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JOINING LEAGUE OF CYBER POWERS: A LONG, WINDING ROAD

Stricter US export controls, limited cyber offensive capabilities hinder
progress for Pakistan

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Faran Mahmood July 22, 2024
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



ISLAMABAD:

In June 2024, the US government announced additional export restrictions on
Russia and Belarus concerning EAR99 software and IT services provided by
American companies. EAR99 is the default category in the Export Administration
Regulations (EAR) regime and includes commercially available software. This move
was somewhat surprising as the EAR already restricts software exports with
potential for dual-use (EAR 5A002 and 5D002) to many countries.

In 2020, the US Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
added several cyber surveillance and hacking tools to the Commerce Control List
(CCL), followed by similar actions under the European Union’s Dual-Use
Regulation. In the last year alone, five new categories of cyber surveillance
tools have been added to the control lists of the Wassenaar Arrangement, which
includes 43 participating states and the European Union.

Pakistan has yet to secure a place among the top-30 cyber powers, according to
Harvard’s Belfer Center’s Cyber Power Index. Achieving this status will become
increasingly difficult as export controls and cyber proliferation measures
tighten. For example, Fortra’s Cobalt Strike software, used for adversary
simulations and operations, is now subject to US export control regulations. The
company screens every export order against US government prohibited party lists.

For Pakistani buyers, acquiring this software involves a tedious vetting
process, as purchases are limited to responsible buyers. The proposed use-case
is likely to be rejected. If not, it will require an end-user certificate with
constant monitoring to ensure compliance with the original use-case agreed upon
at the time of import.

Similarly, acquiring the latest versions of software under EAR, including data
carving tools, cyberwarfare simulation programmes, rootkits, vulnerability
assessment, and penetration testing tools, is becoming increasingly difficult.
Despite these hurdles, the market for cyber weapons is projected to grow at an
annual rate of 10%, from $11.6 billion in 2024 to $17 billion in 2028.

This growth trend is evident from numerous billion-dollar mergers and
acquisitions in the cybersecurity industry this year. For instance, CyberArk
acquired Venafi in a $1.54 billion deal in May, and Akamai Technologies
announced plans to purchase Noname Security for about $450 million.
Additionally, Cohesity is acquiring Veritas’ data protection business, with
hundreds of similar cybersecurity M&A deals in the pipeline.

However, in Pakistan’s public and private sectors, there is minimal progress,
particularly on the offensive side.





In key policy documents of Pakistan, references to cyber primarily focus on
defence against cyber-attacks, with no mention of acquiring cyber weapons. Cyber
weapons come in many forms, and offensive cyber operations are relatively
misunderstood from a traditional military perspective.

These operations can range from identifying vulnerabilities in conventional
ballistic weapon systems to exfiltrating classified information from isolated
networks. They use a variety of technologies for side-channel attacks, such as
software-defined radios, chip whisperers, and software-defined networks (SDNs).

Offensive cyber operations can directly target installations by deleting
critical data, altering data to render systems unreliable, denying
communications, and taking control of critical infrastructure systems.

For example, if a state-sponsored cybercriminal gains access to the National
Transmission and Despatch Company’s (NTDC) website and manipulates its
management panel to report incorrect frequencies, it could force grid operators
to make unnecessary corrections, resulting in a countrywide power outage.

The US government launched a project codenamed Tempest as early as World War II,
involving the espionage of information systems through leaking emanations,
including unintentional radio and power signals, EMF signatures, and sounds. Now
overseen by the NSA, the US has perfected numerous techniques to spy on computer
devices, including smartphones, laptops, and smart TVs, regardless of their
internet connection. These technologies fall within the category of cyber
weapons and COMINT (communication intelligence).

Even during peacetime, countries maintain a ‘Software Bill of Materials (SBOM)’
for various systems installed in foreign adversaries, an activity that requires
OSINT and tracking public procurement systems. Later, it becomes relatively
simple to buy zero-day exploits (unpublished vulnerabilities) for targeted
software components to compromise them. Companies like Zerodium (formerly Vupen)
sell these exploits to government agencies for use in their cyber weapons.

In a nutshell, cybersecurity is not about antiviruses and firewalls, and cyber
warfare is not about common hacking anymore. It has evolved into a complete
ecosystem, similar to nuclear and missile technologies, and is increasingly
under the purview of US export control regimes. Under such circumstances,
becoming a cyber power remains a long, winding road unless there is substantial
technology transfer from the US or China.

THE WRITER IS A CAMBRIDGE GRADUATE AND IS WORKING AS A STRATEGY CONSULTANT

 

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Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PULSEPOINT, INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SMAATO, INC.

Cookie duration: 21 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SEMASIO GMBH

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device identifiers, IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CRIMTAN HOLDINGS LIMITED

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


GENIUS SPORTS UK LIMITED

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CRITEO SA

Cookie duration: 390 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADLOOX SA

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BLIS GLOBAL LIMITED

Cookie duration: 400 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LOTAME SOLUTIONS, INC

Cookie duration: 274 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LIVERAMP

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics,
IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GROUPM UK LIMITED

Cookie duration: 395 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


LOOPME LIMITED

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DYNATA LLC

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ASK LOCALA

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Privacy choices, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AZIRA

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DOUBLEVERIFY INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise
location data

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


BIDSWITCH GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


IPONWEB GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
User-provided data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NEXTROLL, INC.

Cookie duration: 183 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TEADS FRANCE SAS

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


STRÖER SSP GMBH (SSP)

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


OS DATA SOLUTIONS GMBH & CO. KG

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PERMODO GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PLATFORM161 B.V.

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BASIS GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SMADEX, S.L.U.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided
data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BOMBORA INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Users’ profiles,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics,
IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


EASYMEDIA GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


REMERGE GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADVANCED STORE GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Device identifiers

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MAGNITE CTV, INC.

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DELTA PROJECTS AB

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


USEMAX ADVERTISEMENT (EMEGO GMBH)

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Users’ profiles, IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EMETRIQ GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PUBLICIS MEDIA GMBH

Cookie duration: 1825 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


M.D. PRIMIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

Cookie duration: 25 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ONETAG LIMITED

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location
data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES S.A.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SMARTOLOGY LIMITED

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: IP addresses

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


IMPROVE DIGITAL

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADOBE ADVERTISING CLOUD

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Privacy choices, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses

more




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ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BANNERFLOW AB

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Privacy choices, Device characteristics, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


TABMO SAS

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


INTEGRAL AD SCIENCE (INCORPORATING ADMANTX)

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


WIZALY

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


WEBORAMA

Cookie duration: 393 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


JIVOX CORPORATION

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, Device identifiers, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SAGE+ARCHER BV

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ON DEVICE RESEARCH LIMITED

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ROCKABOX MEDIA LTD

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


EXACTAG GMBH

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics,
IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CELTRA INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MAINADV SRL

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GEMIUS SA

Cookie duration: 1825 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


THE KANTAR GROUP LIMITED

Cookie duration: 914 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location
data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NIELSEN MEDIA RESEARCH LTD.

Cookie duration: 120 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SOLOCAL SA

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PIXALATE, INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ORACLE ADVERTISING

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NUMBERLY

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AUDIENCEPROJECT A/S

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DEMANDBASE, INC.

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EFFILIATION / EFFINITY

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

Data collected and processed: Device characteristics

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ARRIVALIST CO.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SEENTHIS AB

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch


COMMANDERS ACT

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Device identifiers, IP addresses

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRAVEL AUDIENCE GMBH

Cookie duration: 397 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


HUMAN

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


ADLUDIO LTD.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BLENDEE SRL

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


INNOVID LLC

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location
data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PAPIRFLY AS

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


NEUSTAR, INC., A TRANSUNION COMPANY

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


VERVE GROUP EUROPE GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


OTTO (GMBH & CO KG)

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers, IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADOBE AUDIENCE MANAGER, ADOBE EXPERIENCE PLATFORM

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LOCALSENSOR B.V.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Privacy choices, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ONLINE SOLUTION

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


RELAY42 NETHERLANDS B.V.

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GP ONE GMBH

Cookie duration: Uses session cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
User-provided data, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location
data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


THE MEDIAGRID INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MINDTAKE RESEARCH GMBH

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Users’ profiles,
Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CINT AB

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GOOGLE ADVERTISING PRODUCTS

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


GFK GMBH

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


REVJET

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, Device
identifiers, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PROTECTED MEDIA LTD

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Probabilistic
identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP addresses

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


CLINCH LABS LTD

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ORACLE DATA CLOUD - MOAT

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


HEARTS AND SCIENCE MÜNCHEN GMBH

Cookie duration: 60 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AMAZON ADVERTISING

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
characteristics, IP addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MOLOCO, INC.

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Device identifiers, Device characteristics, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADTRIBA GMBH

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
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