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IOM: MOVING TOWARD PEOPLE-CENTERED MIGRATION POLICIES

By Sam Ursu Mar 25, 2024
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Over 32 million people became migrants in 2022 due to natural disasters, and it
is predicted that hundreds of millions of people will become migrants by the end
of the century as a result of climate change, according to the annual Migration
Governance Insights published by the UN’s International Organization for
Migration (IOM) on March 13, 2024. The report, which gives a broad overview of
how 100 countries and 69 local authorities address migration, puts forward
recommendations as to how “people-centered” policies can be implemented.

Key findings from this year’s report include the fact that most victims of
cross-border human trafficking were trafficked through official border control
points (such as airports and land borders) and that approximately 61,000
migrants died between 2014 and 2023. The remains of an additional 25,000
migrants have not been recovered. Approximately 40% of human trafficking victims
were men and boys while women and girls accounted for 60% of the victims.

In terms of numbers, currently, 38% of countries worldwide have a policy
strategy in place to combat human trafficking while 80% of nations regularly
report on counter-trafficking activities. When it comes to migration, 54% of
countries have a well-defined policy strategy in place while 29% of countries
have no national migration strategy at all. Approximately 54% of countries have
formal cooperation (bilateral) agreements in place to prevent and counter the
smuggling of migrants, with 100% of countries in Europe having such agreements
in contrast to Africa, where just 41% of nations have formal bilateral
agreements.

> “Migration is a fact of life and a force for good. Today, and every day, we
> must work towards a more humane and orderly management of migration for the
> benefit of everyone,” said Antonio Guterres, the Secretary-General of the
> United Nations.


THREE POLICY GOALS

The IOM has three overarching goals for the implementation of people-centered
migration policies:

 * Save lives and protect people (reduce vulnerabilities)
 * Address climate-related displacement
 * Facilitate pathways for labor migration

These are based on three core tenets:

 * Migrants should have equal rights and equal access to opportunities
 * Migrant policies should be informed by data and international cooperation
 * All stakeholders must be united to form coherent migration policies

Of particular concern to the IOM is the rise in climate-related migration.
Currently, only 22% of countries have climate change policies that include
considerations for migrants. Interestingly, the region with the fewest countries
that have climate-change policies which consider migrants is Europe (just 9% of
countries) while Africa leads the way with 32% of countries having such
policies. The IOM believes that climate change will be the number one driver of
human migration by the end of the century, potentially affecting hundreds of
millions of people.

According to the IOM, only 34% of countries have policies in place to address
possible displacements that arise as the result of natural disasters. These
policies include plans to ensure temporary housing, food, and other necessities
for people who have been displaced by natural disasters and, in some cases,
these policies also address conflict-related displacements.


ECONOMIC MIGRATION

In 2019, approximately 169 million people were international migrant workers,
representing 4.9% of the global labor force. In 2023, nearly 80% of employers
worldwide reported difficulty in finding skilled talent domestically, and 55%
reported a willingness to hire foreigners. However, according to the IOM, the
forced exploitation of adult workers is three times higher for migrants than
among non-migrants.

Currently, only 18% of countries worldwide have a structural and legal framework
(such as special visas) in place to promote the safe and orderly importation of
migrants for labor purposes. Europe leads with 73% of countries in the region
having such policies, while the Americas lags behind with only 4% of countries
having a formal framework in place to facilitate both the outflow and inflow of
economic migrants. That being said, 82 countries have formal bilateral
agreements in place for economic migrants, and 61 countries are signatories to
regional agreements for economic migrants.


ISSUES FACED

Unfortunately, the IOM acknowledges that there is a gap between existing
legislation to protect the rights of migrants and to ensure the ethical
recruitment of migrants and the reality on the ground, where migrants often face
excessive recruitment fees, are subject to non-transparent recruitment
practices, and are forced into debt bondage. Other issues facing labor migrants
include discrimination, limited access to information about their rights, and
difficulties in seeking judicial remedies when violations do occur.

To help facilitate the safe and orderly flow of economic migrants, the IOM
recommends that countries appoint labor attachés to their embassies in the
countries of destination. These labor attachés could help in labor disputes,
monitor the working conditions of their migrant workers in the destination
country, and support the repatriation of workers. Other recommendations from the
IOM include establishing partnerships with local governments, civil society, the
established diaspora, and the private sector in order to better protect migrants
as well as to identify more opportunities to employ migrants.


EMPOWERING MIGRANTS

According to the IOM, nearly 43 million children were displaced due to conflict
crises, but only 65% of refugee children were enrolled in primary schools and
41% in secondary schools. Ensuring the well-being of all migrants, particularly
the most vulnerable, is the third pillar of the IOM’s policies.

A few key numbers from the 2024 report:

 * 50% of countries have regulations granting migrants access to
   government-funded healthcare.
 * 40% of countries have regulations granting migrants access to education.
 * 52% of countries engage with civil society to help to ensure migrants have
   access to education.
 * 32% of countries have a formal policy in place to combat discrimination
   against migrants, 68% of which have a gender-responsible strategy to combat
   discrimination against female migrants.
 * 23% of countries incorporate a gender perspective in their national migration
   strategy.

However, more in-depth and aggregated data is required from countries in order
to measure their progress on a number of axes, including progress towards the
2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Currently, only 31% of countries
provide this reporting, and only 42% of countries monitor the gender-specific
dimensions of the SDGs. Finally, there is no single comprehensive reporting
framework in place for monitoring the approximately 70 million people on the
planet who are internally displaced persons.

In conclusion, beyond the adoption by all countries of the full spectrum of
standards and policies outlined in the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and
Regular Migration, the IOM recommends that countries conduct more frequent
censuses and surveys in order to better capture migrant data, adopt policies to
strengthen migration policy coherence between all stakeholders (including local
governments, the private sector, civil society, and the diaspora), improve
international coordination on migration issues, proactively prepare for
disaster-displaced populations, and identify opportunities to encourage and
utilize ethical labor migration.




Written by

Sam Ursu

Sam is a veteran writer who has published non-fictional travel bestsellers and
works as an independent journalist covering global affairs. Born and raised in
America, Sam now lives in Tiraspol with his family. In his free time, Sam works
in partnership with the United Nations to improve gender and cultural parity in
emerging applications of Artificial Intelligence.
View all articles
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