serve for a once-renewable five-year
term.[68]
Each Regional Committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads,
in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from
electing the Regional Director, the Regional Committee is also in charge of
setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health
and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly. The Regional Committee
also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region.
The Regional Director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her Region. The
RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional
offices and in specialized centers. The RD is also the direct supervising
authority—concomitantly with the WHO Director-General—of all the heads of WHO
country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the Region.
Regional Offices of WHO Region Headquarters Notes Website Africa Brazzaville,
Republic of Congo AFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt,
Sudan, South Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Somalia and Morocco (all fall under
EMRO).[69][70] AFRO Europe Copenhagen, Denmark. EURO includes most of Europe and
Israel.[70] EURO South-East Asia New Delhi, India North Korea is served by
SEARO.[71] SEARO Eastern Mediterranean Cairo, Egypt EMRO includes the countries
of Africa that are not included in AFRO, as well as the countries of the Middle
East, except for Israel. Pakistan is served by EMRO.[72] EMRO Western Pacific
Manila, Philippines. WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and
EMRO, and all the countries in Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO.[73] WPRO
The Americas Washington D.C., USA. Also known as the Pan American Health
Organization (PAHO), and covers the Americas.[74] AMRO
PEOPLE[]
Former Directors-General of WHO[75] Name Years of tenure Brock Chisholm
1948–1953 Marcolino Gomes Candau 1953–1973 Halfdan T. Mahler 1973–1988 Hiroshi
Nakajima 1988–1998 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1998–2003 Lee Jong-wook 2003–2006
Anders Nordström* 2006 *Acting Director-General following the death of Lee
Jong-wook while in office
The head of the organization is the Director-General, appointed by the World
Health Assembly.[66] The current Director-General is Margaret Chan, who was
appointed on 9 November 2006.[76] On 18 January 2012, Chan was nominated by the
WHO's Executive Board for a second term. If confirmed by the World Health
Assembly in May 2012, Dr Chan will remain Director-General until the end of June
2017.[77]
WHO employs 8,500 people in 147 countries.[78] In support of the principle of a
tobacco-free work environment the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers.[79]
The organization has previously instigated the Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control in 2003.[80]
The WHO operates "Goodwill Ambassadors", members of the arts, sport or other
fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO's initaitves and
projects. There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors (Jet Li, Nancy Brinker,
Peng Liyuan, Yohei Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra) and a further
ambassador associated with a partnership project (Craig David).[81]
COUNTRY AND LIAISON OFFICES[]
The World Health Organization operates 147 country offices in all its
regions.[82] It also operates several liaison offices, including those with the
European Union, United Nations and a single office covering the World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. It also operates the International Agency for
Research on Cancer in Lyon, France, and the WHO Centre for Health Development in
Kobe, Japan.[83] Additional offices include those in Pristina; the West Bank and
Gaza; the US–Mexican Border Field Office in El Paso; the Office of the Caribbean
Program Coordination in Barbados; and Northern Micronesia office.[84] There will
generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by
satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question.
The country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR). As of
2010[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, the only WHO Representative
outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya ("Libya"); all other staff were international. Those in the Region
for the Americas, they are referred to as PAHO/WHO Representatives. In Europe,
WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office, and are nationals with
the exception of Serbia; there are also Heads of Country Office in Albania, the
Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan.[84] The WR is member of
the UN system country team which is coordinated by the UN System Resident
Coordinator.
The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts,
both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff.[82] The main
functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that
country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies.[85]
FINANCING AND PARTNERSHIPS[]
The WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors. As
of 2012[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, the largest annual assessed
contributions from member states came from the United States ($110 million),
Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million) and
France ($31 million).[86] The combined 2012–2013 budget has proposed a total
expenditure of $3,959 million, of which $944 million (24%) will come from
assessed contributions. This represented a significant fall in outlay compared
to the previous 2009–2010 budget, adjusting to take account of previous
underspends. Assessed contributions were kept the same. Voluntary contributions
will account for $3,015 million (76%), of which $800 million is regarded as
highly or moderately flexible funding, with the remainder tied to particular
programmes or objectives.[87]
In recent years, the WHO's work has involved increasing collaboration with
external bodies.[88] As of 2002[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, a
total of 473 NGOs had some form of partnership with WHO. There were 189
partnerships with international non-governmental organization (NGO) in formal
"official relations" – the rest being considered informal in character.[89]
Partners include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation[90] and the Rockefeller
Foundation.[91]
CONTROVERSIES[]
IAEA – AGREEMENT WHA 12–40[]
File:Devant OMS 5.jpg
Demonstration on Chernobyl disaster day near WHO in Geneva
In 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA). The agreement states that the WHO recognises the IAEA as having
responsibility for peaceful nuclear energy without prejudice to the roles of the
WHO of promoting health. However, the following paragraph adds: "whenever either
organization proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which
the other organization has or may have a substantial interest, the first party
shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual
agreement".[92] The nature of this statement has led some pressure groups and
activists (including Women in Europe for a Common Future) to believe that the
WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the effects on human health of
radiation caused by the use of nuclear power and the continuing effects of
nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima. They believe WHO must regain what
they see as "independence".[93][94][95]
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND AIDS[]
Main article: Roman Catholic Church and AIDS
In 2003, the WHO denounced the Roman Curia's health department's opposition to
the use of condoms, saying: "These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV
are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more
than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million."[96] As of
2009[update]Template:Dated maintenance category, the Catholic Church remains
opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS.[97] At the
time, the World Health Assembly President, Guyana's Health Minister Leslie
Ramsammy, condemned Pope Benedict's call,
This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should
be edited to rectify this.
Please improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page.
saying he was trying to "create confusion" and "impede" proven strategies in the
battle against the disease.[98]
INTERMITTENT PREVENTIVE THERAPY[]
The aggressive support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for intermittent
preventive therapy of malaria which included the commissioning of a report from
the Institute of Medicine triggered a memo from the former WHO malaria chief
Akira Kochi.[99]
DIET AND SUGAR INTAKE[]
Some of the research undertaken or supported by WHO to determine how people's
lifestyles and environments are influencing whether they live in better or worse
health can be controversial, as illustrated by a 2003 joint WHO/FAO report on
nutrition and the prevention of chronic non-communicable disease,[100] which
recommended that sugar should form no more than 10% of a healthy diet. This
report led to lobbying by the sugar industry against the recommendation, to
which the WHO/FAO responded by including in the report the statement "The
Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10%
of total energy is controversial", but also stood by its recommendation based
upon its own analysis of scientific studies.[101]
2009 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC[]
Main article: 2009 flu pandemic Swine Influenza A/H1N1
In 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic influenza vaccine development
through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts. A pandemic involving
the H1N1 influenza virus was declared by Director-General Margaret Chan in April
2009.
By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger,
spreading "fear and confusion" rather than "immediate information".[102]
Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to "unprecedented
collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers,
resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a
number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration.
This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken
in during the last decade".[103]
SEE ALSO[]
.
* Global health
* Global Mental Health
* Health For All
* Health promotion
* Drinking water quality standards
* Public health
* High 5s Project, a patient safety collaboration
* Healthy city / Alliance for Healthy Cities, an international alliance
* Health Sciences Online, virtual learning resources
* Open Learning for Development, virtual learning resources
* International Health Partnership
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