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RESEARCH PICKS

 * Enterprise resource planning systems boost business
   
   Research in the International Journal of Business Information Systems has
   focused on the use of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and their
   effects on the business bottom line. The researchers suggest that ERPs can
   have profound effects on an organisation, significantly improving efficiency
   and profits. However, if used inappropriately they can lead to corporate
   decline and even bankruptcy.
   
   ERP systems are advanced management information systems that integrate
   various functional areas within an organization with the aim of streamlining
   operations and improving overall efficiency.
   
   Ford Lumban Gaol of Binus University and Mohamad Fajar Deniansyah of the Bina
   Nusantara University both in Jakarta, Indonesia, and Tokuro Matsuo of the
   Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology in Tokyo, Japan, have examined
   the efficiency of business processes both before and after the implementation
   of an ERP system. The team found meaningful improvements are possible. But,
   they also highlight the factors that must be considered if the implementation
   of an ERP system is to be successful. They suggest that management must have
   vision and a solid business strategy while it is critical that experience
   among the company ERP team is strong.
   
   Without this vision and team experience, ERP system implementation can fail
   leading to misalignments between operational strategy and business processes.
   Problems will arise if implementation takes longer than- anticipated, user
   training is inadequate, there are cost overruns and a lack of management
   dedication to the approach. When handled well, an ERP system as implemented
   in the automotive industry example discussed in the paper, shows that
   significant improvements in business processes can be made. The research
   underscores the positive impact of an ERP system on the company's design and
   manufacturing unit specifically, the team reports.
   
   As companies seek ways to optimize their processes and gain a competitive
   edge, this research provides insights into the potential for corportate
   transformation that is possible with an ERP system if undertaken with
   foresight, vision, and experience.
   
   Gaol, F.L., Deniansyah, M.F. and Matsuo, T. (2023) 'The measurement impact of
   ERP system implementation on the automotive industry business process
   efficiency', Int. J. Business Information Systems, Vol. 43, No. 3,
   pp.429–442.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJBIS.2023.132124

 * Algorithm helps robots avoid accidents
   
   A new approach to autonomous robot navigation is reported in the
   International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering, which could
   help avoid collisions and accidents in a variety of future applications in
   various environments, such as industrial buildings and warehouses,
   agricultural fields, and in the urban self-driving vehicle landscape, search
   and rescue sites, in healthcare settings, and even in the home and garden.
   
   Addressing the challenges of planning and motion control, crucial components
   in enabling robots to move safely and efficiently has been high on the
   research agenda for many years. Now, Jieyun Yu of the School of Mathematics
   at Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, has focused on two fundamental aspects
   to overcome the problems: enhancing control system performance and overcoming
   limitations in path planning. Yu has achieved precise trajectory tracking,
   using a novel exponential feedforward-feedback control strategy based on
   iterative learning control (ILC) and model-free adaptive control (MFAC). Her
   approach improves trajectory convergence, reduces errors, and ensures
   accurate and repeatable robot motion.
   
   The path-planning system also addresses the issue of collision avoidance by
   using the artificial potential field (APF) algorithm. In this obstacles along
   the robot's path are treated as repulsive forces within a virtual potential
   field, allowing the robot to navigate around them seamlessly. Yu has carried
   out simulations and validated the effectiveness of her approach and shown it
   to be more effective than traditional models.
   
   Yu's approach could allow a robot or autonomous vehicle to find an
   appropriate and safe route much more quickly than other approaches,
   minimizing avoidable errors and opening up the possibility for robots to
   operate in complex and dynamic environments.
   
   For example, the approach could be used to improve the behaviour of
   autonomous vehicles allowing self-driving cars to navigate complex networks
   of roads safely and accurately. In warehouse and industrial automation, the
   system could improve logistics involving picking and sorting and moving goods
   and materials around a site. The system might also improve search and rescue
   robots allowing them to work more effectively in disaster zones and navigate
   hazardous environments. Out in the fields, agricultural robotics will benefit
   too, with more efficient ploughing, planting, irrigation, monitoring, and
   harvesting.
   
   Yu, J. (2023) 'Research on mobile robot path planning and tracking control',
   Int. J. Computational Science and Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.349–360.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJCSE.2023.132164

 * What defines good governance?
   
   Research in the International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics seeks
   to understand the concept of business governance and ethics and how these are
   differentiated from the more obvious notion of management. The study has
   implications for businesses and organizations that are hoping to improve
   their governance practices by giving them a clearer understanding of what
   constitutes "good" governance and providing a systematic classification of
   key governance concepts based on their economic functions.
   
   The field of governance research encompasses strategic decision-making,
   oversight, and addressing crime and misconduct. The main impetus is to
   understand the factors that contribute to effective governance or result in
   poor outcomes. Critically, the research is not about making ethical
   judgements but about helping to distinguish between good and bad governance
   in terms of effectiveness.
   
   Scott L. Mitchell of the Open Compliance and Ethics Group in Phoenix,
   Arizona, Mark D. Packard of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton,
   Florida, and Brent B. Clark of the University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska,
   USA, have tackled the challenges of defining and evaluating "good" governance
   as opposed to "bad".
   
   Existing business research faces an inherent problem of semantics in that it
   does not distinguish clearly between governance and management. This makes it
   difficult for researchers to study the various concepts surrounding each
   without the confusion of blurred lines dividing the two areas of work.
   Moreover, the notion of governance and what constitutes good governance also
   depends on the stance of any given organization or owner, rendering sweeping
   generalisations inadequate as they commonly are. The research suggests that
   the evaluation of governance practices needs to be defined but also must take
   a unique approach for each organisation being examined rather than attempting
   a one-size-fits-all approach.
   
   Efforts to clearly define and assess good governance are crucial for
   advancing governance theory and practices across the business world. The
   research suggests that transformative change in governance theory must begin
   with a solid foundation. And, by providing a systematic classification of
   governance concepts based on economic functions, the current study lays the
   foundations for such research in the future.
   
   Mitchell, S.L., Packard, M.D. and Clark, B.B. (2023) 'Good governance, bad
   governance: a refinement and application of key governance concepts', Int. J.
   Business Governance and Ethics, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.471–494.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJBGE.2023.132119

 * Pumping up biodiesel with biogas
   
   A review in the International Journal of Design Engineering, looks at the
   potential for biodiesel with biogas as a sustainable fuel to limit our
   reliance on fossil fuels and reduce pollution.
   
   Sustainable energy solutions are high on the environmental agenda. Vehicles
   powered by electricity from sustainable sources such as wind and solar would
   seem to be the optimum solution. However, infrastructure to support such a
   paradigm shift in transport is not widespread, especially in the developing
   world. Until it is there is perhaps a need for alternatives for fossil fuels
   that can work with current internal combustion engines. Sanjay R. Mali of the
   Gujarat Technological University in India, and colleagues have carried out a
   comprehensive review of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines.
   Their study sheds light on the performance and environmental implications of
   biodiesel and biogas.
   
   The team highlights the potential of biofuels in improving engine efficiency
   and reducing fuel consumption, while also addressing concerns about pollutant
   emissions. The findings have implications for the future of sustainable
   transportation and perhaps even energy production.
   
   Biodiesel combined with biogas has emerged as a highly efficient and more
   environmentally friendly alternative to conventional diesel fuel. The review
   looks at results from studies comparing biodiesel and biogas with
   conventional fuels, focusing on key performance parameters such as brake
   thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and
   emissions like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The
   results indicate that blending 20% biodiesel with biogas achieves the best
   outcome without the need for extensive engine modifications. This fuel
   combination not only enhances engine performance but reduces pollution. In
   addition, little modification of the supply or distribution infrastructure,
   particularly at the consumer level, would be required to incorporate biofuels
   into the traditional petroleum-based liquid fuel supply chain.
   
   The team points out that there are many crops that might be used for
   biodiesel production – Jatropha, Karanja, cotton, palm, coconut, rapeseed,
   sunflower, soybean, and peanut oils. India, in particular, has the capacity
   to grow and use such a diverse range of plant resources for biodiesel and
   biogas production, making it a prime candidate for exploring and harnessing
   these benefits.
   
   As governments and industry need to prioritize clean energy solutions, this
   review offers a roadmap for the adoption of biodiesel with biogas as a viable
   and scalable alternative to neat fossil fuels.
   
   Mali, S.R., Shah, P.R., Shah, D.R. and Mevada, D.D. (2023) 'Comparative
   effect of biogas and biodiesel on performance and emission of diesel engine:
   a review', Int. J. Design Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.69–85.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJDE.2023.131976

 * Apps double up elementary language learning
   
   New insights into the design and development of mobile language learning
   applications for elementary school children learning two languages are
   discussed in a paper in the International Journal of Mobile Learning and
   Organisation.
   
   Athip Thumvichit, Watcharapol Wiboolyasarin, Singhanat Nomnian, Narongdej
   Phanthaphoommee, and Koraya Techawongstien of the Research Institute for
   Languages and Cultures of Asia at Mahidol University in Salaya, Nakhon
   Pathom, Thailand, have identified various important factors for developing
   mobile language learning applications. The research involved exploratory and
   confirmatory factor analysis of interview responses from more than a thousand
   working teachers. The results shed light on how such applications might be
   better structured and designed for the future. The five key factors
   identified were: application attribute, lesson content, immersive
   environment, learning strategy, and instructional use.
   
   The team suggests that the identification of these factors can now serve as a
   guide for developing mobile language learning apps for young learners,
   particularly those learning two languages simultaneously. Dual-language
   learning is common in schools where English is not the native language and
   even in some schools where it is. English is the common language of
   international discourse in many contexts. As such, in a country, such as
   Thailand, children will most likely be taught Thai and English. In the USA,
   where Spanish is a commonly spoken language in many areas, it might be the
   second language. Of course, there are many combinations of language teaching
   in different parts of the world.
   
   The research also highlights various attributes of an app that would be
   relevant to its design for language learning. These include multimedia output
   and input, social interactivity, language processing, motivational features,
   autonomy, personalization, automated assessment, functionality, portability,
   context sensitivity, and connectivity.
   
   The study emphasises that the development of any application must be
   underpinned by evaluation in real-life classroom settings. An app that
   distracts rather than teaches would be wholly inappropriate, after all.
   Further research is needed to assess the impact of such apps on the
   children's language proficiency. This would allow educators to make an
   informed decision about whether or not to integrate mobile language learning
   apps into their teaching.. Given the growing prevalence of mobile devices in
   classrooms, it is important that educators are using appropriate technology
   with demonstrable benefits for their young learners.
   
   Thumvichit, A., Wiboolyasarin, W., Nomnian, S., Phanthaphoommee, N. and
   Techawongstien, K. (2023) 'Scenario-based mobile application design for young
   dual-language learners: evidence from factor analysis', Int. J. Mobile
   Learning and Organisation, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.443–465.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJMLO.2023.131856

 * Moving out of the pandemic shadows
   
   A study in the International Journal of Business Forecasting and Marketing
   Intelligence, reveals the financial challenges faced by urban Indian
   consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The work then offers strategies that
   individuals might use to help them cope with the complexities of the
   post-pandemic world with greater resilience and mental well-being.
   
   The COVID-19 pandemic which began in China in 2019 ravaged humanity, leaving
   many dead in its wake, many more grieving, and countless suffereing the
   health consequences in the form of long-covid. Moreover, while the World
   Health Organisation no longer considers the world in a pandemic situation,
   there remain many hospitaliations and deaths caused by the SARS-CoV-2
   pathogen and many vulnerable people remain at serious risk of debilitating or
   lethal infection.
   
   Meenakshi Handa and Swati Jain of the University School of Management Studies
   at Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University in New Delhi, India, have
   focused on the economic impact of the pandemic and the subsequent effects on
   mental health among urban Indian consumers. The team carried out a a
   qualitative research study seeking to understand the experiences of adults
   aged between 18 and 39 years during the pandemic through open-ended
   questioning in an online survey.
   
   The team reports that many people suffered serious hardships. Indeed more
   than half of the respondents had financial struggles that affected their
   daily lives and many of those reporting negative effects on their
   psychological well-being. Many of the respondents reported ongoing worries
   about their future financial security, income, and job security.
   
   There were many difficulties with which the respondents had to cope during
   the height of the pandemic. However, the research has also shown that some
   people made healthy lifestyle changes and tried to adopt a more optimistic
   outlook on life in the wake of the devastation wrought by the coronavirus.
   These changes, the team suggests, indicate a conscious effort on the part of
   many individuals to cope with these unprecedented challenges and endeavour to
   improve their overall well-being.
   
   The team suggests that it might be possible to build upon this and to offer
   strategies and interventions to help people who were unable to navigate the
   adversity quite so well as others. The initiatives could provide support and
   guidance to those facing economic uncertainty and psychological stress in the
   post-pandemic world.
   
   There are thus important implications for businesses and policymakers alike
   hoping to develop products and services to improve the psychological and
   financial well-being of the population. Moreover, there is a role for
   counsellors, clinicians, and educators to implement the requisite
   initiatives. The researchers also point to individuals adopting sustainable
   consumption practices as a part of their lives and so helping themselves to
   potentially lead a simpler and more responsible life with long-term personal
   benefit and also benefit to society at large.
   
   Handa, M. and Jain, S. (2023) 'Coping with the dark shadows: consumer
   response to financial hardships during a health pandemic', Int. J. Business
   Forecasting and Marketing Intelligence, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp.193–211.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJBFMI.2023.131748

 * Move along, move along, aren't these the sites you're looking for?
   
   Star Wars is a series of science fiction fantasy movies and television shows.
   As is now quite common across movies and TV, the filming locations have
   become popular tourist destinations for fans of the franchise. Moreover,
   given the Disney buyout of the franchise from LucasFilms in 2012, the
   inevitable theme park attractions at Disney resorts are now a major pull for
   that kind of tourism too.
   
   The renowned science fiction franchise has become something of an
   international cultural phenomenon since the release of the first movie in
   1977. It now attracts countless dedicated fans to places associated with the
   movies and spinoffs, such as TV shows, exhibitions, conferences, and film
   locations in Ireland, Norway, Tunisia, and elsewhere. Research in the
   International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy looks at Star
   Wars tourism as an intriguing example of movie and television-related tourism
   and sheds light on the positive and negative aspects of this kind of tourism.
   
   Dag Øivind Madsen of The University of South-Eastern Norway in Hønefoss,
   discusses the various examples of Star Wars filming locations and tourist
   destinations across the globe. His work suggests that these places have
   witnessed increased tourist interest due to their association with the iconic
   movie franchise. On the positive side, this boost in tourism has contributed
   to the economic growth of several destinations, boosting local businesses and
   creating job opportunities. However, the converse of that is that there are
   some concerns associated with this form of tourism, such as overcrowding. The
   influx of tourists represents a new strain on local infrastructure, could
   impact the environment, and diminish the quality of the visitor experience
   for non-movie tourists and regular tourists alike. Madsen also highlights the
   issue of sustainability and how natural and cultural resources in these
   destinations must be conserved and carefully managed to ensure long-term
   viability.
   
   Star Wars tourism represents a captivating case study within the realm of
   movie and television-related travel. There are many other franchises, such as
   Game of Thrones (Croatia and Ireland), Harry Potter (Northumberland, King's
   Cross station, and other locations in the UK), Twilight (Forks, Washington,
   USA), Breaking Bad (Alberqueque), The Lord of the Rings (New Zealand), all of
   which have boosted tourism at location sites used in the movies. The concept
   stretches much further back in movie history to the likes of The Sound of
   Music, which attracted visitors to Salzburg in Austria, Gone with the Wind
   (Atlanta, Georgia), Casablanca (Morocco), and other destinations. Moreover,
   literature and art had and still do add to tourism in many iconic places
   Shakespeare and Stratford-upon-Avon for instance, Bath, the setting for Jane
   Austen's novel "Pride and Prejudice", and Canterbury a popular destination
   for those hoping to find the roots of Chaucer's tales.
   
   The scale of tourism in general and that associated with movie franchises,
   present challenges for those destinations related to over-tourism,
   sustainability, and the maintenance of an authentic experience for visitors.
   Madsen's work in highlighting the issues for one particular case the fandom
   of which spans several generations, is important. The franchise remains very
   popular and it is likely that there will be new filming locations added to
   the list as it grows over the years. "The future trajectory and development
   of Star Wars tourism ultimately remains an empirical question that will have
   to be addressed in future studies," Madsen writes.
   
   Madsen, D.Ø. (2023) 'The trajectory and development of Star Wars tourism',
   Int. J. Management Concepts and Philosophy, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.276–284.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJMCP.2023.131768

 * The trade-off between financial relevance and reliability
   
   A study in the International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting
   has looked at the relationship between relevance and reliability in annual
   and semi-annual financial statements. An analysis of more than 300
   manufacturing companies across a seven-year period reveals the trade-off
   between these two factors and sheds new light on the dynamics of financial
   reporting.
   
   Alexios Kythreotis and Milad Soltani of the Department of Accounting,
   Economics, and Finance at the European University Cyprus, point out that
   relevance and reliability are critical qualities of a company's financial
   statements. Relevance refers to the degree to which information influences
   economic decisions, while reliability pertains to the accuracy and
   faithfulness of the information being reported. The team has found, however,
   that these two factors are often in conflict, forcing companies to perform a
   delicate balancing act as they face different demands from shareholders,
   regulators, and standard-setting bodies.
   
   Part of the problem is due to the way in which the quality of financial
   statements is defined and determined according to the framework set out by
   the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). How reliability
   measures up or otherwise to the IFRS framework's rationality underscores the
   complexity of the challenge faced by organizations striving to simultaneously
   provide accurate and relevant financial information to the various
   stakeholders. The trade-off between relevance and reliability has remained
   largely ignored until this present research. The team's comprehensive
   analysis of panel data from a diverse range of manufacturing companies offers
   strong evidence and highlights this trade-off.
   
   The implications of the work are not purely academic. Indeed, they hold
   practical value for companies seeking to provide meaningful and reliable
   financial information to the various stakeholders. They must strike the right
   balance between relevance and reliability without compromising the trust and
   confidence of investors, lenders, and other interested parties. Regulators
   and standard-setting bodies might also now be aware of the trade-offs and how
   they affect effective financial reporting practices. Ongoing research in this
   area might now provide illumination for those involved in financial reporting
   on both the corporate and regulatory side of the coin so that a balance can
   be struck between the two apparently conflicting aspects of this endeavour –
   reliability and relevance.
   
   Kythreotis, A. and Soltani, M. (2023) 'Relevance and faithful representation
   (reliability) of annual and semi-annual financial statements; a trade-off?',
   Int. J. Managerial and Financial Accounting, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp.393–412.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJMFA.2023.131779

 * A time to live, a time to buy
   
   Consumers are constantly bombarded with enticing product promotions and
   time-limited offers. That might be a flash sale on an e-commerce platform or
   a time-constrained deal at a physical store. Businesses use these marketing
   tools to trigger consumers and so drive sales. Research in the International
   Journal of Services Technology and Management asks whether consumers are so
   gullible or whether cynicism means such promotions are largely ineffective.
   
   Jing-Bo Shao, Fei-Si Yao, and Min Xie of the Harbin Institute of Technology
   in Harbin, China, have explored the concept of restrictive marketing, which
   encompasses both traditional online-to-offline businesses and emerging
   original design manufacturer (ODM) enterprises. They have identified various
   factors that help to shape consumer behaviour when faced with various types
   of promotion and whether those factors have a positive, negative or neutral
   effect on their decision to purchase a product. The various factors include
   time constraints, price discounts, product price levels, and past online
   buying experience.
   
   Fundamentally, when consumers are faced with limited time to take advantage
   of a promotion, they are more likely to make a purchase. This is a key
   finding from the research. However, the effect is moderated by previous
   online experience of buying online – the more experienced, then perhaps the
   more cynical, less gullible, and the less likely to be swayed by such a
   marketing tactic.
   
   The researchers also found that perceived value plays a significant role in
   moderating purchase intention when faced with time constraints. Ultimately,
   consumers tend to decide on value before making a purchase decision rather
   than being triggered or nudged to make a summary decision foisted on them by
   a time constraint. Of course, the degree of price discounting can counter
   their cynicism as it will boost the perceived value of a product, making it
   more appealing to consumers within the limited timeframe.
   
   Insights from this work should feed back to marketing departments keen to
   nudge consumers. They must understand the experience of their putative
   customers better in order to target them more effectively with such marketing
   strategies. Conversely, consumers themselves can understand how such
   marketing works, how well they themselves are being targeted and so seek out
   the best offers and discounts when they do wish to buy a product but without
   being led too heavily by marketing tricks.
   
   Shao, J-B., Yao, F-S. and Xie, M. (2023) 'Is time-constrained promotion
   actually effective? The moderating role of price discounts and previous
   online consumption experience', Int. J. Services Technology and Management,
   Vol. 28, Nos. 3/4, pp.159–184.
   DOI: 10.1504/IJSTM.2023.131712

 * Managing the curve of economic distance
   
   Research in the European Journal of International Management, has looked at
   the connection between economic distance and the survival of foreign
   subsidiaries. The findings, based on a sample of 1771 Finnish foreign direct
   investments, shed light on the non-linear relationship between these factors
   and underscore the role of focused strategy in ensuring the success of a
   company's foreign subsidiary operations.
   
   As a concept, economic distance refers to the disparities in economic
   conditions and factors between a company's home nation and foreign countries
   that host its subsidiaries. It is a major focus of international management
   research. In the paper by Pratik Arte of the Newcastle Business School at
   Northumbria University, UK and his late colleague Jorma Larimo who was at the
   University of Vaasa, Finland, it is argued that economic distance, when
   combined with arbitrage opportunities and associated costs, can shape the
   fate of foreign subsidiaries.
   
   The researchers constructed an index to measure economic distance, drawing
   upon international production and organizational learning theory and using
   the statistical Mahalanobis method to calculate economic distance based on
   various factors. They tested their hypothesis using Cox's proportional hazard
   model to analyzing the sample of Finnish foreign direct investments. The
   analysis showed an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic distance
   and the survival of subsidiaries. Initially, as economic distance increases,
   subsidiary survival improves but beyond a threshold, survival rates begin to
   decline as operating costs outweigh the benefits of operating in countries
   that are even more economically distant.
   
   The study also highlights the role of prior experience and ownership in
   coping with the challenges in economically distant countries. Firms that have
   experience with foreign host countries, as well as wholly owned subsidiaries,
   could cope much better with the requisite operating costs. In contrast, joint
   ventures worked best between economically similar countries, where the costs
   and challenges were relatively lower.
   
   This research could have implications for companies attempting to venture
   into foreign markets. While an economically distant country might be enticing
   because it presents lucrative arbitrage opportunities, the study shows that
   companies need to work strategically lest they fall fowl of that U-shaped
   curve! Prior experience and an appropriate ownership structure can mitigate
   some of the challenges, the research suggests.
   
   Arte, P. and Larimo, J. (2023) 'Revisiting economic distance and its role in
   foreign subsidiary survival', European J. International Management, Vol. 20,
   No. 3, pp.369–407.
   DOI: 10.1504/EJIM.2023.131719

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