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Стр. 262


 
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Стр. v
... Conclusion : Structural Transformations of the Global Health Regime 226
References Index 243 265 Preface International organizations have been a
prominent feature of the The World Health Organization between North and South:
Contents.
Стр. vii
Nitsan Chorev. Preface International organizations have been a prominent feature
of the post–World War II order and have become even more central in the current
global era ... World Health Organization between North and South: Preface.
Стр. viii
... organization, but the WHO secretariat was able to reframe the content of
these demands to fit its own institutional ... health field who took the time to
patiently answer my detailed questions about their work. Their intimate ...
Стр. 1
Nitsan Chorev. 1. THE. WORLD. HEALTH. ORGANIZATION. In his address before state
delegates at the World Health Assembly, on May 15, 1975, the director-general of
the World Health Organization (WHO), Dr. Half- dan T. Mahler, spoke of the ...
Стр. 2
... agency of the United Nations responsible for directing and coordinating
authority for international public health. As the designated agency on worldwide
health matters, the WHO was tasked with setting norms and standards,
articulating ...
Стр. 4
... World Health Organization to fulfill its mandate? As in other international
organizations, the inevitable tension between technical possibilities and
political and economic constraints was reflected in the institutional arrange-
ments ...
Стр. 5
... organization can be part of the board only every other term . Unlike
delegates to the assembly , members of the Executive Board are expected to act
as experts on behalf of the whole conference and not as ... WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION 5.
Стр. 11
... organization's agenda before it adhered to those demands. For example, in
the 1970s–1980s, the WHO leadership was able to present the primary health care
approach as compatible with the New ... WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 11.
Стр. 13
... World Bank, IMF and WTO may not. Most important, significant differences in
institutional ar- rangements, including voting procedures and sources of funds,
suggest that what we ... health ministries, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 13.
Стр. 14
... World Health Assembly, in May 2008. An Outline of the Book The book offers a
detailed empirical investigation of the ... organization's goals. Chapter 2
provides the theoretical foundations for my empirical claims. Draw- ing on ...
Стр. 16
... organization " of the 1970s – 1980s and the “ global governance " of the
1990s - 2000s and to evaluate the structural transformations of the global
health regime over time . I then conclude with an analysis of the WHO bureau-
cracy's ...
Стр. 19
... the global health policies and programs that emerged did not sim- ply
reflect compromises member states could agree on, but compromises that were
aligned with the preferences of the organization. Studies of other inter-
national ...
Стр. 20
... organization and external demands is bypassed by choosing case studies in
which international organizations act independently but in line with states'
interests, or case studies in which international organiza- tions act where
states ...
Стр. 22
... organization. The discussion below identifies a number of factors that
influence international organizations' independent goals and scope of
vulnerability. International organizations' material and ideational goals.
Political ...
Стр. 23
... health. International bureaucracies also develop principles, preferences,
and philoso- phies that guide their perception of the mission of the
organization and their understanding of the best way to achieve that mission
(Jepperson 1991 ...
Стр. 25
... World Health Assembly. Another component is the voluntary contributions
earmarked for specific purposes (the extrabudgetary funds), which are provided
by wealthy donor nations, as well as international organizations such as the
UN ...
Стр. 28
... organization's] internal structures and culture” and when “demands [among
various masters] clash.” In both instances, the independent goals of the
international organization are at stake. In the first case, acting neutrally
would ...
Стр. 34
... organization's choice of response to exogenous pressures is determined by
the perceived cost to the organizational goals that compliance would require
compared to the cost to the organization if it resisted the exogenous demands
(Oliver ...
Стр. 35
... World Health Assembly come from health ministries and are likely to have
their own reasons (such as competition for ... organization undermines effective
supervision. This is all the more so when the delegates come from
departments ...
Стр. 37
... agency of international organizations is constrained by its environment , as
analyzed in de- tail above , the agency of individuals in an international
organization , including leaders , is also constrained by both the organization
and ...
Стр. 38
... organizations to change their perceptions through the entry into the
organization of new recruits. The second type is social position in the
environment. Strategic response is more likely to occur when the leaders are
partially embedded ...
Стр. 41
... the global regime and align it with their agendas and therefore to
significantly contribute to the future of the interna- tional community. 3 A NEW
... HEALTH By the early THE STRATEGIC RESPONSE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
41.
Стр. 42
... World Health Organization during its first decades had radically
transformed. Decolonization led to the establishment of a large number of inde-
pendent states, and Third World countries, as they were then called, soon became
the ...
Стр. 43
... World Health Assembly , which followed a one - country / one - vote rule .
Additionally , at the time , developing countries were able to maintain an
exceptionally stable coalition , so that they were consistently unified in how
they ...
Стр. 46
Nitsan Chorev. Indeed, a year before this exchange, an association of developing
countries, the Nonaligned Movement ... world affairs” (cited in McMichael 2000:
54). The main objectives of the non- aligned countries were initially ...
Стр. 53
... world . Technological dependence on foreign companies was especially costly
as it added a burden of financial payments and allowed for a widespread use of
restrictive business practices ( Sauvant 1981 : 118-119 ) . Developing
countries ...
Стр. 55
... World Bank, UNESCO, the FAO, and the WHO among others—implemented programs
in line with NIEO sensibilities. International organizations called for codes of
conduct, such as the ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Mul ...
Стр. 58
... organization's principles, goals, and programs. In his first address before
the World Health Assembly, in May 1974, Mahler reminded mem- ber states that the
constitution had one objective only, namely, the attainment of all peoples
of ...
Стр. 68
... health services as the subject for its organizational study. The ensuing
debates on this report in the Executive Board and the World Health Assembly
moved the discus- sions and subsequent policies from basic health services to
the ...
Стр. 81
Nitsan Chorev. and attended by heads of the World Bank, the Ford Foundation, the
U.S. Agency for International ... health care approach, while co-opting the
language of the WHO's ap- proach to create programs more closely aligned ...
Стр. 101
... organizations, including the WHO, in helping developing countries achieve
the objectives they had outlined (Lall 1978: 3, Patel 1983, Mamdani 1992: 16).
At the Executive Board meetings and World Health Assemblies, as in other
venues ...
Стр. 106
... organization, with the stated purpose of undermining . . . the free world's
economic system.” Even more damaging to the reputation of Nestlé, Ballarin
stated that it was beyond Nestlé's responsibility to find out how their products
were ...
Стр. 123
... organization and the world was not yet ma- ture enough to permit [that] sort
of international decision-making ... Health Assembly in 1986, in which the
Nairobi Conference was summarized and a strategy for the rational use of
drugs ...
Стр. 124
... Health for All and Development,” Address by Dr. H. Mahler, Director-General
of the World Health Organization at the Conference on Italian Health Cooperation
Activities in African Countries, Rome, Italy, 3–4 December 1987. WHO Library.
2 ...
Стр. 126
... Foundation described the UN as being “ domi- nated by a coalition of Third
World developing countries and Soviet - bloc na- tions " ( cited in Tickner 1990
: 57 ) . Referring to UN agencies as “ union organizers for the Third World ...
Стр. 139
... World coalition and roll back NIEO programs. In addition, the U.S.
government used its control over needed resources to transform the IMF, the
World Bank, and other international organizations into adopters and promoters of
neoliberal ...
Стр. 140
... organizations such as the World Bank and IMF were preferred over
international organizations where develop- ing countries had a majority vote.
The new era of international politics that started in the mid-1980s should not,
however, be ...
Стр. 146
... World Health Assembly where mandatory budgets and organizational priorities
are decided (Godlee 1995, Vaughan et al. 1996). Godlee of the British Medical
Journal cites a spokesman for a European aid organization, who said: “We invest
in ...
Стр. 147
... organization. WORLD BANK'S LENDING FOR HEALTH The World Bank's interest in
health started during its “basic needs” phase, under President Robert McNamara
(see chapter 3). In the mid-1970s, the Bank began to include components for
health ...
Стр. 149
... World Bank's structural adjustment programs, many lower-income countries
were therefore encouraged to reduce public expenditure on health throughout the
1980s and 1990s (Lee and Dodgson 2000, Brown, Cueto, and Fee 2006). Sec- ond,
World ...
Стр. 150
... World Development Report : Investing in Health reflected the marginalization
of the organization with the World Bank's growing interest in public health ,
even though the WHO secretariat was actively involved throughout the process ...
Стр. 151
... the global health field . The threat to the WHO was twofold : not only did
an organization with much greater resources and influence now develop its own
policies on health , but these policies reflected a rigid application of
neolib ...
Стр. 154
... medical focus of the WHO to challenge its competence , and a turf war ensued
( Gellman 2000a ) . The United Nations ... Organization , and the World Bank .
Later , four other agencies joined : the Office of the United Nations High ...
Стр. 155
... World Bank's preoccupation with develop- ment issues to work in concert—was
described by Jonathan Mann as comparable to “walking six cats on a leash” (cited
in Poku 2002: 288). Nonetheless, public health ... organization. However,
the ...
Стр. 159
... World Health Organization at a Critical Juncture,” agreed that “Despite its
mandate and achievements, WHO has not been able to respond as effectively as
necessary to the world's new complexities.” However, the editorial also
thought ...
Стр. 160
Nitsan Chorev. HEALTH IN ECONOMIC TERMS 6 ... Once again , the world turns its
attention to . the World Health Assembly . You are the health leaders of the
world , and your World Health Organization is the lead agency in health .
Ours ...
Стр. 161
... organization to a potentially redundant one. But in the late 1990s, under
the leadership of Brundtland, the WHO underwent programmatic and organizational
changes in a conscious at- tempt to pacify the exogenous forces. Similar to
the ...
Стр. 163
... health care delivery . The WHO : Effective , Accountable , and Receptive to
a Changing World Already during Nakajima's tenure , delegates to the WHO
discussed solutions to the organization's increasing financial constraints and
its ...
Стр. 165
... health , " and Yamey ( 2002b ) stated in the British Medical Journal that ,
with Brundtland , the " WHO made a comeback to the global political stage . "
Horton ( 2002 ) reported : “ Cor- rupt , bureaucratic , inefficient ,
unresponsive ...
Стр. 168
... World Health Organization. The commis- sion was chaired by the economist
Jeffrey Sachs, then of Harvard University, described by the New York Times as
“probably the most important economist in the world” (cited in Banerji 2002). At
the ...
Стр. 171
... health what was then the only justification for intervention and “
investment ” ( rather than aid ) in the developing world : the possibility of
economic growth . By relying on such justification , the WHO secre- tariat
reversed two ...
Стр. 172
... health matters. The Millennium De- velopment Goals, which provided UN member
states benchmarks for tackling extreme poverty, include three (out of eight)
health-related goals: reducing child mortality; improving maternal health;
and ...
Стр. 184
... World Bank , UNICEF , and UNDP , established a multiagency campaign , with
the WHO as a lead agency , called Roll ... health sector . " 33 Over time , RBM
became an alliance of more than five hundred partners , including malaria ...
Стр. 187
... organization's ma- terial as well as ideational goals, by assuring
sustainable attention to the diseases of the poor ... health for all and support
of primary health care. Both Mahler and Brundt- land were suitably embedded in
the ...
Стр. 193
... organization had been suffering ( Buse and Walt 2000a , Motchane 2003 ) .
The WHO leadership was encouraged by the impressive growth in the overall number
of corporate foundations and the value of their grants during that period ...
Стр. 194
... health.” 7 The representative from Uganda saw collaboration as providing the
potential for the WHO to reclaim ... Organization did not re- linquish its turf
to other agencies. 8 Other member states agreed that the WHO had no choice ...
Стр. 199
... World Health As- sembly adopted resolution WHA49.17 for the development of a
WHO framework “convention” on tobacco control. For the first time in the WHO's
history, mem- ber states agreed to make the policies binding.27 When
Brundtland ...
Стр. 201
... health matter, but one in which the WHO could complement, rather than
contradict, the World Bank position. 28 What was more, smoking was not a
narrowly medical issue and could therefore attract the attention of policymakers
other than ...
Стр. 204
... World Health Assembly unanimously voted to begin ne- gotiations on a
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Collin, Lee, and Bissell 2003: 85). The
tobacco industry vigorously opposed the convention. At times, opposition was
voiced by ...
Стр. 222
Nitsan Chorev. agency.63 Even after the fund had become operational, many
representatives urged “strengthening ... World Health Assem- bly, where all
member states had an equal voice, to boards of directors, normally dominated
by ...
Стр. 227
... organization's inter- ests; and strategic resistance, when the international
bureaucracy is able to reframe the demands so that it is no longer expected to
conform to them and in a way that minimizes ... THE GLOBAL HEALTH REGIME 227.
Стр. 229
... organization is a strong leader, well positioned in the environment, and
recently appointed. International bureaucracies will not always choose strategic
over passive responses, and not all strategic ... THE GLOBAL HEALTH REGIME 229.
Стр. 232
... organization , the WHO leadership lob- bied against a binding code for the
marketing of infant formula and also objected to a code of conduct for the
marketing ... medical and public health experts , in the 1990s – 2000s 232
CONCLUSION.
Стр. 236
... health systems are weak. Drugs, some have concluded, offer “tech- nology in
a vacuum” that has not been able to overcome the political, logistical, and
managerial difficulties in getting them to the people in the poorer regions of
the world ...
Стр. 239
... Health , the new commission advocated an approach to health and human
development in which equity mattered in its own right and was the fundamental
objective of reform ( Lancet 2008 ) . The report used ... THE GLOBAL HEALTH
REGIME 239.
Стр. 241
... health policies. International organizations function under strenuous
exogenous constraints, but they are still part of history. References Abbasi ,
Kamran . 1999. “ The World Bank STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE GLOBAL HEALTH
REGIME 241.
Стр. 243
Nitsan Chorev. References Abbasi , Kamran . 1999. “ The World Bank and World
Health : Changing Sides . " British Medical Journal 318 ( 7187 ) : 865–869 .
Abbott , Kenneth ... World Health Organization between North and South:
References.
Стр. 244
... World Health Body . ” Science 279 ( 5348 ) : 166-169 . Bandow , Doug . 1985.
“ Totalitarian Global Management : The ... Organization : The Commission on
Social Determinants of Health . ” International Journal of Health Services
36 ...
Стр. 245
... the Global Economy : A Cross - National Analysis , 1975– 1995. ” Journal of
World - Systems Research 8 ( 1 ) : 30–59 . Beigbeder , Yves , Mahyar Nashat ,
Marie - Antoinette Orsini , and Jean - François Tiercy . 1998. The World
Health ...
Стр. 246
... World Health Report 1999. ” Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland , Director - General .
30 March 1999. Fifty - Second World Health Assembly . Provision agenda item 3.
A52 / 4 . Ge- neva : WHO . 1999c . “ Environment and Health : Europe's ...
Стр. 247
... World Health Organization.” Lancet 331(8596): 1216. Chorev, Nitsan. 2007.
Remaking U.S. Trade Policy: From Protectionism to Globalization. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press. Chorev, Nitsan, and Sarah Babb. 2009. “The Crisis
of ...
Стр. 248
... World Bank Staff Working Papers . Number 721 . de Kadt , Emanuel . 1985. “
Of Markets , Might , and Mullahs : A Case for Equity , Pluralism , and Tolerance
in Development . ” World Development 13 ( 4 ) : 549–556 . de Montbrial ,
Thierry ...
Стр. 249
... World Development 11 ( 3 ) : 265–269 . Ferriman , Annabel . 2000. “ WHO
Accused of Stifling Debate about Infant Feeding . ” Brit- ish Medical Journal
320 ( 7246 ) : 1362 . Finnemore , Martha . 1993. “ International Organizations
as ...
Стр. 250
... Health . " Journal of Public Health Policy 4 ( 2 ) : 207–221 . Glynn , Mary
Ann . 2000. “ When Cymbals Become Symbols : Conflict Over Organizational
Identity within a Symphony Orchestra . ” Organization Science 11 ( 3 ) :
285–298 ...
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... Agency in International Organizations , edited by Darren G ... World Divided
: The Less Developed Countries in the Interna- tional Economy . Cambridge , UK :
Cambridge University Press . Helms , Robert . 2000. “ Sick List : Health ...
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... Organization 50 ( 4 ) : 629–652 . Kirkpatrick , Jeane J. 1993. “ Defining a
Conservative Foreign Policy . ” The ... World Against Global Liberalism .
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and ...
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... World Development 11(3): 181–186. Meredith, Stefanie, and Elizabeth Ziemba.
2008. “The New Landscape of Product Devel- opment Partnerships (PDPs).” Global
Forum for Health ... Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony ...
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... Health Systems : Improving Performance . ” International Journal of Health
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American ...
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... The Global AIDS Fund: Context and Opportunity.” Third World Quarterly 23(2):
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Politics of Gover- nance: An Introduction.” Third World Quarterly 23(3):
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... World.” In Peace by Pieces—United Nations Agencies and Their Roles: A Reader
and Selective Bibliography, edited by ... Organization of Societal Sectors.” In
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... World Health and World Politics: The World Health Organization and the UN
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... Health Magazine: The Magazine of the Pan American Health Organization 8:
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... World Health Organization : Global Importance of Extrabudgetary Funds . ”
Health Policy 35 : 229–245 . Vedantam , Shankar . 2001. “ Big Tobacco Accused of
Destroying Evidence . ” Washington Post , December 7 . Velásquez , German ...
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... World Bank . 1992. “ AIDS Assessment and Planning Study . Tanzania . A World
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Стр. 265
... health needs approach, 74–76, 131 Belgium, 136, 141, 195 Bellagio
Conference, 80–81 Berkley, Seth, 198, 215–16, 223, 233 Bettcher, Douglas, 200
Bhutan, 222 Bialous, Stella ... World Health Organization between North and
South: Index.
Стр. 270
... Health Services ( WHO ) , 68 , 79 Organizations , response to external
pressures , 29-30 Our Common Future ( Brundtland Report ) , 164 Oxfam , 111 ,
211 Pakistan , 94-95 Pan - American Health Organization ( PAHO ) , 104 local ...
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THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH

Авторы: Nitsan Chorev
 

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