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Article commentary
First published online June 23, 2020

MAPPING COVID-19: HOW WEB-BASED MAPS CONTRIBUTE TO THE INFODEMIC

Peter Mooney peter.mooney@mu.ie and Levente JuhászView all authors and
affiliations
Volume 10, Issue 2
https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934926
* Contents
* Abstract
* Introduction
* Web-based maps: An emerging tool for information dissemination and
storytelling in the digital age
* Illustrating web-map usage during the COVID-19 pandemic
* The future of web-based mapping in the infodemic-pandemic
* Declaration of conflicting interests
* Funding
* References

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ABSTRACT

A proliferation of web-based maps have appeared depicting many different aspects
of the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In this commentary, we
consider the usage of web-based mapping during the COVID-19 pandemic and argue
that web maps have been widely misused for delivering public information on this
fast moving, epidemiologically complex, and geographically unbounded process.

INTRODUCTION

In this commentary, we examine the use of web-based mapping during the first few
months of the global coronavirus pandemic (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19). Our specific
conceptual contribution arises from our view that web-based mapping and related
cartography have been widely misused. The flexibility, dynamism, and ease of
creation inherent in today’s web-based mapping architectures have seen these
digital maps become part of the ‘infodemic’ during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
World Health Organization (WHO) warned that the COVID-19 pandemic ‘has been
accompanied by a massive “infodemic”—an overabundance of information—some
accurate and some not’, making it very difficult for people to access
trustworthy data sources and reliable information as required (WHO, 2020). We
argue that web-based maps are not bad tools but become cumbersome instruments
when used incorrectly, widely, and without consideration for the underlying
data, models, processes, and basic cartographic principles. Ash et al. (2018)
challenge thinking about ways in which digital technologies, such as web-based
maps and associated platforms, reshape geographies and mediate the production of
geographical knowledge.
The complex epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 varies widely and is still not
fully understood, making provision of information challenging. This originates
from many factors: geography, socio-demographics, cultural aspects, political
decisions, and non-pharmaceutical interventions such as ‘lockdowns’ based on
public health and economic constraints. Widely available software to create
web-based maps is very user-friendly and has no prerequisites of cartographic or
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) skills. This can exacerbate the spread of
maps of questionable quality on the Internet. Mapping health and epidemiological
data is not straightforward (Carroll et al., 2014). Even simple health data can
be collected, analyzed, and visualized in different ways; however, geography has
evolved into a data-driven field over recent years (Miller and Goodchild, 2015),
which is able to deal with understanding and visualizing such complex issues.

WEB-BASED MAPS: AN EMERGING TOOL FOR INFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND STORYTELLING
IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Web-based maps are online mapping platforms allowing geographical data to be
overlayed onto digital maps. These maps are embedded into webpages or
applications and are interactive (offering zoom, pan, selection, etc). The last
two decades have seen the emergence of a new era in mapping (McQuire, 2019).
Online maps are now capable of offering multiple features and services by
bringing many traditional GIS functionalities to the web-browser.
Increasingly, web-based maps are being used by online news media. Usher (2020:
250) introduces ‘digital news cartography’ where ‘maps are visual
representations of complicated databases turned into geographically distributed,
clickable, and even customizable, knowledge’. Design choice facilitating clear
and effective communication of the underlying data is a principal challenge in
web-based map design. As Monmonier (2018: 205) emphasizes: ‘if not harnessed by
someone who is knowledgeable and with honest intent, the power of maps can get
out of control’. The advent of web-based mapping can also be seen as the
democratization of cartography, putting maps and mapping capabilities into more
people’s hands. According to Crampton and Krygier (2005), the shift from
traditional cartography to the decentralized Internet makes maps an even more
powerful tool since using maps to support claims is no longer the privilege of
professional cartographers and academics alone anymore. The power of maps
originates from people’s trust and the tendency to naively accept them as truth
(Monmonier, 2018), which is dangerous in an era of fake news.

ILLUSTRATING WEB-MAP USAGE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Spatial epidemiology widely regards web-based maps as an excellent tool for
analyzing the spread of infectious diseases as well as public information.
However, the complexity of disease data has the potential for misinterpretation
and cognitive overload (Carroll et al., 2014). Even well-intended maps can
suffer from the ‘data rich but information poor’ (DRIP) syndrome if map-makers
try to carelessly crowd too many resources into one interface. Maps sometimes
corresponding to different spatial units and referring to different aspects of
the pandemic—infection rates, testing sites, population dynamics—can easily
overwhelm casual users.
We are not designating web maps as the tool of choice for those circulating
‘alternative facts’. Rather, poor design and deployment of web maps often
inadvertently create misinformation and opportunities for misinterpretation.
Below we list some of the most common issues associated with web maps used in
COVID-19 information dissemination, such as:
•
Incorrect and inconsistent scales and units of aggregation being used.
•
Incorrect use of bubble charts and heat maps.
•
Overly crowded dot/pin maps indicating COVID-19 cases or medical facility
locations.
•
Poorly graduated or classified choropleth maps.
•
Predominant usage of choropleth mapping over other suitable forms.
•
Maps without normalization.
•
Maps lacking the representation of uncertainty.
•
Ineffective representations of the temporal dynamics of the spread of COVID-19
due to the complexity of epidemiological models.
•
Maps designed for global audiences should use global data. However, this
diminishes the impact for local audiences.
•
Overall poor map design, in general.
Most maps we currently see are affected by one or more of these issues. As an
example, Figure 1 plots inconsistently aggregated data on the same map,
rendering visual comparison of different areas misleading: Italy and Spain are
similarly affected (both have around 230,000 confirmed cases at the time of
writing) but appear differently on the map. Also, methodological uncertainty is
not represented in this map, as in the case of Hungary and Slovakia that do not
appear to have COVID-19 cases on the map. Figure 2 features a choropleth map
presenting absolute numbers without normalization; it therefore ignores both the
modifiable areal unit problem and population structure/dynamics. Additionally,
the color choice (red–blue) is questionable since people respond to certain
colors emotionally (Monmonier, 2018), which may affect the dissemination of
factual information about the COVID-19 pandemic.
Figure 1. COVID-19 cases as seen on HealthMap. Inconsistent use of spatial
aggregation across countries gives a false impression of the virus’ spread.
Source: HealthMap (https://www.healthmap.org/covid-19/).
Open in viewer
Figure 2. A choropleth map by the Florida Department of Health plots absolute
case numbers per ZIP code without normalization and uses ‘emotional colors’.
Source: Florida Department of Health on their COVID-19 site
(https://floridahealthcovid19.gov/)
Open in viewer
The issues outlined above are not specific to web-based maps since traditional
maps displayed online as static images can suffer similar problems. As far back
as 2000, Dodge and Kitchin (2000) cautioned both unwary map designers and map
users to actively and reflectively consider maps found online. Drawing
meaningful conclusions from today’s coronavirus-related maps depends on how
effectively a map presents its intended information in simple visual ways. The
ability to do so is greatly diminished in most web-based maps and applications
aimed toward disseminating knowledge about the pandemic. Maps also have the
potential to ‘go viral’ on the Internet, subsequently aiding misinformation and
‘alternative facts’ as has already happened with a map illustrating global air
traffic. After being taken out of its original context, headlines appeared such
as ‘New map reveals no country safe from coronavirus tentacles’ and ‘Terrifying
map reveals how thousands of Wuhan travelers could have spread coronavirus to
400 cities worldwide’ in various news outlets (BBC, 2020). While these
statements proved to be correct as the pandemic unfolded, this incident
illustrates how attracting attention and promoting an idea with an unrelated (or
even intentionally misleading) map is not far-fetched.

THE FUTURE OF WEB-BASED MAPPING IN THE INFODEMIC-PANDEMIC

Most people consulting coronavirus-related maps do so in a search for
understanding, reassurance, and maybe even some good news. Since the
expectations of users are always evolving, there is a ‘constant need for map
designers to effectively test and assess the usability of their products and
services’ (Li et al., 2017: 820). Humprecht and Esser (2018: 516) conclude that
online news media ‘are not tapping their digital potential to increase
understandability of their news content’. This void includes web mapping and
visualizations, driven by commercial pressures and resource issues.
Perhaps now is a good time to revisit guidelines for the use of maps in
journalistic contexts (e.g. Monmonier, 1989, 2018). As for the coronavirus
pandemic, more interaction between health and government officials, geographers,
the geospatial community, and data visualization experts/data journalists to
develop guidelines for communication with web-based maps might be the way
forward to ensure that web-based maps realize their potential. This aligns with
Kitchin et al.’s (2013) public geography which has established itself as a
legitimate and valuable form of geographical practice encouraging direct and
sustained social engagement with the community.
Are web-based maps the right tool for the task at hand—informing the public in
near real time of the global, national, and localized pandemic spread of the
coronavirus? There are numerous mathematical models predicting COVID-19 cases
and mortality, and generating estimates of Ro, the reproductive rate of the
disease. These models often involve differential equations or stochastic
frameworks, meaning they are beyond the expert comprehension of most people. How
to deliver this information effectively within the constraints of the web-based
map is a very difficult question requiring urgent attention. Many of the maps
produced during the COVID-19 pandemic appear different or even contradictory.
While there are multiple ways of geographic storytelling, we feel that this
multiplicity may well fuel the WHO’s infodemic concerns. Depoux et al. (2020)
suggest that the social media panic created by COVID-19 travels faster than the
virus itself and operational tools (e.g. dashboards, real-time web-based maps)
are needed to combat this. We believe that careful geographical work combined
with well-designed, web-based maps can become a targeted response to the
COVID-19 ‘infodemic’ into the future.

DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the
research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

FUNDING

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or
publication of this article.

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InformationAuthors

INFORMATION

PUBLISHED IN

Dialogues in Human Geography
Volume 10, Issue 2
Pages: 265 - 270
Article first published online: June 23, 2020
Issue published: July 2020

KEYWORDS

1. COVID-19
2. infodemic
3. misinformation
4. pandemic
5. web mapping

RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS

AUTHORS

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PETER MOONEY

Maynooth University, Ireland
peter.mooney@mu.ie
View all articles by this author

LEVENTE JUHÁSZ

Florida International University, USA
View all articles by this author

NOTES

Peter Mooney, Department of Computer Science, Eolas Building, Maynooth
University, W23 F2H6, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland. Email: peter.mooney@mu.ie

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FIGURES

Figure 1. COVID-19 cases as seen on HealthMap. Inconsistent use of spatial
aggregation across countries gives a false impression of the virus’ spread.
Source: HealthMap (https://www.healthmap.org/covid-19/).
Go to FigureOpen in Viewer
Figure 2. A choropleth map by the Florida Department of Health plots absolute
case numbers per ZIP code without normalization and uses ‘emotional colors’.
Source: Florida Department of Health on their COVID-19 site
(https://floridahealthcovid19.gov/)
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