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NEW STUDY SHOWS HOW MARIJUANA COMPOUNDS LIKE CANNABINOIDS, TERPENES AND
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SCIENCE & HEALTH
NEW STUDY SHOWS HOW MARIJUANA COMPOUNDS LIKE CANNABINOIDS, TERPENES AND
FLAVONOIDS INTERACT FOR MEDICAL BENEFITS
Published
1 day ago
on
February 7, 2024
By
Ben Adlin
A new scientific literature review published in the journal Molecules explores
the “collaborative interactions” of various chemical compounds in
marijuana—including cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids—arguing that a better
understanding of the components’ combined effects “is crucial for unraveling
cannabis’s complete therapeutic potential.”
The findings reinforce what many in the marijuana space have been saying for
years: that it’s not only THC and CBD that modulate a person’s cannabis
experience, but also the complicated interactions between cannabinoids,
terpenes, flavonoids and other molecules in the plant—a concept known as the
“entourage effect.”
“In cannabis science, cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids have often been
overlooked, with much of the literature focusing predominantly on the major
cannabinoids THC and CBD,” said the seven-author research team behind the new
study. “However, emerging evidence suggests that these constituents,
particularly cannabinoids and terpenes, play a substantial role in interacting
and collaborating. This interplay gives rise to the diverse effects, benefits,
and side effects observed among different cannabis strains, which can vary in
the ratios of these components.”
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The new study, published last month, says that only by examining such nuanced
interactions can researchers “unlock cannabis’s full therapeutic potential
within the realm of natural plant-based medicine.”
Paying closer attention to distinct ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes and
flavonoids in specific cannabis strains or products, for example, “can pave the
way for developing more personalized and productive medicinal interventions.”
> “Understanding the intricate interplay between cannabinoids, terpenes, and
> flavonoids is paramount for realizing the full therapeutic benefits of
> cannabis.”
Cannabinoids and terpenes, the researchers said, “both interact with the
endocannabinoid system and exert various effects on the body, including
analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective actions. However, it is
becoming increasingly clear that their effects are not solely attributed to
their actions but are modulated by other compounds in the plant.”
For instance, terpenes “have been shown to have pharmacological properties and
can interact with neurotransmitter receptors, enzymes, and cell membranes, among
other targets,” the study says, but they can also “influence the
pharmocokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids, potentially enhancing or
modulating their effects.”
“The concept of the entourage effect suggests that the combined action of
cannabinoids and terpenes may result in a synergistic or additive therapeutic
effect greater than the sum of their individual effects,” it continues.
And while research into another class of compounds, flavonoids, is relatively
limited, authors noted that “studies have suggested their anti-inflammatory,
antioxident, and neuroprotective properties.” And some specific flavonoids, such
as cannflavins, “have shown potent anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in
neuroinflammation.”
The study provides a better picture of the complex web of chemical interactions
that might influence marijuana’s effects on a person, but authors emphasized
that “elucidating the synergistic effects and underlying mechanisms of
cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids demands a focused investigation.”
“Exploring these compounds’ biosynthesis, bioactivities, and biotechnological
applications is pivotal for harnessing their therapeutic potential and
diversifying treatment options,” they added, identifying a number of apparent
gaps in research that warrant further study.
At the same time, the paper acknowledges that research into the federally
controlled substance remains a major challenge.
“Addressing regulatory barriers obstructing cannabis research is imperative,” it
says. “Overcoming these obstacles, stemming from the classification of cannabis
as a Schedule I substance, is crucial to expanding access to cannabis products
for research purposes. Furthermore, this would enable a more comprehensive
exploration of the therapeutic and adverse effects of cannabis and cannabinoids,
fostering informed decision making in public health initiatives.”
“A comprehensive exploration of the synergies between cannabinoids, terpenes,
and flavonoids, coupled with advancements in phytochemical research and the
removal of regulatory barriers, holds the key to unlocking the full therapeutic
potential of cannabis.”
While a recent review by the Department of Health and Human Services concluded
that marijuana should be moved to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act
(CSA), the department initially kept its reasoning secret, waiting months before
publicly releasing a justification for the proposal.
Research has nevertheless ticked up amid the growing legalization movement.
According to analysis by the advocacy group NORML, scientists have published
more than 32,000 marijuana studies over the past decade, with some recent years
setting records for research.
While much of that research has focused on the effects of cannabis consumption,
some studies have tried dig into the fundamental chemistry of cannabis. Just
last year, for example, scientists discovered “previously unidentified cannabis
compounds” called flavorants that are responsible for the unique aromas of
different varieties of marijuana. Previously, many thought terpenes alone were
responsible for various smells produced by the plant.
And since the end of the federal prohibition of hemp, research into the low-THC
form of cannabis has also stepped up. Last year the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) published guidance on how to identify, describe and evaluate
different varieties of the plant as officials work to rebuild a government seed
bank that was destroyed during prohibition. The department also posted a video
instructing hemp farmers on how to build and use a Ghostbusters-like backpack
vacuum, which USDA says can collect up to 10 grams of cannabis pollen in less
than a minute.
Last October, meanwhile, USDA approved a genetically modified form of hemp to be
grown and bred in the country. The variant was genetically engineered to produce
lower levels of the cannabinoids THC and cannabichromene (CBC).
In terms of the entourage effect, a separate study last year found that cannabis
products with a more diverse array of natural cannabinoids produced a stronger
psychoactive experience in participants that lasted longer than the high
generated by pure THC.
A 2018 study, meanwhile, found that patients suffering from epilepsy experience
better health outcomes—with fewer adverse side effects—when they use plant-based
CBD extracts compared to “purified” CBD products.
> Researchers Identify ‘Previously Undiscovered Cannabis Compounds’ That Give
> Marijuana Strains Their Unique Aromas
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Related Topics:featured
Don't Miss
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Gallup Poll Shows
Ben Adlin
Ben Adlin, a senior editor at Marijuana Moment, has been covering cannabis and
other drug policy issues professionally since 2011. He was previously a senior
news editor at Leafly, an associate editor at the Los Angeles Daily Journal and
a Coro Fellow in Public Affairs. He lives in Washington State.
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