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ReviewApril 17, 2024
EMERGENT PROPERTIES FROM THREE-DIMENSIONAL ASSEMBLIES OF (NANO)PARTICLES IN
CONFINED SPACES
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* Emanuele Marino*
Emanuele Marino
Department of Physics and Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via
Archirafi 36, Palermo 90123, Italy
*Email: emanuele.marino@unipa.it
More by Emanuele Marino
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-9796
* R. Allen LaCour
R. Allen LaCour
Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
More by R. Allen LaCour
* Thomas E. Kodger
Thomas E. Kodger
Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research,
Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-9165
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CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
Cite this: Cryst. Growth Des. 2024, 24, 14, 6060–6080
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https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00260
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00260
Published April 17, 2024
PUBLICATION HISTORY
* Received
22 February 2024
* Accepted
5 April 2024
* Revised
5 April 2024
* Published
online 17 April 2024
* Published
in issue 17 July 2024
review-article
Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This
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CC-BY 4.0 .
LICENSE SUMMARY*
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license before using these materials.
ABSTRACT
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The assembly of (nano)particles into compact hierarchical structures yields
emergent properties not found in the individual constituents. The formation of
these structures relies on a profound knowledge of the nanoscale interactions
between (nano)particles, which are often designed by researchers aided by
computational studies. These interactions have an effect when the
(nano)particles are brought into close proximity, yet relying only on diffusion
to reach these closer distances may be inefficient. Recently, physical
confinement has emerged as an efficient methodology to increase the volume
fraction of (nano)particles, rapidly accelerating the time scale of assembly.
Specifically, the high surface area of droplets of one immiscible fluid into
another facilitates the controlled removal of the dispersed phase, resulting in
spherical, often ordered, (nano)particle assemblies. In this review, we discuss
the design strategies, computational approaches, and assembly methods for
(nano)particles in confined spaces and the emergent properties therein, such as
trigger-directed assembly, lasing behavior, and structural photonic color.
Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the current challenges, both experimental
and computational, and farther afield application possibilities.
This publication is licensed under
CC-BY 4.0 .
LICENSE SUMMARY*
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* LICENSE SUMMARY*
You are free to share(copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or
format and to adapt(remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any
purpose, even commercially within the parameters below:
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actual license before using these materials.
* LICENSE SUMMARY*
You are free to share(copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or
format and to adapt(remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any
purpose, even commercially within the parameters below:
* Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.
* Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.
View full license
*Disclaimer
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license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the
actual license before using these materials.
ACS Publications
Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society
SUBJECTS
what are subjects
Article subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and
describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article.
* Colloidal particles
* Liquids
* Magnetic properties
* Nanocrystals
* Nanoparticles
SPECIAL ISSUE
Published as part of Crystal Growth & Design virtual special issue
“Structure-Property Interplay in Nanocrystals”.
SYNOPSIS
Assembling superparticles: bringing together (nano)particles into higher order
structures, new properties emerge not found in their building blocks.
1. INTRODUCTION
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The assembly of simple building blocks into hierarchical structures represents a
useful tool to enable the emergence of complex properties. (1−8) These
properties can be exploited to carry out otherwise difficult or impossible
tasks. The vibrant colors of birds and beetles, (9,10) algae photoprotection,
(11) or the impressive camouflaging abilities of chameleons (12) and certain
cephalopods (13) highlight the ability of nature in exploiting assembly to
improve the chances of survival for species that lack other defense mechanisms.
In research, the assembly of simple building blocks into larger structures
allows the construction of artificial materials with properties designed from
the bottom-up that are more than the sum of the constituents. This approach can
lead to materials that are superior in their structural strength and lightness,
that show fade-free coloration by reflecting or absorbing specific colors of
light and that can respond to specific external triggers by altering their
properties in reversible and irreversible fashions.
The choice of the building block material is crucial in designing artificial
materials from the bottom up. In its designs, nature uses building blocks that
are readily available in the living organism, such as crystals of guanine in the
case of chameleons. Artificial designs should include building blocks that are
well-defined in their physical and chemical properties, and easy to synthesize
and to assemble. Colloidal (nano)particles satisfy these requirements: (1) Their
synthesis is well established, leading to well-defined sizes and shapes; (2)
their composition can be tuned across the entire periodic table of elements,
leading to a vast tunability in physiochemical properties; and (3) their surface
chemistry allows for numerous options for functionalization, a versatile tool to
design interactions with the surrounding medium and other particles. In
particular, colloidal crystalline nanoparticles, or nanocrystals, are versatile
building blocks for artificial materials. These nanocrystals combine a robust
and well-defined inorganic structure of the core, responsible for the
interaction with external electromagnetic stimuli, with a flexible organic
structure of the ligand shell, responsible for the interaction with the
surrounding medium. Other common building block options are inorganic (silica,
titania) or polymeric colloidal particles.
The interactions between colloidal particles govern their assembly into
superstructures. For example, making the particles mutually attractive by
functionalizing their surfaces with electric charges of opposite signs can
induce assembly. (14,15) However, irrespective of the interactions, increasing
the density (volume fraction) of the colloidal dispersion through evaporation or
sedimentation results in particle assembly; see Figure 1A. The fine details of
the interparticle interactions, the rate of densification, and the topology of
the system determine the final structure, which is generally a glass
(disordered) or a crystal (ordered).
FIGURE 1
Figure 1. Assembly of (nano)particles. (A) Conventional 2D assembly through
deposition and evaporation. (B) Confined 3D assembly discussed in this review.
(C) Additional interparticle forces arising from the presence of an interface.
(D) Confined assembly creates large interfacial areas. (32) (E) Superparticles
can be pipetted, transferred, and deployed. Topics discussed in this review: (F)
Confined geometry simulation, (33) (G) light triggered confined assembly, (34)
(H) magnetically triggered confined assembly, (35) (I) anisotropic
superparticles formed during confined assembly, (36) (J) core/shell
superparticles, (7) (K) porous superparticles, (37) (L) superparticles which
exhibit structural coloration, (38) and (M) superparticles with show lasing. (7)
Panel D is adapted with permission from ref (32). Copyright 2018 John Wiley and
Sons. Panel F is adapted with permission from ref (33). Copyright 2018 Springer
Nature. Panel G is adapted with permission from ref (34). Copyright 2023 The
American Chemical Society. Panel H is adapted with permission from ref (35).
Copyright 2019 The American Chemical Society. Panel I is adapted with permission
from ref (36). Copyright 2012 The American Chemical Society. Panel J is adapted
with permission from ref (7). Copyright 2022 The American Chemical Society.
Panel K is adapted with permission from ref (37). Copyright 2018 The American
Chemical Society. Panel L is adapted with permission from ref (38). Copyright
2019 John Wiley and Sons. Panel M is adapted with permission from ref (7).
Copyright 2022 The American Chemical Society.
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The dimensionality of this final structure also plays an important role in the
emergent properties. Researchers first explored 2D interfacial assembly
exploiting interfacial capillary forces and the experimental method,
Langmuir–Blodgett, to controllably increase the density of particles. (16,17)
Few researchers have utilized 3D assembly in aerosols and glassware. (18,19) 2D
assemblies have the advantage of their ease of preparation and compatibility
with existing “sandwich” device structures, such as those of photodetectors,
solar cells, and light-emitting diodes; see Figure 1A. Nevertheless, 2D
assemblies are limited in transferability, as they are typically confined to
their substrate. Furthermore, the rate of production of 2D assemblies is usually
low, as these must be prepared and optimized on a sample-by-sample basis by
coating processes such as spin- or dip-coating. These techniques usually impose
fast evaporation rates for the dispersing solvent, imposing kinetic constraints
on the path toward equilibrium structures. Increasing the dimensionality of
assemblies reverses the disadvantages of 2D assemblies while adding new
functional features.
3D assemblies often result from the presence of a physical template imposing a
specific topology during assembly. A simple template may be constituted by a
well in which a particle dispersion is densifying as a result of solvent
evaporation, resulting in multiple 2D assembled (nano)particle layers. (20,21)
Recently, emulsion droplets have been used as a 3D template for 3D assemblies.
(3,7,8,22−27) The controlled and complete removal of solvent from emulsion
droplets filled with a dispersion of colloidal (nano)particles results in their
controlled densification and assembly into spherical structures; see Figure 1B.
These structures behave as larger colloidal particles, albeit they are
constituted of smaller colloidal particles. In the literature, these structures
are described by a compound noun including a preposition (“supra” or “super”)
indicating the presence of a higher order within the structure and a simple noun
(“particle” or “crystal”). The preposition “supra” directly hints at the term
“supramolecular chemistry”, (28) while “super” is consistent with the term
“superlattice”, (29) widely used in the nanocrystal community. The noun
“particle” is used more generally in the literature, while “crystal” specifies
the presence of an ordered internal structure. (30)
The formation of 3D assemblies is shaped by more features than 2D assemblies,
contributing to a richer phase space for the resulting structures. The presence
of a curved interface can influence the assembly process, as colloidal particles
with a sufficiently large surface area may adsorb to the interface to decrease
the energy of the system while introducing new interparticle attraction, such as
electric field-dependent interfacial deformation and contact line undulations;
see Figure 1C, top and bottom, respectively. (31) This is the case for colloidal
microparticles, resulting in particle-stabilized liquid droplets (Pickering
emulsions) or (armored) gas bubbles. Furthermore, the presence of a large
interfacial area increases the rate of mass transfer between droplets and their
surrounding medium, allowing for efficient droplet densification and more
controlled kinetics as compared to 2D assemblies, as displayed by the technique
of droplet microfluidics; see Figure 1D. (32) Another crucial advantage of 3D
assemblies is the ease with which they can be transferred to different
environments through simple techniques such as pipetting; see Figure 1E. For
example, a superparticle capable of optically sensing and reporting on its local
environment can be transported to a nearby target of interest to detect changes
over time or in response to specific external triggers.
In this review, we illustrate recent advances in the emergent properties of 3D
assemblies of (nano)particles in confined spaces. We begin by introducing some
of the theoretical background and computer simulations behind particle assembly
and the role of confinement on superparticle formation (Figure 1F). We proceed
by illustrating different external triggers that can induce particle assembly,
such as light and static magnetic fields (Figure 1G–H). The interplay between
anisotropic building block shapes and interparticle interactions can yield
anisotropic superparticle shapes (Figure 1I). Furthermore, the interplay between
incompatible building block shapes and sizes can lead to phase separation,
resulting in core/shell and porous structures (Figure 1J–K). Finally, we review
the relationships between the morphological and structural characteristics of
superparticles and their optical response, leading to structural color and
lasing (Figure 1L–M).
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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2.1. INSIGHTS FROM THEORY AND SIMULATION
The properties of the (nano)particle building blocks and their environment
largely determine the final structure that results from assembly. As the
microscopic sizes of these systems make it challenging to directly observe the
assembly process, computer simulations have played an important role in
elucidating how the final structure forms. In particular, molecular dynamics
simulations reproduce the self-assembly process for specified interparticle and
particle-interface interactions and have thus proven a rich source of insight.
In this section, we summarize many of these efforts along with the experimental
systems they are meant to correspond to.
Perhaps the simplest example of assembly in confinement is that of
(nano)particles or nanocrystals under the spherical confinement of liquid
droplets. Due to its simplicity, this is also the most investigated system in
simulations. Both experiments and simulations reveal a size dependence of the
confining droplets, which causes deviations from the tendency of spherical
particles to form a face-centered-cubic (FCC) crystal structure. (39) For
droplets containing under ≈105 particles, de Nijs et al. found that the
particles can form arrangements with icosahedral symmetry. (23) While
icosahedral symmetry is incompatible with long-range order, in finite systems
this structure can have a lower free energy than the competing FCC phase.
(33,40) A similar behavior was observed in binary nanocrystal systems, in which
the bulk MgZn2 phase is distorted into an icosahedral cluster, (27) indicating
that the influence of confinement may be quite general. Furthermore, Wang et al.
found that particle organization may be influenced by how close the number of
confined particles is to a “magic number”, for which the free energy of the
confined particles becomes particularly low, and that being an off- or on-magic
number can play a major role in determining which defects are present.
(33,40,41) Mbah et al. later found that entropy-stabilized dodecahedral
structures could also form and obeyed a different set of magic numbers from the
icosahedral structures. (42) We note that this preference for icosahedral and
dodecahedral arrangements was found in the experimental assembly of
nanocrystals, but simulations were able to reproduce this behavior using only
hard-sphere-like particles confined by a hard interface, and thus entropy
appears to be the driving force for these structures.
Recent simulations have retained the spherical confinement but moved away from
spherical building blocks. In 2016, Teich et al. examined the packing of small
numbers of polyhedra (<60) in spherical confinement, finding that many polyhedra
pack into layers of optimal spherical codes. (43) Particularly dense packing
arrangements were also found to occur at magic numbers. (43) In 2018, Wang et
al. demonstrated that rounded cubes inside spherical confinement display, as a
function of degree of rounding, a transition from an FCC-like phase to a simple
cubic structure with aligned orientations, in agreement with experiment. (44) In
2022, Skye et al. investigated the self-assembly of confined tetrahedral
particles, finding that the curvature of the droplet promoted the formation of
specific structural motifs that could propagate further into the droplet. (45)
As the size of the droplet dictates the curvature, changing the size of the
droplet tuned the structure. Also in 2022, Wang et al. found that the shape
parameters of nanoplatelets in confinement influence their behavior, leading to
a variety of phases like discotic or liquid crystal phases. (41) In all these
examples, entropy was the driving force for self-assembly.
The cases described, where entropy is primary driving force, apply primarily to
particles with weak interparticle attractive forces. However, frequently
interactions between nanocrystals may be quite attractive. (46,47) In this case,
the presence of emulsion droplets appears to exert a smaller influence on the
resulting bulk structure. Nonetheless, the emulsion droplet system provides a
convenient platform for 3D self-assembly and in situ X-ray scattering,
facilitating easier comparisons between simulation and experiment. Both
Montanarella et al. and Marino et al. found that their nanocrystals crystallized
at low densities, which they could only reproduce in simulations by adding
interparticle attraction. (25,26) Later, Marino, Lacour, et al. found that the
short-range attractive forces can dramatically accelerate the self-assembly of
certain binary nanocrystal superlattices. (8) In both cases, the confining
droplet appeared to have limited influence on the superlattice structure.
Lastly we note that, while molecular dynamics simulations have revealed a wealth
of information about structural formation, further progress is still needed to
elucidate often complex experimental results, as discussed in the following
sections. Most of the examples described above focus on simpler systems where
the interparticle interactions are well-known. A key challenge to overcome is to
increase our understanding of interactions in more complex systems, which
require significant and continued joint efforts of experiment and simulation.
2.2. EXTERNALLY TRIGGERED SELF-ASSEMBLY
2.2.1. LIGHT-ACTIVATED SELF-ASSEMBLY
The specific response of nanocrystals to external stimuli, such as
electromagnetic fields, can lead to triggerable colloidal interactions. These
interactions can induce nanocrystal assembly into complex superstructures that
reflect the characteristics of the external trigger. In this section, we discuss
the growth of complex superstructures with a morphology that derives directly
from the details of the interaction between nanomaterials and light. (48−51)
In an important contribution, Klajn et al. examined the role of ligand
photoisomerization on the formation of superstructures from Au nanocrystals; see
Figure 2A. (1) Upon photoexcitation with ultraviolet light, the isomerization of
the azobenzene-based ligands induces the formation of electric dipoles on the
nanocrystal surface. (55) These dipoles are responsible for nanocrystal assembly
through dipole–dipole interactions. The superstructures assemble readily,
creating a confined environment that can trap molecules within, beating
diffusion. (56) The composition of the ligand corona is crucial in determining
assembly kinetics. Very low and very high surface coverage by the
azobenzene-based ligand do not result in assembly, since in the former case not
enough dipoles are excited, while in the latter case steric hindrance hinders
isomerization (NP, closed circles in Figure 2A). Instead, at intermediate
surface coverages the photoinduced dipole–dipole interactions results in the
formation of nanocrystal superparticles (SS, open circles in Figure 2A). The
authors leveraged solvophobic interactions by varying the composition of the
solvent from pure toluene to a toluene/methanol mixture. This increases the
magnitude of attractive interactions between nanocrystals, resulting in the
formation of reversible 3D nanocrystal superlattices (RC, open squares in Figure
2A). The magnitude of the interactions was further increased by increasing the
coverage of photoresponsive ligands on the nanocrystal surface, resulting in the
formation of irreversible 3D nanocrystal superlattices (IC, closed squares in
Figure 2A). Increasing the magnitude of the interparticle interactions further
resulted in the formation of amorphous aggregates, as nanocrystals become
kinetically trapped before reaching their minimum-energy configurations (AP,
open triangles in Figure 2A). Importantly, since these changes are related to
the ligand choice, they should be generalizable to different nanocrystal core
compositions.
FIGURE 2
Figure 2. Light-activated self-assembly. (A) (Top) Ligand used for
light-activated self-assembly and structural changes in the nanoparticle (NP)
ligand corona upon photoexcitation with ultraviolet and visible light. (Bottom)
Phase diagram and SEM images of suprastructures obtained by light-activated
self-assembly for photoswitchable ligands density and composition of the
dispersing solvent. Legend: NP, dispersed NPs; RC, light-reversible 3D
superlattices; AP, amorphous precipitate; IC, irreversible 3D superlattices; SS,
superparticles. (Scale bars are 100 nm.) (1) (B) SEMs (low and high
magnifications) of PS10k-b-P4VP10k superparticles prepared with (a) ring-opened
form of the surfactant and (b) ring-closed form of the surfactant. (c)
Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of spherical (orange) and ellipsoidal (blue)
PS10k-b-P4VP10k superparticles. Insets: fluorescence optical images of the
superparticle suspension during assembly. (52) (C) (a) TEM image of three
superparticles of 5.5 nm Au NPs functionalized with the thiolated spiropyran, as
shown as inset. (b) Extinction spectra of 5.5 nm Au NPs in toluene before and
after photoexcitation with ultraviolet light. Inset shows the TEM of the NPs,
scale bar indicates 20 nm. (53) (D) Optical micrographs of optically tweezed Ag
nanocrystal superlattices (laser intensity = 3 × 109 W/m2). The dashed hexagon
represents the boundary between the central area and the edge of the
superlattice, while the color of the hexagon and the dashed circle indicate
lattice orientation. Scale bar indicates 1 μm. (54) (E) Representative SEMs of
the nanocrystal superlattices of Au-TMA/NBTS after ultraviolet exposure for the
indicated times (scale bars indicate 0.5 μm). (34) Panel A is adapted with
permission from ref (1). Copyright 2007 The American Association for the
Advancement of Science. Panel B is adapted with permission from ref (52).
Copyright 2021 The American Chemical Society. Panel C is adapted with permission
from ref (53). Copyright 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Panel D is adapted
with permission from ref (54). Copyright 2020 The American Chemical Society.
Panel E is adapted with permission from ref (34). Copyright 2023 The American
Chemical Society.
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Photoactivated phase change can also be driven in block copolymer
superparticles; see Figure 2B. Kim et al. were able to form block copolymer
superparticles by dissolving block copolymer (PS-bP4VP) in chloroform and
preparing a chloroform-in-water emulsion, subsequently allowing the chloroform
to evaporate. (52) The authors stabilized the droplets by using a
photoresponsive version of the popular surfactant DTAB based on spiropyran. The
spiropyran group isomerizes between its less hydrophilic (ring-closed) form
under visible light and the more hydrophilic (ring-opened) form under
ultraviolet light. Therefore, performing the assembly under visible or
ultraviolet light affects droplet stabilization and self-assembly, as the block
copolymer exposes the block favored by the surfactant toward the interface. When
performing the assembly under visible light, the ring-opened form of DTAB would
favor interaction with P4VP, leading to the formation of onion-like spherical
superparticles characterized by an outer layer of P4VP; see Figure 2Ba. Instead,
when performing the assembly under ultraviolet light, the ring-closed form of
DTAB shows no preference between both PS and P4VP blocks, leading to ellipsoidal
superparticles; see Figure 2Bb. These structural and morphological changes also
bring optical changes. Indeed, the surfactant bound to the superparticles can
either be emissive or not, depending on morphology as the ring-open
configuration is conjugated, while the ring-closed configuration is not; see
Figure 2Bc.
When used as ligands, the photoactivated isomerization of spiropyran can also
affect the assembly of nanocrystals. Kundu et al. studied this effect by
functionalizing Au nanocrystals with thiolated spiropyran ligands, see structure
in the inset of Figure 2Ca. (53) The photoexcitation of the spiropyran with 365
nm light results in the opening of the ring, leading to the more hydrophilic
ring-opened form resulting in the prompt aggregation of Au nanocrystals into
spherical superparticles, Figure 2C, left. The authors were able to follow the
assembly and redispersion kinetics in detail by studying the effects of
mesostructure formation on the extinction spectra of Au nanocrystals, Figure
2Cb. Before photoexcitation, the extinction spectrum for 5.5 nm Au nanocrystals
shows a sharp peak around 530 nm that is typical for these systems. After 40 s
of exposure to ultraviolet excitation, the extinction spectrum shows a
broadening and a red-shift of the plasmonic resonance to 560 nm, possibly
accompanied by the development of an additional band further in the red at 640
nm: As Au nanocrystals come closer in space, their plasmonic resonances begin to
interact to emulate the effect of larger nanocrystals.
The role of light on the assembly of nanocrystals can vary, as shown by the
interesting contribution of Han & Yan. (54) The authors were able to trap large
(up to 101 nanocrystals) arrays of large (diameter = 150 nm) Ag and Au
nanocrystals by an optical trap generated by circularly polarized light while
observing the process through dark-field microscopy; see Figure 2D. When the
laser intensity reaches 2.2 × 109 W/m2, the nanocrystals assemble to form 2D
hexagonal superlattices. The stability of the nanocrystals within the
superlattices is controlled by the laser intensity and the proximity of the
nanocrystals to the edge of the superlattice, where thermal fluctuations have a
larger influence. Interestingly, when increasing the laser intensity further,
the nanocrystal superlattice begins to rotate around its center of mass in a
direction opposite to the electric field, resulting in a negative optical
torque. The authors attribute the presence of a negative optical torque to the
discrete rotational symmetry of the system; that is, each nanocrystal rotates
independently thanks to the transfer of angular momentum from the circularly
polarized beam to the nanocrystal, while the superlattice rotates as a whole.
So far, we have spoken of systems where light plays an active role in inducing
assembly. Recently, Wang et al. designed a system where the opposite is true:
nanocrystal superlattices irreversibly assembled through molecular “glues” can
be redispersed by photocleavage. (34) Au nanocrystals passivated by positively
charge trimethylammonium (TMA) groups are colloidally stable in water thanks to
their electrostatic interactions. However, the addition of a molecule endowed
with three or more negative charges, such as nitrobenzyltrisuccinate (NBTS),
leads to the colloidal destabilization of the nanocrystals, resulting in their
assembly; see Figure 2E. However, the exposure of NBTS to ultraviolet excitation
(365 nm) leads to its transformation into nitrosobenzyldisuccinate (NBDS) and
succinate dianions. The two negative charges of NBDS are unable to compensate
for the positive charges of TMS, resulting in the gradual redispersion of Au
nanocrystals; see Figure 2E.
2.2.2. MAGNETIC-FIELD-ACTIVATED SELF-ASSEMBLY
Nanocrystals responsive to magnetic fields open up multiple assembly
configurations and superstructures, (57,58) resulting in a modulation of the
magnetic response. (59) This is especially true when additional elements are
introduced to the assembly playground, such as the geometric confinement imposed
by a droplet, (60) or additional interactions with interfaces, (2) other
nanocrystals, (61) or ligands. (62) In this section, we highlight some of the
works that exploited magnetic interactions to induce nanocrystal assembly.
In an interesting demonstration, Liu et al. showed that magnetic fields can be
used to direct the self-assembly of anisotropic magnetic nanocrystals into
anisotropic superparticles. (63) The authors use microfluidics to generate
water-in-hexadecane droplets containing a dispersion of Fe3O4/SiO2 ellipsoidal
nanocrystals (250 by 150 nm), as seen from the dark-field optical micrographs in
Figure 3A. As water is removed from the droplet through evaporation, a solid
superparticle is formed. Surface tension effects dominate over the anisotropic
shape of the nanocrystal, leading to spherical superparticles with an aspect
ratio of 1.0; see Figure 3A,a,b. This is no longer true when a magnetic field is
applied to the droplet during evaporation: The droplet preserves the spherical
shape during the first 30 min of evaporation but then starts to deviate leading
to the formation of anisotropic superparticles with an aspect ratio of 1.6; see
Figure 3Ab and B. The aspect ratio can be increased to 3.0 by increasing the
magnitude of the magnetic field from 95 Oe to 470 Oe; see Figure 3Ac and B. The
tendency of the magnetic nanocrystals to align their easy axis of magnetization
with the field is contrasted by surface tension trying to minimize the surface
per unit volume of the droplet.
FIGURE 3
Figure 3. Magnetic-field-activated self-assembly. (A) Dark-field optical
micrographs showing the evolutions of droplets at different drying stages: (a)
absence of an external magnetic field, (b) under a horizontal magnetic field of
95 Oe, and (c) of 470 Oe. Scale bars indicate 100 mm. (B) Evolution of droplet
aspect ratios with time corresponding to A. (63) (C) Evolution of a droplet
loaded with 3 wt % of Fe3O4 nanocrystals embedded in polystyrene during drying
in the absence (top) and the presence (bottom) of an external magnetic field.
Scale bars indicate 0.5 mm. (35) (D) Magnetically anisotropic Janus
superparticles; inset: magnified image of a single superparticle with the PNIPAm
side attracted to a magnet. (64) (E) Schematic of the experimental system
composed of nanocrystal cores, polymer brush, and supramolecular binding groups
that drive assembly. Assembly is directed via complementary hydrogen bonding
moieties, strengthened via magnetic dipole coupling between aligned spins at
short interparticle distances. (F) (Left) Melting profiles of 16 nm iron oxide
nanocrystals functionalized with 13 kDa polymers and 15 nm Au nanocrystals
functionalized with 14 kDa polymers. (Right) Melting profile of 16 nm iron oxide
coated with 8 kDa polymers is shifted by 10 °C with respect to 15 nm Au
nanocrystals coated with 9 kDa polymers. (65) Panels A and B are adapted with
permission from ref (63). Copyright 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Panel C
is adapted with permission from ref (35). Copyright 2019 The American Chemical
Society. Panel D is adapted with permission from ref (64). Copyright 2009 John
Wiley and Sons. Panels E and F are adapted with permission from ref (65).
Copyright 2020 The American Chemical Society.
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However, this experiment is not scale-invariant. A similar experiment carried
out at a 10-fold larger scale on a superamphiphobic substrate investigated the
competition between magnetic effects and gravity. To do so, Hu et al. cast 5 μL
water droplets loaded with Fe3O4 nanocrystals embedded in polystyrene particles
and studied the evolution of droplet morphology during evaporation; see Figure
3C. (35) In the absence of a magnetic field, the droplet displays an initial
contact angle with the substrate of 161°, which gradually decreases to 150° as
evaporation takes place. As the density increases, the droplet shows a clear
tendency to collapse under its own weight, leading to anisotropic droplets with
a pancake shape. The presence of a magnetic field parallel to the gravitational
field leads to significant changes in the assembly. Initially, the droplet
behaves similarly to the case of no magnetic field; however, as evaporation
occurs, the droplet shows a stark change in shape from spherical to ellipsoidal,
with the long axis of the ellipsoid parallel to the magnetic field. The authors
attributed this sudden deformation to the formation of a solid shell in the
droplet during assembly. Evaporation causes the particle accumulation to the
shell, inducing stresses that can be promptly released by a buckling mechanism
such as the one observed. The beautiful interplay of surface tension,
gravitational, and magnetic forces leads to strongly anisotropic superparticles
shapes.
One of the advantages of magnetic nanocrystals is the possibility of directing
the retrieval of superstructures by using magnetic fields. Indeed, in the case
of nonmagnetic nanocrystals, separation and purification routes usually rely on
solvophobic interactions, solvent removal, or sedimentation. Instead, in the
case of magnetic nanocrystals, the application of a magnetic field is sufficient
to separate the magnetically responsive components. Shah et al. drove the
formation of Janus superparticles by generating water-in-oil emulsion droplets
containing a solution of thermoresponsive pNIPAm microgels, acrylamide monomer,
cross-linker, and photoinitiator; see Figure 3D. (64) Upon heating, the
microgels shrink and aggregate to one side of the droplet. Upon photoexcitation
with ultraviolet light, the monomer polymerizes, generating solid Janus
superparticles. When added, magnetic nanocrystals become jammed between the
pNIPAm microgels, implementing an orthogonal functionality to the superparticles
without disrupting their formation.
Advanced synthetic ligand design can mediate, reinforce, or disrupt magnetic
interactions. In particular, Santos & Macfarlane have shown that the hydrogen
bonds present between ligand terminations can increase the magnitude of the
attractive interactions between neighboring nanocrystals. (65) The authors
designed a ligand consisting of a polymer brush terminated on one end by a
phosphonate group bound to the nanocrystal surface and on the other end by
hydrogen-bonding moieties; see Figure 3E. Since the hydrogen-bonding
interactions are sensitive to temperature, nanocrystals terminated with such a
ligand tend to assemble at room temperature but redisperse when increasing the
temperature, as shown by the melting profile in Figure 3F. The assembly behavior
is insensitive to the choice of nanocrystal core, since similarly sized Au and
iron oxide cores show similar values of melting point (46–47 °C); see Figure 3F,
left. However, the interactions between nanocrystal cores start playing a
significant role when the size of the polymer is decreased from 13 to 14 kDa to
8–9 kDa, requiring higher temperatures to redisperse with melting points of 72
and 61 °C for iron oxide and Au respectively; see Figure 3F, right. This
interesting observation highlights the role of magnetic interactions on the
assembly: When the nanocrystals are sufficiently close, the spins of neighboring
magnetic nanocrystals are able to couple, leading to an increase in the
magnitude of the attractive interactions with respect to magnetically
nonresponsive counterparts.
2.3. SUPERPARTICLE MORPHOLOGIES
2.3.1. ANISOTROPIC SUPERPARTICLES
Obtaining anisotropically shaped superparticles is not straightforward as
surface tension imposes a spherical shape to maximize the volume-to-surface
ratio of droplets. However, by clever design of the experimental system, it is
possible to circumvent this limitation. In this section, we summarize recent
results to synthesize spatially anisotropic superparticles. Controlling the
interactions between colloidal particles can be effective in modifying the final
shape of superparticle. (66) Interparticle interactions such as electrostatic,
(ligand) depletion, geometric free volume due to particle shape, and interfacial
adsorption can induce anisotropic superparticles, while these types of
interaction have no inherent anisotropy, as shown in Figure 4.
FIGURE 4
Figure 4. Anisotropic superparticles. (A) Scanning electron micrographs of
superparticles obtained by the evaporation of aqueous droplets with different
NaCl concentrations containing a dispersion of polystyrene spheres 440 nm in
diameter at a volume fraction of 8%. (66) (B) Transmission electron micrographs
of superparticles consisting of 11 nm nanocubes of Fe3O4 assembled in the
presence excess oleate ligands. (36) (C) Scanning transmission electron
micrographs of superparticles consisting of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals characterized
by rounded (top, 14 nm diameter) and sharp (bottom, 10 nm diameter) edges. (67)
(D) (Left) Schematic of the stabilization of aqueous wires in a silicone oil by
hydrophilic 20 nm SiO2 nanocrystals. (Right) Optical micrograph of a
nanocrystal-stabilized aqueous spiral in silicone oil. (68) Panel A is adapted
with permission from ref (66). Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. Panel B is adapted
with permission from ref (69). Copyright 2012 The American Chemical Society.
Panel C is adapted with permission from ref (67). Copyright 2020 The American
Chemical Society. Panel D is adapted with permission from ref (68). Copyright
2018 John Wiley and Sons.
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2.3.1.1. MECHANICAL STABILITY OF THE AIR/LIQUID INTERFACE
When using charge-stabilized polystyrene colloids, Liu et al. observed that
increasing the concentration of electrolyte within the droplet resulted in
flattening and buckling of the resulting superparticles; see Figure 4A.
Interestingly, at low (<1 mM) and high (>10 mM) salt concentrations, the
superparticles appear spherical, while at intermediate (1–10 mM) salt
concentration the superparticles appear anisotropic, featuring one prominent
dimple at 1 mM salt concentration that develops in a donut-like shape at 10 mM.
The authors justified these results by the decrease in Debye screening length
due to the increase in salt concentration, resulting in the irreversible
aggregation of colloids during droplet evaporation. At low salt concentrations
the colloidal behavior is that of repulsive particles slowly densifying by
evaporation, while at high salt concentration the particles immediately
aggregate in the bulk of the solution; neither of these regimes affects the
mechanical stability of the air/liquid interface. However, the partial screening
of surface charges that occurs at intermediate salt concentrations results in
the self-assembly of nanoparticles directly at the air/liquid interface. Further
densification of the droplet causes the mechanically strengthened interface to
deform, resulting in anisotropic superparticle shapes. Similar results were
observed by Velev et al. when decreasing the volume fraction of the particle
within water-in-fluorinated-oil droplets, highlighting the development of
dimples at an initial volume fraction of 10%, and the transition to donut-like
shapes below 4%. (3)
2.3.1.2. LIGAND-BASED INTERACTIONS
In the case of lipophilic colloidal particles, it is possible to obtain
anisotropic shapes of superparticles by exploiting the interplay between
interparticle interactions and surface tension. Wang et al. observed that the
densification of chloroform-in-water droplets consisting of a dispersion of
oleate-stabilized iron oxide nanocubes gave rise to spherical superparticles,
shown in Figure 4B. (36) However, the addition of 4% v/v oleic acid to the oil
phase of the emulsion resulted in the cubic shape of the resulting
superparticles. The authors justified these observations by the increased
magnitude of the attractive interparticle interactions resulting from the
interdigitation of oleate chains, although depletion interactions between
nanocrystals are also likely to play a role. (70,71) Furthermore, the authors
argued that oleic acid likely results in a decrease in surface tension of the
liquid/liquid interface, accommodating more easily the anisotropic shapes of the
growing crystallites during densification. Interestingly, the crystalline
structure adopted by the nanocrystals within the superparticles appeared
insensitive to the concentration of free oleic acid, suggesting that the shape
of the nanocrystal and their magnetic interactions represented the main driving
forces behind the choice of the crystalline lattice.
2.3.1.3. SHAPE-BASED INTERACTIONS
The shape of the colloidal (nano)particles acting as building blocks for
assembly plays an important role in determining the ultimate shape of the
superparticles. Subtle differences in nanocrystal shapes can result in major
changes at the end of the assembly process. Recently, Tang et al. observed that
preparing superparticles from aged CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocubes resulted in
spherical superparticles, while using freshly synthesized samples led to cubic
assemblies, shown Figure 4C. (67) The authors observed that aging the nanocubes
under ambient conditions resulted in the smoothing of their initially sharp
corners, explaining their results. Wang et al. studied the interplay between
spherical confinement and particle shape on the self-assembly of rounded cubes
in a dedicated study. (72) The authors found that sharp cubes strongly align to
form simple-cubic superstructures. Instead, rounded cubes assemble into
icosahedral clusters with strong local orientational correlations driven by
their nonisotropic shape. More recently, combining perovskite nanocrystals with
sharp corners with other nanocrystal shapes has emerged as a succesful strategy
to nucleate novel superlattice types. (73,74,75)
Assembling nanocrystal building blocks with larger anisotropic ratio leads
further exacerbates the interplay between nanocrystal shape and spherical
confinement. van der Hoeven et al. assembled porous-silica-coated Au nanorods by
using a water-in-oil emulsion to yield porous superparticles. (76) The use of a
silica shell with a thickness comparable to the nanorod diameter tended to
conceal the dipolar shape of the nanorods, resulting in little orientational
correlation between adjacent nanorods and noncrystalline assembled structures.
However, using a thin silica shell resulted in higher orientational correlation
between adjacent nanorods and smectic-like assembly. When optimized, the
anisotropic shape of nanorods can influence the final shape of the
superparticles. As Wang et al. showed, assembling CdSe/CdS nanorods using an
oil-in-water emulsion results in the formation of barrel-shaped superparticles
with morphologies dependent on the nanorod aspect ratio and the
nanorod-to-superparticle size ratio. (69) This behavior is similar to that of
nanoplatelets, with the difference that in this case the spherical shape of the
superparticle is barely affected due to the tendency of the nanoplatelets to
stack parallel to the interface during densification to fill the remaining
volume. (77)
2.3.1.4. PARTICLE-INTERFACE INTERACTIONS
When the liquid/liquid interface is stabilized by surfactants, nanocrystals
assemble under the constraint of the receding interface but are unaffected by
the energetics of the interface itself. This changes dramatically when the
nanocrystals act as interface-stabilizers. In the absence of other surfactants,
nanocrystals adsorb to the interface to minimize the free energy of the system,
also known as Pickering emulsions. This behavior introduces additional
mechanical properties for the interface, resulting in the buckling behavior
discussed earlier. Cui et al. showed that applying an electric-field to
Pickering emulsions stabilized by charged particles resulted in anisotropic
droplets. (78) Interestingly, after removal of the dispersed phase of the
emulsion, the shape was preserved, resulting in anisotropic superparticles.
Pickering emulsions can bring other interesting morphological effects. Extruding
a nanocrystal dispersion in water into highly viscous silicone oil results in
the stabilization of the water/oil interface by the nanoparticles, allowing
printing of highly anisotropic shapes, such as spirals (Figure 4D) and letters.
(68,79)
2.3.2. CORE/SHELL SUPERPARTICLES
The internal architecture of superparticle can be modified in several ways to
achieve a morphology characterized by distinct compositions close to and away
from the surface. In this section, we discuss core/shell superparticles, how
they can be obtained through different strategies, and why they are interesting
for a number of applications from drug delivery to lasing. (80,81)
2.3.2.1. DOUBLE EMULSIONS
For a specific application, it may be desirable to confine nanocrystals to a
specific region of the superparticle, such as in proximity of the surface, while
leaving the inner volume empty to be used to load other components. This can be
done by preparing double emulsion droplets consisting of two interfaces. (88) In
a important contribution, Lee & Weitz showed that, when confining silica
nanoparticles to the intermediate phase of water-in-oil-in-water emulsions, the
evaporation of the oil phase leads to the formation of a solid silica shell
(Figure 5A,B). (82) This type of superparticle with a capsule-like structure
takes the name of colloidosome. (4)
FIGURE 5
Figure 5. Core/shell superparticles. (A) Schematic for the formation of
colloidosomes from nanocrystal-stabilized water-in-oil-in-water double
emulsions. (B) SEM image of poly(d,l-lactic acid)/SiO2 dried colloidosomes.
Inset shows the cross-section of the broken shell (scale bar indicates 500 nm).
(82) (C) SEM image of acetylated dextran colloidosomes. The broken colloidosome
reveals the cavity and shell thickness. (83) (D) (Top) Optical micrographs of
CO2 bubbles generated in an aqueous dispersion of 3.5 μm polystyrene
microparticles at a volume fraction of 1.5% w/w. (Bottom) The bubbles quickly
decrease in size to lead to the formation of spherical colloidosomes. Scale bars
indicate 200 μm. (E) The colloidosomes become fluorescent when using polystyrene
particles loaded with CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals. Scale bar indicates 100 μm. (84)
(F) SEM image of a SiO2 microsphere uniformly coated with CdSe/CdS@Cd1–xZnxS
core/shell nanoplatelets. (85) (G) SEM image of a core/shell nanocrystal
superparticle consisting of PbS/CdS spheres and NaGdF4 disks before (left) and
after (right) focused-ion beam milling, revealing the phase separation of
nanocrystals. (7) (H) TEM image of a half-full colloidosome viewed along the
[111] zone axis of the Fe3O4 nanocrystal superlattice. (86) (I) Overlay of SEM
image of the cross section of a superparticles consisting of 338 nm and 1430 nm
polystyrene colloidal particles at initial volume fractions of 2.5% and 5.5%,
respectively. (87) Panels A and B are adapted with permission from ref (82).
Copyright 2008 John Wiley and Sons. Panel C is adapted with permission from ref
(83). Copyright 2015 The American Chemical Society. Panels D and E are adapted
with permission from ref (84). Copyright 2009 John Wiley and Sons. Panel F is
adapted with permission from ref (85). Copyright 2022 The American Chemical
Society. Panel G is adapted with permission from ref (7). Copyright 2022 The
American Chemical Society. Panel H is adapted with permission from ref (86).
Copyright 2016 The American Chemical Society. Panel I is adapted with permission
from ref (87). Copyright 2019 The American Chemical Society.
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2.3.2.2. PARTICLE-INTERFACE INTERACTIONS
Colloidosomes can also be produced using less advanced droplet architectures.
Vasiliauskas et al. used oil-in-water emulsions to generate colloidosomes with
well-defined polymer-based shells (Figure 5C). (83) The authors chose an oil
with an intermediate solubility in water such as dimethyl carbonate (up to
13.9%, v/v) to achieve superparticle formation by the diffusion of oil in water
without affecting droplet formation. Upon droplet densification, the polymer
dissolved in the oil phase showed an affinity to the interface, resulting in the
formation of hollow superparticles. The choice of a polymer that degrades under
low-pH conditions, such as acetylated dextran, allowed the authors to show that
colloidosomes can be effective at releasing encapsulated drugs on demand.
Rather than exploiting the affinity for the interface of a species dispersed or
dissolved in the dispersed phase of the emulsion, Park et al. demonstrated the
fabrication of colloidosomes by exploiting the affinity for the interface of
particles dispersed in the continuous phase. (84) After generating CO2 bubbles
in an aqueous dispersion of 3.5 μm polystyrene particles, the authors observed
that the size of the bubbles quickly decreased over time as a result of the
diffusion of CO2 in water; see Figure 5D. However, the shrinking of bubbles was
not indefinite and resulted in the formation of colloidosomes as the result of
the adsorption of polystyrene particles at the H2O/CO2 interface. The solid
shell can be endowed with fluorescent capabilities by functionalizing the
polystyrene particles with emissive CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals (Figure 5E).
2.3.2.3. PARTICLE–PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
The use of particles with different sizes can be effective in relegating
specific physical functions to certain regions of a superparticle. A
prototypical example can be the coating of a single silicon dioxide microsphere
with colloidal CdSe/CdS/Cd1–xZnxS nanoplatelets, as shown in Figure 5F. Such
superparticle design allows the photoluminescence emission by nanoplatelets to
couple with the whispering-gallery modes of the microsphere, effectively
resulting in a microresonator and leading to lasing. (85) A similar strategy can
be implemented at commensurate scales of nanocrystals by exploiting differences
in sizes and shape by mixing ≈4 nm PbS/CdS spheres and ≈60 nm NaGdF4 disks,
resulting in the separation of the nanocrystal components within a
superparticle. (7) Imaging the superparticle before and after milling by focused
ion beam demonstrates the separation of disks to the proximity of the
superparticle surface, as seen in Figure 5G. While the interactions between
different nanocrystal shapes can promote phase separation, exotic results can be
obtained also by using a single nanocrystal shape. Yang et al. achieved
interesting superparticles morphologies by exploiting the interactions between
self-assembled and dispersed Fe3O4 nanocrystals, see Figure 5H. (86) The authors
first generated colloidosomes stabilized by the self-assembly of nanocrystals at
the oil/water interface, followed by further structural stabilization through
the growth of a silica shell. Upon the gradual removal of the oil from the
colloidosomes, the nanocrystals still dispersed inside nucleated heterogeneously
at the interface. As a result, the final superparticle features the external
structure of a colloidosome with an internal volume partially filled by a
crystalline superstructure. The interactions between nanocrystals with the same
shape but different in size can also drive phase separation. Liu et al. showed
that the smaller polystyrene colloids tend to occupy the portion of the
superparticle closer to the interface, while the larger colloids occupy the
central volume of the superparticle; see Figure 5I. (87)
2.3.3. POROUS SUPERPARTICLES
The assembly of nanocrystals under conditions of increasing confinement often
leads to dense and isotropic superstructures that minimize the surface per unit
volume. (8) However, the generation of high surface area superstructures, such
as porous superparticles, enables important advantages such as sequestration,
storage, and directed release of cargo, as well as increasing the reactivity of
the superparticle for chemical reactions taking place on its surface. (89) Over
the past few years, a number of strategies have emerged to generate porous,
high-surface area superparticles. (90−94)
2.3.3.1. POROUS BUILDING BLOCKS
A straightforward strategy to develop porosity in superstructures consists of
choosing building blocks that are already porous. As porous crystalline
materials varying in size from the nano- to the microscale, metal–organic
frameworks (MOFs) represent an ideal choice. Fujiwara et al. executed on this
plan by assembling 190 nm zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) into 20–80 μm
spherical superparticles by using microfluidic droplets. (95) After removal of
the dispersed phase, the superparticles were assembled into higher order
macroscopic pellets, see Figure 6A. Interestingly, the pellets feature two sets
of pore sizes, 2 orders of magnitude apart, highlighting the pores present
between MOF particles (150 nm micropores) as well as those between
superparticles (14 μm macropores); see Figure 6B,C. The micropores also lead to
a spatial modulation of the refractive index of the material, resulting in an
enhanced interaction with light through diffraction. Specific wavelengths are
reflected by the superparticle, leading to structural color, a property
resulting directly from the controlled porosity of the superstructures; see
Figure 6D. (96) In the future, building blocks may benefit from combining the
porosity of MOFs with the response versatility of nanocrystals. Dedicated
synthetic designs have already shown the possibility of embedding nanocrystals
within the structure of MOFs. (102)
FIGURE 6
Figure 6. Porous superparticles. (A) Fabrication of hierarchically structured
materials based on superparticles. ZIF-8 metal–organic framework (MOFs)
particles form superparticles, which are further assembled into macroscopic
pellets with structural hierarchy of pores. (95) (B) Pore size distribution of
pellets of ZIF-8 particles and superparticles. (95) (C) SEM image of ZIF-8
superparticles. (95) (D) SEM image of (UiO-66) MOFs superparticles which exhibit
structural coloration (optical microscopy images in inset). (96) (E) SEM image
of complex nanostructured hedgehog superparticles from CdS assembled at unity
water-to-ethylenediamine volume ratio and 160 °C for 20 h. (97) (F) Network
structure formed by a 1:1 mixture of Au and CdSe/CdS/ZnS nanocrystals passivated
with a dendritic ligand drop-cast from chloroform at 15 mg/mL. (98) (G) TEM
image of Au nanocrystal assemblies with diverse structures at different diameter
ratio (γ) between carbon nanotube hosts and Au nanocrystal guests: γ = 1.1, 1.5,
1.8, 2.3. Scale bars indicate 20 nm. (100) (H) SEM image of porous CoFe2O4
superparticles. (5) (I) SEM image of a porous silica SP after removal of the
polystyrene nanoparticles by calcination. (37) (J) TEM image of hybrid
micromesoporous graphitic carbon superparticles. (101) Panels A, B, and C are
adapted with permission from ref (95). Copyright 2023 John Wiley and Sons. Panel
D is adapted with permission from ref (77). Copyright 2022 John Wiley and Sons.
Panel E is adapted with permission from ref (97). Copyright 2021 The American
Chemistry Society. Panel F is adapted with permission from ref (98). Copyright
2022 The American Chemistry Society. Panel G is adapted with permission from ref
(100). Copyright 2021 The American Chemistry Society. Panel H is adapted with
permission from ref (5). Copyright 2022 The American Chemistry Society. Panel I
is adapted with permission from ref (37). Copyright 2018 The American Chemistry
Society. Panel J is adapted with permission from ref (101). Copyright 2017 The
American Chemistry Society.
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2.3.3.2. PARTICLE–PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
When starting with nonporous building blocks, exploiting colloidal interactions
can be key to produce high-surface area superstructures. Tang et al. showed that
polydisperse CdS nanocrystals can assemble to form corrugated particles visually
resembling a hedgehog; see Figure 6E. (97) The high-surface area of the hedgehog
particles results in interesting properties, such as their omnidispersibility
(103,104) and their peculiar interaction with light. (105,106) By combining
experiments and simulations, the authors depict a complex assembly pathway
controlled by the energetic balance between van der Waals attraction and
electrostatic repulsion. Within the polydisperse ensemble of CdS nanocrystals,
the largest nanocrystals assemble first as a consequence of their stronger van
der Waals attraction forces, forming a superparticle core. Consequently,
nanocrystals of smaller and smaller sizes undergo oriented attachment to the
core, leading to the formation of the high-surface area spikes.
Following similar principles, two-dimensional porous structures can also be
synthesized; see Figure 6F. Elbert, Vo, et al. show that the use of ligands that
can cross-link nanocrystals can be crucial. (98) When a dispersion of
nanocrystal dries, the density of nanocrystals tends to increase in the
proximity of the evaporation front, ultimately resulting in their assembly. The
process of internanocrystal cross-linking reduces nanocrystal mobility,
ultimately resisting displacement. The interplay between cross-linking and
evaporation can lead to the formation of nanocrystal networks. More recently,
this concept was extended to 3D by using droplets microfluidics. (99) The
authors combined two nanocrystal types with a strong tendency to phase-separate
within rapidly densifying emulsion droplets, resulting in highly porous
superparticles.
2.3.3.3. POROUS HOST DESIGN
The generation of high-surface area superstructures can result from the
deliberate choice of a porous host structure. Zhang et al. followed this
strategy by coassembling inorganic nanocrystals within carbon nanotubes. (100)
The authors found that when the nanocrystals have an effective diameter smaller
than the internal diameter of the nanotube, the nanocrystals have a tendency to
fill the nanotube. The interplay between 1D confinement and the size ratio
between nanocrystals and tube internal diameter results in several possible
structures of different symmetries, as shown in Figure 6G. Instead, blocking the
entrance to the nanotube cavity molecular species results in the assembly of
nanocrystals to form a layer on the outer surface of the nanotube.
A porous host structure can also be generated during nanocrystal assembly. Yang
et al. have shown the combination of large water/oil ratios and low shear rates
can lead to the formation of complex double emulsions of water-in-oil-in-water
where a large droplet of oil-in-water contains many smaller water droplets. (5)
The removal of oil leads to nanocrystal self-assembly into superparticles, while
the removal of water leads to the formation of pores within the superparticle;
see Figure 6H. The possibility of tuning the porosity of nanocrystal
superparticles, increasing the amount of surface area available, opens up new
avenues to their use as anode materials for batteries. (5,107)
Increasing the porosity of a nonporous superparticle is possible by the
selective removal of a fraction of the assembled nanocrystals. This idea was
initially introduced for 2D crystalline assemblies of nanocrystals of two
different sizes, commonly referred to as binary nanocrystal superlattices.
(108,109) When the composition of nanocrystals is chosen such that chemical
conditions that completely dissolve one population of nanocrystals leave the
other population untouched, nanoporous structures are generated. (110) Moving
from 2D to 3D requires sufficient molecular transport of the etchant and the
etched species; a few successful examples have already emerged. Egly et al.
coassembled 300 nm silica and 10 μm polystyrene particles in a water-in-oil
emulsion template. (37) After assembly, the authors proceeded with calcination
to remove the polystyrene spheres, leaving the silica superparticles
microporous; see Figure 6I.
The generation of fully organic porous superparticles can also be conjectured by
the selective removal of inorganic nanocrystal components through chemical
treatments. Zheng et al. achieved this goal by first assembling
oleate-stabilized iron oxide nanocrystals using an oil-in-water emulsion
template. (101) After assembly, hydrogen chloride is used as an etchant to fully
dissolve the inorganic core of the nanocrystal, leaving the structure fully
organic and nanoporous; see Figure 6J. This porous structure is then able to act
as host for lithium–sulfur (101) and sodium-ion (111) batteries, as well as
electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. (112)
2.4. STRUCTURE–PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
2.4.1. STRUCTURAL COLOR
The assembly of nanocrystals under confined conditions has opened up a wide
range of opportunities to develop new structure-properties relations. The
assembly of larger, colloidal nanoparticles, with radii on the order of the
wavelength of visible light (150–500 nm), has also been explored toward a
specific structure property relation: structural (physical) color. For
millennia, nature has been utilizing structural color to produce vibrant,
fade-free, iridescent colors across multiple classes of animals, namely,
insecta, in beetles (e.g., Chrysochroa fulminans) and butterflies (e.g., Morpho
didius), algae (Chondrus crispus), (11) and aves, birds (e.g., Ara ararauna).
Often, natural structural colors comprise an inverse opal structure which has
been for nearly two decades the most common structure for researchers. (113) In
this section, we discuss recent progress in the use of droplets as a confinement
strategy to develop new structural color superparticles while also permitting
their scaled production.
Through the removal of the dispersed phase, as shown in Figure 1B, the particle
volume fraction can increase while developing crystalline symmetries displaying
macroscopic structure color. Additionally, if this volume fraction increases
rapidly compared to the diffusion of the particle, disordered structural color
may also form. (114) Such structural color pigments have only recently been
dispersed into other formulations, e.g. coating, to create dispersible
structural color paint. (115,116)
Before the use of a liquid–liquid confinement method, Velev et al. utilized
superhydrophobic surfaces of Low Density PolyEthylene (LDPE) to spatially
isolate a colloidal dispersion of polystyrene particles of diameters ranging
from 320–1000 nm. (117) Interestingly, they found that the incorporation of a
low concentration (∼1 wt %) of 20–22 nm Au nanocrystals increased the observed
reflectance and suppressed backscattering of “white” colors, shown in Figure 7A.
Crucially, the superhydrophobic substrate allowed simple transport and
deployment of these structurally colored superparticles. Similarly, structural
color pigments were made by Kim et al. using the Leidenfrost effect for spatial
confinement. (118) Interestingly, these authors also incorporated carbon black
nanoparticles to act as broad-band absorbers of incoherent multiply scattered
light, enhancing the magnitude of the reflected color.
FIGURE 7
Figure 7. Structural color pigments. (A) 810 nm latex particles dried containing
0.21 wt % of 22 nm diameter Au nanocrystals (particle diameter is 50 μm). (117)
(B) A monolayer of microfluidically produced structural color spheres composed
of 610 nm diameter latex particles. (6) (C) Reflectance confocal microscopy
(RCM) image of a structural color pigment at approximately the midplane of the
particle, note the appearance of multiple crystalline domains. (120) (D) SEM
image of a structural pigment created with icosahedral cluster composed of 275
nm diameter particles (scale bar indicates 1 μm). Inset: A magnified SEM image
of one of the hexagonal faces of the cluster. Scale bar indicates 200 nm. (122)
(E) Dark-field microscopy image of cellulose nanocrystal pigments dispersed in
oil (refractive index 1.55). (116) (F) Fluorescence microscopy image of
silica-based inverse-opal structural pigments in a dried film of latex paint.
Note: the fluorescence intensity is excluded from the round structural color
particle; (scale bar indicates 10 μm). (115) Panel A is adapted with permission
from ref (117). Copyright 2008 John Wiley and Sons. Panel B is adapted with
permission from ref (6). Copyright 2008 The American Association for the
Advancement of Science. Panel C is adapted with permission from ref (120).
Copyright 2021 The American Chemical Society. Panel D is adapted with permission
from ref (122). Copyright 2020 The American Chemical Society. Panel E is adapted
with permission from ref (116). Copyright 2022 Springer Nature Publishing Group.
Panel F is adapted with permission from ref (115). Copyright 2019 John Wiley and
Sons.
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Droplet microfluidics offers a direct route for monodisperse droplet confinement
creating monodisperse structural color pigments. Vogel et al. used microfluidics
and dispersions of latex particles to create monodisperse “photonic balls” (6)
with the similar approach of adding Au nanocrystals, (117) seen in Figure 7B.
Kim et al. also used microfluidics to create monodisperse structural color
double emulsion spheres which by weakening the interparticle repulsion created
multiple crystal packings with colors spanning the visible spectrum. (38)
Crucial to achieving this color-spanning photonic structure is control over
their crystallinity; structural color has also been used as a tool to
characterize 3D structural information and heterogeneity. (119) Other
experimental approaches such as reflectance confocal microscopy (120) as shown
in Figure 7C, and focused-ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) (6)
have been used to study the interior 3D structure of photonic pigments which has
opened up new avenues of characterization and elucidated new understanding of
structure–property relations in structural coloration. Additionally, other
technologies than droplet microfluidics, such as inkjet printing, have been used
to create structural color under confinement with low magnitude of angularly
dependent reflection. (121)
Colloidal particle symmetry plays an important role in the magnitude of
saturation of structural color. Moon et al. employed icosahedral symmetry of
colloidal clusters to enhance color and reduce the radial, onion-like, ordering
typically found in confined droplet geometries Figure 7D. (122) Iridescence is
also often found in natural structural color; spherical confinement has been
recently explored by Yoshioka et al., who found that Bragg diffractions from
different crystal planes played an essential role. (114) Disordered colloidal
glasses, with no long-range order, have been richly investigated for their
noniridescent structural color with multiple experimental examples, while
disordered structural color in the red remains challenging as was explored by
Manoharan et al. (123) In addition to spherical colloidal particles in confined
geometries, composite and nonspherical particles have also been explored as
structural color building blocks which may perturb the intrinsic crystallinity.
(124) Interestingly, Kim et al. found that using an absorbative nanoparticle of
eumelanin can absorb the incoherent scattered light, thus enhancing the
structural color saturation without affecting the underlying crystallinity.
(125)
Recently, the use of structural color pigments created in confined geometries
has greatly expanded toward real-world application concomitant with the
development of improved color saturation and spectral specificity of individual
pigment particles. The use of nonspherical, cellulose-based particles by
Vignolini et al. has recently offered a commercially viable approach to
structural color pigment based on biobased polymers, shown in Figure 7E. (116)
The textile industry also employs large amounts of pigments often suffering from
fade; Shao et al. used inkjet printing to directly create structural color
droplets on individual fibers. (126) Larger scale production of structural color
pigments have also been developed for paint films and coatings using a
polydisperse emulsion and a sol–gel process. (115) The resulting inverse-opal
structure, when dispersed in a latex dispersion, retained refractive index
contrast due to the expulsion of the film-forming latex particles by the pores
of the structural pigment dimension, as seen in Figure 7F. In addition to films,
coatings, and textile, structural color has also been explored as a
counterfeiting technique, as the precise reflectance spectrum of the pigment is
challenging if not impossible to mimic. (127) Structural coloration through the
addition of pigments created in confined geometries is still an emergent field
with researchers pursuing multiple challenges. These include creating highly
saturated colors, colors spanning the entire visible spectrum, composite colors
(see Figure 6D), through mixing of multiple pigments, suppressing iridescence,
and creating scalable processes based on renewable resources as the application
possibilities are broad and require larger scale production beyond individual
droplets-based approaches.
2.4.2. LASING
Recently, the interaction between nanocrystal superparticles and light has been
subject of intense study. Classical electromagnetism (Mie theory) predicts the
formation of hot spots of the electric field within dielectric objects
commensurate with the wavelength. These resonances are known as Mie resonances
and result in increased absorption and scattering cross sections at the resonant
wavelengths. The spectral position of these resonances depends on particle size,
shape, and refractive index contrast, leading to a morphology- and composition-
dependent optical response that can be exploited for many applications. For
instance, the light scattered by the particles may be used to increase the
absorption efficiency of solar cells by inducing the trapping of light within
the active medium, or may lead to pigment-free coloration (structural color).
When the particles are larger than the wavelength of light and show rotational
symmetry, the interaction between light and matter favors a different coupling
mechanism. A symmetrical object with a diameter larger than the wavelength of
light supports symmetrical optical modes in proximity of the object’s surface,
known as whispering-gallery modes. Through these modes, light can become trapped
near the surface of the particles. When the particle consists of a gain medium,
the increased intensity of the electric field near the particle’s surface may
induce population inversion and lasing even under conditions of low excitation
fluence. The tunability in optical response of dielectric, semiconductor, and
metallic nanocrystals, combined with the morphological tunability of
superparticles, leads to a fascinating scientific playground to build assembled
optical resonators operating in any range of frequencies. In this section, we
discuss some advances in this direction.
Whispering-gallery modes originate from the presence of rotational symmetry in
dielectric objects larger than the wavelength of light. Microfabrication
techniques are able to fabricate dielectric structures that are particularly
efficient at trapping light through whispering-gallery modes, such as toroidal
ring resonators. The precise design and optimized optical response of these
resonators can couple to the versatility of colloidal nanocrystals in several
ways. As an example, Shi et al. coated a toroidal ring resonator of silica with
a polymer film embedded with Au nanorods; see Figure 8A. (128) By optimizing the
diameter of the resonator and the dimensions of the nanorods, the spectral
position of a whispering-gallery mode of the resonator is tuned in resonance
with the longitudinal plasmonic mode of the nanorods. The evanescent field of
the resonant whispering gallery mode is then able to excite the Au nanorods
efficiently resulting in lasing; see Figure 8B. The excitation mechanism is
revealed to be two-photon excitation, (134) as shown by the quadratic
relationship between input power and photoluminescence intensity, see inset of
Figure 8B.
FIGURE 8
Figure 8. Lasing superparticles. (A) Rendering of a toroidal optical resonant
cavity coated with Au nanorods. (128) (B) Lasing spectra and threshold data
(inset) of Au nanorod-coated microtoroid cavity. The quadratic relationship
between the lasing intensity and the input power is due to the two-photon lasing
mechanism. (128) (C) Emission spectra for CdSe/ZnS nanorods loaded in the
microcavity at different pump powers. (Inset) intensity of the lasing peak
(filled squares) and the fluorescence peak (empty circles) versus the pump
power. (129) (D) SEM image of a CdSe/CdS/ZnS nanocrystal ring resonator with
diameter and width of 5 μm and 500 nm, respectively. (130) (E) Representative
spectra showing the dependence of the emission spectra on excitation power.
(130) (F) Spectra of a single 7 μm silica-core CdSe/CdZnS-shell microsphere
below (205 μW) and above (366 μW) laser threshold. Inset: Optical and
fluorescence micrographs of the microsphere; scale bar indicates 15 μm. (131)
(G) SEM image of a single superparticle of CdSe/CdS nanocrystals. (132) (H)
Emission from a single superparticle of CdSe/CdS nanocrystals at different pump
fluences (18–145 μJ/cm2) at low spectral resolution (300 lines/mm grating).
Inset: High spectral resolution (1800 lines/mm grating), revealing peak
substructure. (132) (I) Time-dependent emission spectra for a superparticles of
CdSe/CdS nanocrystals recorded over 15 min of continuous operation at an
excitation fluence of 1.6 mJ/cm2 before (left) and after (right) light-soaking.
(133) (J) Monodisperse superparticles of CdSe nanocrystals generated using a
source-sink emulsion system. (7) (K) SEM image of a dimer of CdSe/CdS
nanocrystal superparticles; (insets) dark-field optical micrographs of
superparticles clusters. (7) (L) Photoluminescence spectra of the clusters shown
in (K). (7) Panels A and B are adapted with permission from ref (128). Copyright
2013 The American Chemical Society. Panel C is adapted with permission from ref
(129). Copyright 2002 John Wiley and Sons. Panels D and E are adapted with
permission from ref (130). Copyright 2018 The American Chemical Society. Panel F
is adapted with permission from ref (131). Copyright 2005 John Wiley and Sons.
Panels G and H are adapted with permission from ref (132). Copyright 2018 The
American Chemical Society. Panel I is adapted with permission from ref (133).
Copyright 2023 The American Chemical Society. Panels J, K, and L are adapted
with permission from ref (7). Copyright 2022 The American Chemical Society.
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While the use of metallic nanocrystals as emitters represent an upcoming topic
of research, using semiconductor nanocrystals as gain medium for lasers is
well-established. Currently, the main goal of this field is to reach a practical
design for electrically pumped lasers by cutting optoelectronic losses through
improved quality of gain material and cavity. (135) In this respect,
whispering-gallery microresonators are peculiar since cavity and gain medium can
coincide, resulting in relatively simple designs. One of the earliest reports on
whispering-gallery microresonators based on semiconductor nanocrystals uses a
cylindrical cavity filled with a dispersion of CdSe/ZnS nanorods representing
the gain medium; see Figure 8C. (129) The excitation light couples through free
space to the whispering-gallery modes of the cylindrical cavity, inducing lasing
action in the nanocrystal dispersion despite the relatively low
photoluminescence quantum yield of of the nanocrystals (14%).
Improvements in cavity design and nanocrystal quality can lead to surprising
results. Le Feber et al. designed a whispering-gallery microresonator by
engraving a ring-shape in a silicon substrate, filling it with CdSe/CdS/ZnS
core/shell/shell nanocrystals, and removing the excess with tape; see Figure 8D.
(130) Increasing the excitation fluence resulted in lasing, where each lasing
peak can be associated with a specific mode of the resonator spectrally
overlapping with the gain band of the nanocrystals; see Figure 8E. Surprisingly,
the authors observed that increasing the excitation fluence resulted in the
spectral tunability of the lasing emission from red, to orange, to green. The
authors suggest that this phenomenon results from a competition between
stimulated emission from the shell and charge-carrier transfer from the shell to
the core. When exciting above the bandgap, the shell is responsible for the
absorption of light since its volume represents the majority (98%) of that of
the nanocrystal. Therefore, the high-energy excitons reside in the shell, from
which they transfer to the lower-energy states of the core on a picosecond time
scale, resulting in population inversion and red lasing from 1S state of the
core. At higher excitation fluences, the occurrence of population inversion in
the shell may outpace charge transfer to the core, resulting in the occurrence
of green lasing from the shell. Similar results have been reported for spherical
superparticles of CdSe/CdS nanocrystals, although there the competition is
between the two lowest-energy states in the core alone (1S and 1P). (133)
The spherical shape is probably the most versatile for whispering-gallery
microresonators. A high-symmetry geometry, the sphere lends access to a vast
number of optical modes, minimizing the need for matching cavity length and
spectral position of the optical gain band. Furthermore, since colloidal
synthesis is strongly governed by surface tension, the spherical shape enables
the use of micron-sized colloids as microresonators. This idea was first
demonstrated by Snee et al. when they deposited a layer of CdSe/CdZnS
nanocrystals on a low-density film of silica microspheres, see inset in Figure
8F. (131) After photoexcitation with 400 nm light, the nanocrystal emission
couples to the whispering-gallery modes of the microresonators, resulting in
population inversion and lasing; see Figure 8F.
Although the idea of using colloidal microspheres as photonic templates is
attractive, the mismatch in refractive index between the nanocrystal film and
the microcavity can result in unwanted scattering and decrease the efficiency of
optical coupling between the photoluminescence and the whispering-gallery modes.
This issue can be solved by preparing colloidal microspheres consisting of
assembled nanocrystals. By using a droplet microfluidic approach, Montanarella
et al. generated colloidal microspheres of highly emissive CdSe/CdS
nanocrystals, resulting in colloidal microresonators where the cavity and gain
medium coincide, as shown in Figure 8G. (132) Low-fluence photoexcitation of the
superparticles results in an emission spectrum that is typical for these
nanocrystals, but higher fluences cause population inversion and multimode
lasing; see Figure 8H. High spectral resolution measurements reveal that each
lasing peak consists of at least two modes, consistent with the existence of
several almost energetically degenerate modes as expected for spherical
geometries.
When investigating a comparable system, Neuhaus et al. show that the lasing
peaks of CdSe/CdS nanocrystal superparticles are unstable with time, featuring a
blue-shift of ∼30 meV over 15 min; see the left panel in Figure 8I. (133) This
instability is highly undesirable for a laser source, where the spectral
stability is one of the most coveted and valuable characteristics. The authors
attribute the blue-shift to a decrease in the effective refractive index of the
superparticles of Δneff = −0.027 originating from the capture of carriers from
trap states, resulting in charging. Interestingly, the authors were able to
remove this spectral instability through a light-soaking process consisting of
the photoexcitation of superparticles for 10 min with a fluence six times larger
than the lasing threshold. After light-soaking, the superparticle lasing appears
permanently stable, with a measured blue-shift of less than 0.5 meV; see the
right panel in Figure 8I. Likely, the light-soaking protocol results in the
complete filling of trap states, which then remain filled at standard conditions
for several weeks. In the future, light-soaking may play a role in triggering
ligand cross-linking, improving the structural (136,137) as well as optical
stability of superparticles.
The physical properties of the assembled microlasers often bear a strong
dependence on their size and shape, creating a need for a reliable method to
generate a single size and shape of superparticles. A recent method has achieved
this goal by a source-sink emulsion approach; see Figure 8J. (7) The approach
relies on droplet microfluidics to generate monodisperse oil-in-water droplets
filled with a nanocrystal dispersion, as the source emulsion. The source
emulsion is then mixed with a second nanoemulsion, as the sink emulsion,
consisting of oil-in-water droplets. When the size of the sink emulsion is
significantly smaller than that of the source emulsion (e.g., 60 nm and 60 μm,
respectively), and the water solubility of the oil in the sink emulsion is
significantly lower than the oil in the source emulsion (e.g., hexadecane and
toluene, respectively), then unidirectional mass transfer of oil from the source
to the sink emulsion is observed. Increasing the oil solubility through
temperature results in an increase in the rate of mass transfer. This leads to
the shrinking of the source emulsion droplets and the efficient formation of
nanocrystal superparticles in less than 5 min. The superparticles retain the
monodispersity of the initial microfluidic droplets, leading to ∼2%
polydispersity.
Drop-casting a suspension of superparticles causes them to assemble into
clusters consisting of 1–6 superparticles, as shown in Figure 8K. (7) When
photoexcited, all superparticles clusters show an efficient photoluminescence
emission inherited by the constituent nanocrystals. However, the cluster
assembled morphology has a significant influence on the lasing behavior of the
superparticles. The position of the lasing peaks varies significantly with
cluster morphology, suggesting a mechanism for the selection of the modes that
participate in lasing; see Figure 8L. Indeed, placing microresonators in series
is known to lead to a selection of only those modes with a frequency allowed for
all microresonators, resulting in a frequency filter. (138) Similarly, the small
changes in cavity length within the narrow distribution of superparticle sizes
constituting the cluster are sufficient to enable optical filtering.
3. CONCLUSIONS
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We have provided a brief review of the emergent properties of 3D assemblies of
(nano)particles in confined spaces. Although still in its infancy, this research
field provides a fascinating point of contact for physicists, chemists, and
engineers. Perhaps, the most significant strength of superparticle science
stands in the possibility of achieving a high level of design control over
multiple length scales. For example, the presence of chirality over multiple
length scales leads to chiral behavior over multiple optical regimes. (106)
Assembling superparticles into even higher order structures may further allow
for extended control over the physical properties of the system. (7) For
instance, the structural coloration deriving from functional superparticle
assemblies may lead their implementation in photonic conductive or photovoltaic
paints.
This level of control over multiple length scales provides a functional bridge
between building block synthesis and device implementation. As the synthesis of
monodisperse (nano)particles is reaching maturity, the attention of researchers
can turn to emergent opportunities in the exploitation of this technology. The
interaction between constituent building blocks and the superparticle as a whole
is already showing promise, as shown in this review. The acute sensitivity of
the photonic modes of the superparticle to local compositional, (139)
environmental, (140) and mechanical (141) changes may lead to the development of
precise optical sensors. Beyond, the integration of building blocks with
orthogonal physical properties (plasmonic, chiral, semiconducting, photonic,
insulating, magnetic) promises the development of novel materials with
properties that are sensitive not only to the interaction between building
blocks and superparticle but also to the local environment of individual
building blocks.
Interactions between building blocks can induce order or disorder at the
microscale while potentially still displaying the same functional property at
the macroscale, for example structural photonic glasses. (123) This disorder can
be valuable as a structural “fingerprint” which is challenging to reproduce.
Superparticles with such internal disorder may lead to the development of
efficient microscale optical tags for anticounterfeiting. (127) This technology
may be particularly useful and timely in a world where counterfeiting
technology, such as deep-fake and artificial-intelligence-powered video
technology, is becoming increasingly easy to access and difficult to detect.
By contrast, superparticles with a characteristic internal structure may become
the standard to build in specific response functions. For instance, anisotropic
superparticles may result in strong electromagnetic fields in a localized region
of space; porous superparticles obtained from the removal of one nanoparticle
phase may be able to uptake, process, and release cargo at a desired location in
response to different external triggers; core/shell superparticles derived from
the phase separation of different nanocrystal morphologies may allow for the
incorporation of two functionalities on the same superparticle while minimizing
cross-talk between the different nanocrystal phases.
Numerous opportunities lie on the path ahead, as well as several challenges.
Perhaps the most crucial challenge to solve consists in optimizing the formation
of superparticles to achieve a monodisperse product with an efficient
methodology. The current state of the art relies on droplet microfluidic
approaches in conjunction with the usage of fluorinated chemicals to improve
droplet stability during densification (33) or by the addition of a sink
emulsion to increase the rate of densification. (7) While these approaches work
well in producing monodisperse samples, they are characterized by limited
sustainability or throughput. Optimizing a method to produce monodisperse
samples on gram rather than milligram scale such as continuous emulsification
may enable new technologies and implementation in an industrial setting.
Furthermore, achieving precise control over the crystallinity of the
superparticles without compromising on the final monodispersity of the product
would enable a enhanced tunability over their emergent properties. Being able to
predict the complex phase behavior of superparticles and the resulting
properties a priori would be a paradigm shift in their exploitation in farther
afield applications.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
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* Corresponding Author
* Emanuele Marino - Department of Physics and Chemistry, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, Palermo 90123, Italy;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-9796; Email: emanuele.marino@unipa.it
* Authors
* R. Allen LaCour - Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
* Thomas E. Kodger - Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen
University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-9165
*
*
* Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
BIOGRAPHIES
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Emanuele Marino received his bachelor’s degree in Physics (2012) and master’s
degree in Condensed Matter Physics (2014) from the University of Palermo, Italy.
He then pursued his Ph.D. in Physics at the van der Waals - Zeeman Institute of
the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, graduating with a thesis on
nanocrystal self-assembly (2019). Afterwards, he took a position as postdoctoral
researcher at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania,
United States, where he explored the formation mechanism of multicomponent and
multifunctional nanocrystal superstructures. Since 2022, he has returned to
Italy where he is a Junior Assistant Professor at the Department of Physics and
Chemistry at the University of Palermo. His research focuses on understanding
nanocrystal self-assembly to build functional superstructures characterized by
deterministic structure–property relationships.
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R. Allen LaCour obtained his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from
Mississippi State University in 2016. He obtained his doctorate at the
University of Michigan, where he studied the computational self-assembly of
nanoparticles. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher at Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, where he researches the spectroscopy of water and water
interfaces.
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Thomas E. Kodger received his bachelor’s degree in 2006 from the University of
Cincinnati in Chemical Technology and his Ph.D in Applied Physics from Harvard
University in 2015. He is now an Associate Professor at Wageningen University &
Research in the laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter. His research
interests are in soft matter and material design using polymers and colloids,
including structural color and biobased adhesives.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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E.M. is grateful to the European Union – NextGenerationEU – funding MUR D.M.
737/2021 for funding his position at the University of Palermo (Unipa). E.M.
acknowledges support from the “Fondo Finalizzato Alla Ricerca Di Ateneo”(FFR)
2022-2024 of Unipa. E.M. acknowledges travel support from the National Science
Foundation under the IMOD Integrative Travel Program Award, Grant No.
DMR-2019444. E.M. acknowledges travel support from the European Commission -
Horizon Europe - Next Generation Internet Enrichers programme, Grant Agreement
No. 101070125. T.E.K. is grateful for support from the Nederlandse Organisatie
voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO). E.M. and T.E.K. are grateful to the
International Relations Commission (CORI) of Unipa for funding.
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applications.
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16. 16
Zhao, X. K.; Xu, S.; Fendler, J. H. Ultrasmall magnetic particles in
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Ultrasmall magnetic particles in Langmuir-Blodgett films
Zhao, Xiao Kang; Xu, Shuqian; Fendler, Janos H.
Journal of Physical Chemistry (1990), 94 (6), 2573-81CODEN: JPCHAX;
ISSN:0022-3654.
Cationic magnetic Fe3O4 particles were sandwiched between the polar
headgroups of arachidate ion monolayers deposited on oxidized Si
substrates. Optical thicknesses of the SiO2 layer on the substrate, the
arachidate ion monolayers (A-), and the Fe3O4 particles were characterized
by incident-angle-dependent reflectance measurements, assuming stratified
planar structures for these components. The values for optical thicknesses
(dj) and refractive indexes (nj), dSiO2 = 91.5, 136.2, and 172.5 Å; nSiO2
= 1.46; dA- = 26.7 Å; nA- = 1.52; dFe3O4 = 49.8 Å; and nFe3O4 = 1.976 (in
water, system A), agreed well with values predicted by the models used.
Similarly, incident-angle-dependent reflective measurements of seven
successive units of arachidate ion sandwiched Fe3O4 particles on
Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films have led to an av. thickness of 89.2 Å for a
single-sandwich unit. Fe3O4 particles were 83.2 Å from each other in the
same layer but were located 96.2 Å from each other in neighboring layers.
These values indicated that 35% of the substrate had been covered by Fe3O4
particles. Transmission electron micrographs of arachidate ion sandwiched
Fe3O4 particles on a cellulose grid gave the av. of the center-to-center
sepn. of the particles and the surface coverage 91 ± to 10 Å and 30 ± 15%,
resp.
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17. 17
Kralchevsky, P.; Paunov, V.; Ivanov, I.; Nagayama, K. Capillary meniscus
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Breen, T. L.; Tien, J.; Scott, R. J.; Oliver; Hadzic, T.; Whitesides, G.
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Design and self-assembly of open, regular, 3D mesostructures
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Whitesides, George M.
Science (Washington, D. C.) (1999), 284 (5416), 948-951CODEN: SCIEAS;
ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
Self-assembly provides the basis for a procedure used to organize
millimeter-scale objects into regular, three-dimensional arrays
("crystals") with open structures. The individual components are designed
and fabricated of polyurethane by molding; selected faces are coated with
a thin film of liq., metallic alloy. Under mild agitation in warm, aq.
potassium bromide soln., capillary forces between the films of alloy cause
self-assembly. The structures of the resulting, self-assembled arrays are
detd. by structural features of the component parts: the three-dimensional
shape of the components, the pattern of alloy on their surfaces, and the
shape of the alloy-coated surfaces. Self-assembly of appropriately
designed chiral pieces generates helixes.
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20. 20
Dong, A.; Chen, J.; Vora, P. M.; Kikkawa, J. M.; Murray, C. B. Binary
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Binary nanocrystal superlattice membranes self-assembled at the liquid-air
interface
Dong, Angang; Chen, Jun; Vora, Patrick M.; Kikkawa, James M.; Murray,
Christopher B.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2010), 466 (7305), 474-477CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
The spontaneous organization of multicomponent micrometer-sized colloids
or nanocrystals into superlattices is of scientific importance for
understanding the assembly process on the nanometer scale and is of great
interest for bottom-up fabrication of functional devices. In particular,
co-assembly of two types of nanocrystal into binary nanocrystal
superlattices (BNSLs) has recently attracted significant attention, as
this provides a low-cost, programmable way to design meta materials with
precisely controlled properties that arise from the organization and
interactions of the constituent nanocrystal components. Although
challenging, the ability to grow and manipulate large-scale BNSLs is crit.
for extensive exploration of this new class of material. The authors
report a general method of growing centimeter-scale, uniform membranes of
BNSLs that can readily be transferred to arbitrary substrates. The
authors' method is based on the liq.-air interfacial assembly of
multicomponent nanocrystals and circumvents the limitations assocd. with
the current assembly strategies, allowing integration of BNSLs on any
substrate for the fabrication of nanocrystal-based devices. The authors
demonstrate the construction of magnetoresistive devices by incorporating
large-area (1.5 mm × 2.5 mm) BNSL membranes; their magneto transport
measurements clearly show that device magnetoresistance is dependent on
the structure (stoichiometry) of the BNSLs. The ability to transfer BNSLs
also allows the construction of free-standing membranes and other complex
architectures that were not accessible previously.
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21. 21
Yang, S.; LaCour, R. A.; Cai, Y.-Y.; Xu, J.; Rosen, D. J.; Zhang, Y.;
Kagan, C. R.; Glotzer, S. C.; Murray, C. B. Self-Assembly of Atomically
Aligned Nanoparticle Superlattices from Pt–Fe3O4 Heterodimer
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Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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Lacava, J.; Born, P.; Kraus, T. Nanoparticle Clusters with Lennard-Jones
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21
Nanoparticle Clusters with Lennard-Jones Geometries
Lacava, Johann; Born, Philip; Kraus, Tobias
Nano Letters (2012), 12 (6), 3279-3282CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Noble gas and metal atoms form min.-energy clusters. Here, the authors
present analogous agglomerates of Au nanoparticles formed in oil-in-H2O
emulsions. The authors exclude interfacial templating and
nucleation-and-growth as formation mechanisms of these supraparticles.
Similar to at. clusters, the supraparticles form when a mobile precursor
state can reconfigure until the nanoparticles' interactions with each
other and with the liq.-liq. interface are maximized. This formation
mechanism is in striking contrast to that previously reported for
microparticle clusters.
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23. 23
de Nijs, B.; Dussi, S.; Smallenburg, F.; Meeldijk, J. D.; Groenendijk, D.
J.; Filion, L.; Imhof, A.; Van Blaaderen, A.; Dijkstra, M. Entropy-driven
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Entropy-driven formation of large icosahedral colloidal clusters by
spherical confinement
de Nijs, Bart; Dussi, Simone; Smallenburg, Frank; Meeldijk, Johannes D.;
Groenendijk, Dirk J.; Filion, Laura; Imhof, Arnout; van Blaaderen, Alfons;
Dijkstra, Marjolein
Nature Materials (2015), 14 (1), 56-60CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122.
(Nature Publishing Group)
Icosahedral symmetry, which is not compatible with truly long-range order,
can be found in many systems, such as liqs., glasses, at. clusters,
quasicrystals, and virus-capsids. To obtain arrangements with a high
degree of icosahedral order from tens of particles or more, interparticle
attractive interactions are considered to be essential. The authors report
that entropy and spherical confinement suffice for the formation of
icosahedral clusters consisting of up to 100,000 particles. Specifically,
by using real-space measurements on nanometer- and micrometer-sized
colloids, as well as computer simulations, the authors show that tens of
thousands of hard spheres compressed under spherical confinement
spontaneously crystallize into icosahedral clusters that are entropically
favored over the bulk face-centered cubic crystal structure. These
findings provide insights into the interplay between confinement and
crystn. and into how these are connected to the formation of icosahedral
structures.
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24. 24
Kister, T.; Mravlak, M.; Schilling, T.; Kraus, T. Pressure-controlled
formation of crystalline, Janus, and core-shell supraparticles. Nanoscale
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Pressure-controlled formation of crystalline, Janus, and core-shell
supraparticles
Kister, Thomas; Mravlak, Marko; Schilling, Tanja; Kraus, Tobias
Nanoscale (2016), 8 (27), 13377-13384CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal
Society of Chemistry)
Binary mixts. of nanoparticles self-assemble in the confinement of evapg.
oil droplets and form regular supraparticles. We demonstrate that moderate
pressure differences on the order of 100 kPa change the particles'
self-assembly behavior. Cryst. superlattices, Janus particles, and
core-shell particle arrangements form in the same dispersions when
changing the working pressure or the surfactant that sets the Laplace
pressure inside the droplets. Mol. dynamics simulations confirm that
pressure-dependent interparticle potentials affect the self-assembly route
of the confined particles. Optical spectrometry, small-angle X-ray
scattering and electron microscopy are used to compare expts. and
simulations and confirm that the onset of self-assembly depends on
particle size and pressure. The overall formation mechanism reminds of the
demixing of binary alloys with different phase diagrams.
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25. 25
Montanarella, F.; Geuchies, J. J.; Dasgupta, T.; Prins, P. T.; Van
Overbeek, C.; Dattani, R.; Baesjou, P.; Dijkstra, M.; Petukhov, A. V.; Van
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Google Scholar
24
Crystallization of Nanocrystals in Spherical Confinement Probed by in Situ
X-ray Scattering
Montanarella, Federico; Geuchies, Jaco J.; Dasgupta, Tonnishtha; Prins, P.
Tim; van Overbeek, Carlo; Dattani, Rajeev; Baesjou, Patrick; Dijkstra,
Marjolein; Petukhov, Andrei V.; van Blaaderen, Alfons; Vanmaekelbergh,
Daniel
Nano Letters (2018), 18 (6), 3675-3681CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
The formation of supraparticles from nanocrystals confined in slowly
evapg. oil droplets in an oil-in-H2O emulsion was studied. The
nanocrystals consist of an FeO core, a CoFe2O4 shell, and oleate capping
ligands, with an overall diam. of 12.5 nm. In situ small- and wide-angle
x-ray scattering expts. were performed during the entire period of solvent
evapn. and colloidal crystn. A slow increase in the vol. fraction of
nanocrystals inside the oil droplets up to 20%, at which a sudden crystn.
occurs was obsd. The computer simulations show that crystn. at such a low
vol. fraction is only possible if attractive interactions between
colloidal nanocrystals are taken into account in the model as well. The
spherical supraparticles have a diam. of ∼700 nm and consist of a few
cryst. fcc. domains. Nanocrystal supraparticles bear importance for
magnetic and optoelectronic applications, such as color tunable biolabels,
color tunable phosphors in LEDs, and miniaturized lasers.
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26. 26
Marino, E.; Kodger, T. E.; Wegdam, G. H.; Schall, P. Revealing Driving
Forces in Quantum Dot Supercrystal Assembly. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,
1803433, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201870327
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
27. 27
Wang, D.; Dasgupta, T.; van der Wee, E. B.; Zanaga, D.; Altantzis, T.; Wu,
Y.; Coli, G. M.; Murray, C. B.; Bals, S.; Dijkstra, M. Binary icosahedral
clusters of hard spheres in spherical confinement. Nat. Phys. 2021, 17,
128– 134, DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-1003-9
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26
Binary icosahedral clusters of hard spheres in spherical confinement
Wang, Da; Dasgupta, Tonnishtha; van der Wee, Ernest B.; Zanaga, Daniele;
Altantzis, Thomas; Wu, Yaoting; Coli, Gabriele M.; Murray, Christopher B.;
Bals, Sara; Dijkstra, Marjolein; van Blaaderen, Alfons
Nature Physics (2021), 17 (1), 128-134CODEN: NPAHAX; ISSN:1745-2473.
(Nature Research)
Abstr.: The influence of geometry on the local and global packing of
particles is important to many fundamental and applied research themes,
such as the structure and stability of liqs., crystals and glasses. Here
we show by expts. and simulations that a binary mixt. of hard-sphere-like
nanoparticles crystg. into a MgZn2 Laves phase in bulk spontaneously forms
icosahedral clusters in slowly drying droplets. Using advanced electron
tomog., we are able to obtain the real-space coordinates of all the
spheres in the icosahedral clusters of up to about 10,000 particles. The
local structure of 70-80% of the particles became similar to that of the
MgCu2 Laves phase. These observations are important for photonic
applications. In addn., we obsd. in simulations that the icosahedral
clusters nucleated away from the spherical boundary, which is distinctly
different from that of the single species clusters. Our findings open the
way for particle-level studies of nucleation and growth of icosahedral
clusters, and of binary crystn.
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28. 28
Lehn, J.-M. Supramolecular Chemistry. Science 1993, 260, 1762– 1763, DOI:
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Google Scholar
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Lehn, Jean Marie
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (1993), 260 (5115), 1762-3CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075.
A review with 11 refs. Recognition, reactivity and transport are basic
functional features in supramol. species.
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29. 29
Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G. Self-Organization of CdSe
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Self-organization of CdSe nanocrystallites into three-dimensional quantum
dot superlattices
Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G.
Science (Washington, D. C.) (1995), 270 (5240), 1335-8CODEN: SCIEAS;
ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
The self-organization of CdSe nanocrystallites into three-dimensional
semiconductor quantum dot superlattices (colloidal crystals) is
demonstrated. The size and spacing of the dots within the superlattice are
controlled with near at. precision. This control is a result of synthetic
advances that provide CdSe nanocrystallites that are monodisperse within
the limit of at. roughness. The methodol. is not limited to semiconductor
quantum dots but provides general procedures for the prepn. and
characterization of ordered structures of nanocrystallites from a variety
of materials.
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30. 30
Wintzheimer, S.; Granath, T.; Oppmann, M.; Kister, T.; Thai, T.; Kraus,
T.; Vogel, N.; Mandel, K. Supraparticles: Functionality from Uniform
Structural Motifs. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 5093– 5120, DOI:
10.1021/acsnano.8b00873
Google Scholar
29
Supraparticles: Functionality from uniform structural motifs
Wintzheimer, Susanne; Granath, Tim; Oppmann, Maximilian; Kister, Thomas;
Thai, Thibaut; Kraus, Tobias; Vogel, Nicolas; Mandel, Karl
ACS Nano (2018), 12 (6), 5093-5120CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American
Chemical Society)
Under the right process conditions, nanoparticles can cluster together to
form defined, dispersed structures, which can be termed supraparticles.
Controlling the size, shape, and morphol. of such entities is a central
step in various fields of science and technol., ranging from colloid chem.
and soft matter physics to powder technol. and pharmaceutical and food
sciences. These diverse scientific communities have been investigating
formation processes and structure/property relations of such
supraparticles under completely different boundary conditions. On the
fundamental side, the field is driven by the desire to gain max. control
of the assembly structures using very defined and tailored colloidal
building blocks, whereas more applied disciplines focus on optimizing the
functional properties from rather ill-defined starting materials. With
this review article, we aim to provide a connecting perspective by
outlining fundamental principles that govern the formation and
functionality of supraparticles. We discuss the formation of
supraparticles as a result of colloidal properties interplaying with
external process parameters. We then outline how the structure of the
supraparticles gives rise to diverse functional properties. They can be a
result of the structure itself (emergent properties), of the
colocalization of different, functional building blocks, or of coupling
between individual particles in close proximity. Taken together, we aim to
establish structure-property and process-structure relationships that
provide unifying guidelines for the rational design of functional
supraparticles with optimized properties. Finally, we aspire to connect
the different disciplines by providing a categorized overview of the
existing, diverging nomenclature of seemingly similar supraparticle
structures.
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31. 31
McGorty, R.; Fung, J.; Kaz, D.; Manoharan, V. N. Colloidal self-assembly
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Colloidal self-assembly at an interface
McGorty, Ryan; Fung, Jerome; Kaz, David; Manoharan, Vinothan N.
Materials Today (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2010), 13 (6), 34-42CODEN:
MTOUAN; ISSN:1369-7021. (Elsevier Ltd.)
A review. Mix a drop of water into a vial of oil. With some surfactant and
a vigorous shake, that one droplet has become thousands, and the total
interfacial area has increased by an order of magnitude or more. Like the
folded membranes in our mitochondria, the alveoli in our lungs, and the
catalytic converters in our cars, oil-water emulsions contain a vast
reservoir of interfacial area that can be used to control and transform
the things that encounter it. The oil-water interface is esp. well-suited
to directing the assembly of colloidal particles, which bind to it rapidly
and often irreversibly.
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32. 32
Svensson, C.; Shvydkiv, O.; Dietrich, S.; Mahler, L.; Weber, T.;
Choudhary, M.; Tovar, M.; Figge, M. T.; Roth, M. Coding of Experimental
Conditions in Microfluidic Droplet Assays Using Colored Beads and Machine
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10.1002/smll.201802384
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
33. 33
Wang, J.; Mbah, C. F.; Przybilla, T.; Apeleo Zubiri, B.; Spiecker, E.;
Engel, M.; Vogel, N. Magic number colloidal clusters as minimum free
energy structures. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5259, DOI:
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Google Scholar
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Magic number colloidal clusters as minimum free energy structures
Wang, Junwei; Mbah, Chrameh Fru; Przybilla, Thomas; Apeleo Zubiri,
Benjamin; Spiecker, Erdmann; Engel, Michael; Vogel, Nicolas
Nature Communications (2018), 9 (1), 5259CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723.
(Nature Research)
Clusters in systems as diverse as metal atoms, virus proteins, noble
gases, and nucleons have properties that depend sensitively on the no. of
constituent particles. Certain nos. are termed magic because they grant
the system with closed shells and exceptional stability. To this point,
magic no. clusters have been exclusively found with attractive
interactions as present between atoms. Here we show that magic no.
clusters exist in a confined soft matter system with negligible
interactions. Colloidal particles in an emulsion droplet spontaneously
organize into a series of clusters with precisely defined shell
structures. Crucially, free energy calcns. demonstrate that colloidal
clusters with magic nos. possess higher thermodn. stability than those off
magic nos. A complex kinetic pathway is responsible for the efficiency of
this system in finding its min. free energy configuration. Targeting
similar magic no. states is a strategy towards unique configurations in
finite self-organizing systems across the scales.
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34. 34
Wang, J.; Peled, T. S.; Klajn, R. Photocleavable Anionic Glues for
Light-Responsive Nanoparticle Aggregates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145,
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Photocleavable Anionic Glues for Light-Responsive Nanoparticle Aggregates
Wang, Jinhua; Peled, Tzuf Shay; Klajn, Rafal
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2023), 145 (7), 4098-4108CODEN:
JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Integrating light-sensitive mols. within nanoparticle (NP) assemblies is
an attractive approach to fabricate new photoresponsive nanomaterials.
Here, we describe the concept of photocleavable anionic glue (PAG): small
trianions capable of mediating interactions between (and inducing the
aggregation of) cationic NPs by means of electrostatic interactions.
Exposure to light converts PAGs into dianionic products incapable of
maintaining the NPs in an assembled state, resulting in light-triggered
disassembly of NP aggregates. To demonstrate the proof-of-concept, we work
with an org. PAG incorporating the UV-cleavable o-nitrobenzyl moiety and
an inorg. PAG, the photosensitive trioxalatocobaltate(III) complex, which
absorbs light across the entire visible spectrum. Both PAGs were used to
prep. either amorphous NP assemblies or regular superlattices with a
long-range NP order. These NP aggregates disassembled rapidly upon light
exposure for a specific time, which could be tuned by the incident light
wavelength or the amt. of PAG used. Selective excitation of the inorg. PAG
in a system combining the two PAGs results in a photodecompn. product that
deactivates the org. PAG, enabling nontrivial disassembly profiles under a
single type of external stimulus.
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35. 35
Hu, M.; Butt, H.-J.; Landfester, K.; Bannwarth, M. B.; Wooh, S.;
Thérien-Aubin, H. Shaping the Assembly of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles.
ACS Nano 2019, 13, 3015– 3022, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07783
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34
Shaping the Assembly of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles
Hu, Minghan; Butt, Hans-Juergen; Landfester, Katharina; Bannwarth, Markus
B.; Wooh, Sanghyuk; Therien-Aubin, Heloise
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (3), 3015-3022CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American
Chemical Society)
Superparamagnetism exists only in nanocrystals, and to endow
micro/macro-materials with superparamagnetism, superparamagnetic
nanoparticles have to be assembled into complex materials. Most techniques
currently used to produce such assemblies are inefficient in terms of time
and material. Herein, we used evapn.-guided assembly to produce
superparamagnetic supraparticles by drying ferrofluid droplets on a
superamphiphobic substrate in the presence of an external magnetic field.
By tuning the concn. of ferrofluid droplets and controlling the magnetic
field, barrel-like, cone-like, and two-tower-like supraparticles were
obtained. These assembled supraparticles preserved the superparamagnetism
of the original nanoparticles. Moreover, other colloids can easily be
integrated into the ferrofluid suspension to produce, by co-assembly,
anisotropic binary supraparticles with addnl. functions. Addnl., the
magnetic and anisotropic nature of the resulting supraparticles was
harnessed to prep. magnetically actuable microswimmers.
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36. 36
Wang, T.; Wang, X.; LaMontagne, D.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Cao, Y. C.
Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Superparticles from Nanocubes. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 18225– 18228, DOI: 10.1021/ja308962w
Google Scholar
35
Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Superparticles from Nanocubes
Wang, Tie; Wang, Xirui; LaMontagne, Derek; Wang, Zhongliang; Wang,
Zhongwu; Cao, Y. Charles
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2012), 134 (44),
18225-18228CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
This communication reports a shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal
superparticles (SPs) from iron oxide nanocubes. Our results show that the
formation of SPs is under thermodn. control and that their shape is detd.
by Gibbs free energy minimization. The resulting SPs adopt a simple-cubic
superlattice structure, and their shape can be tuned between spheres and
cubes by varying the relative free energy contributions from the surface
and bulk free energy terms. The formation of sphere-shaped SPs from
nanocubes suggests that the size-dependent hydration effect predicted by
the Lum-Chandler-Weeks theory plays a very important role in the
self-assembly of nano-objects. In addn., the iron oxide SPs exhibit
shape-dependent therapeutic effects in magnetomech. treatments of cancer
cells in vitro.
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37. 37
Egly, S.; Fröhlich, C.; Vogel, S.; Gruenewald, A.; Wang, J.; Detsch, R.;
Boccaccini, A. R.; Vogel, N. Bottom-Up Assembly of Silica and Bioactive
Glass Supraparticles with Tunable Hierarchical Porosity. Langmuir 2018,
34, 2063– 2072, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03904
Google Scholar
36
Bottom-Up Assembly of Silica and Bioactive Glass Supraparticles with
Tunable Hierarchical Porosity
Egly, Steffen; Froehlich, Christina; Vogel, Stefanie; Gruenewald, Alina;
Wang, Junwei; Detsch, Rainer; Boccaccini, Aldo R.; Vogel, Nicolas
Langmuir (2018), 34 (5), 2063-2072CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American
Chemical Society)
The authors study the formation of spherical supraparticles with
controlled and tunable porosity on the nanometer and micrometer scales
using the self-organization of a binary mixt. of small (nanometer scale)
oxidic particles with large (micrometer scale) polystyrene particles in
the confinement of an emulsion droplet. The external confinement dets. the
final, spherical structure of the hybrid assembly, while the small
particles form the matrix material. The large particles act as templating
porogens to create micropores after combustion at elevated temps. The
authors control the pore sizes on the micrometer scale by varying the size
of the coassembled polystyrene microspheres and produce supraparticles
from both SiO2- and Ca-contg. CaO/SiO2 particles. Although porous
supraparticles are obtained in both cases, the presence of Ca ions
substantially complicated the fabrication process since the increased
ionic strength of the dispersion compromises the colloidal stability
during the assembly process. The authors minimized these stability issues
via the addn. of a steric stabilizing agent and by mixing bioactive and
SiO2 colloidal particles. The authors studied the interaction of the
porous particles with bone marrow stromal cells and found an increase in
cell attachment with increasing pore size of the self-assembled
supraparticles.
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38. 38
Choi, T. M.; Lee, G. H.; Kim, Y.; Park, J.; Hwang, H.; Kim, S. Photonic
Microcapsules Containing Single-Crystal Colloidal Arrays with Optical
Anisotropy. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900693, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900693
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
39. 39
Bolhuis, P. G.; Frenkel, D.; Mau, S.-C.; Huse, D. A. Entropy difference
between crystal phases. Nature 1997, 388, 235– 236, DOI: 10.1038/40779
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Entropy difference between crystal phases
Bolhuis, P. G.; Frenkel, D.; Mau, Siun-Chuon; Huse, David A.
Nature (London) (1997), 388 (6639), 235-236CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836.
(Macmillan Magazines)
There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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40. 40
Wang, J.; Mbah, C. F.; Przybilla, T.; Englisch, S.; Spiecker, E.; Engel,
M.; Vogel, N. Free energy landscape of colloidal clusters in spherical
confinement. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 9005– 9015, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03039
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Free Energy Landscape of Colloidal Clusters in Spherical Confinement
Wang, Junwei; Mbah, Chrameh Fru; Przybilla, Thomas; Englisch, Silvan;
Spiecker, Erdmann; Engel, Michael; Vogel, Nicolas
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (8), 9005-9015CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American
Chemical Society)
The structure of finite self-assembling systems depends sensitively on the
no. of constituent building blocks. Recently, it was demonstrated that
hard sphere-like colloidal particles show a magic no. effect when confined
in emulsion droplets. Geometric construction rules permit a few dozen
magic nos. that correspond to a discrete series of completely filled
concentric icosahedral shells. Here, we investigate the free energy
landscape of these colloidal clusters as a function of the no. of their
constituent building blocks for system sizes up to several thousand
particles. We find that min. in the free energy landscape, arising from
the presence of filled, concentric shells, are significantly broadened,
compared to their at. analogs. Colloidal clusters in spherical confinement
can flexibly accommodate excess particles by ordering icosahedrally in the
cluster center while changing the structure near the cluster surface. In
between these magic no. regions, the building blocks cannot arrange into
filled shells. Instead, we observe that defects accumulate in a single
wedge and therefore only affect a few tetrahedral grains of the cluster.
We predict the existence of this wedge by simulation and confirm its
presence in expt. using electron tomog. The introduction of the wedge
minimizes the free energy penalty by confining defects to small regions
within the cluster. In addn., the remaining ordered tetrahedral grains can
relax internal strain by breaking icosahedral symmetry. Our findings
demonstrate how multiple defect mechanisms collude to form the complex
free energy landscape of colloidal clusters.
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41. 41
Wang, J.; Sultan, U.; Goerlitzer, E. S.; Mbah, C. F.; Engel, M.; Vogel, N.
Structural color of colloidal clusters as a tool to investigate structure
and dynamics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1907730, DOI:
10.1002/adfm.201907730
Google Scholar
40
Structural Color of Colloidal Clusters as a Tool to Investigate Structure
and Dynamics
Wang, Junwei; Sultan, Umair; Goerlitzer, Eric S. A.; Mbah, Chrameh Fru;
Engel, Michael; Vogel, Nicolas
Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (26), 1907730CODEN: AFMDC6;
ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Colloidal assemblies have applications as photonic crystals and templates
for functional porous materials. While there has been significant progress
in controlling colloidal assemblies into defined structures, their 3D
order remains difficult to characterize. Simple, low-cost techniques are
sought that characterize colloidal structures and assist optimization of
process parameters. Here, structural color is presented to image the
structure and dynamics of colloidal clusters prepd. by a confined
self-assembly process in emulsion droplets. It is shown that
characteristic anisotropic structural color motifs such as circles,
stripes, triangles, or bowties arise from the defined interior grain
geometry of such colloidal clusters. The optical detection of these motifs
reliably distinguishes icosahedral, decahedral, and face-centered cubic
colloidal clusters and thus enables a simple yet precise characterization
of their internal structure. In addn., the rotational motion and dynamics
of such micrometer-scale clusters suspended in a liq. can be followed in
real time via their anisotropic coloration. Finally, monitoring the
evolution of structural color provides real-time information about the
crystn. pathway within the confining emulsion droplet. Together, this work
demonstrates that structural color is a simple and versatile tool to
characterize the structure and dynamic properties of colloidal clusters.
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42. 42
Mbah, C. F.; Wang, J.; Englisch, S.; Bommineni, P.; Varela-Rosales, N. R.;
Spiecker, E.; Vogel, N.; Engel, M. Early-stage bifurcation of
crystallization in a sphere. Nature. Communications 2023, 14, 5299, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-023-41001-6
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
43. 43
Teich, E. G.; Van Anders, G.; Klotsa, D.; Dshemuchadse, J.; Glotzer, S. C.
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S. A. 2016, 113, E669– E678, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524875113
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42
Clusters of polyhedra in spherical confinement
Teich, Erin G.; van Anders, Greg; Klotsa, Daphne; Dshemuchadse, Julia;
Glotzer, Sharon C.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America (2016), 113 (6), E669-E678CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National
Academy of Sciences)
Dense particle packing in a confining vol. remains a rich, largely
unexplored problem, despite applications in blood clotting, plasmonics,
industrial packaging and transport, colloidal mol. design, and information
storage. Here, we report densest found clusters of the Platonic solids in
spherical confinement, for up to N=60 constituent polyhedral particles. We
examine the interplay between anisotropic particle shape and isotropic 3D
confinement. Densest clusters exhibit a wide variety of symmetry point
groups and form in up to three layers at higher N. For many N values,
icosahedra and dodecahedra form clusters that resemble sphere clusters.
These common structures are layers of optimal spherical codes in most
cases, a surprising fact given the significant faceting of the icosahedron
and dodecahedron. We also investigate cluster d. as a function of N for
each particle shape. We find that, in contrast to what happens in bulk,
polyhedra often pack less densely than spheres. We also find esp. dense
clusters at so-called magic nos. of constituent particles. Our results
showcase the structural diversity and exptl. utility of families of solns.
to the packing in confinement problem.
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44. 44
Wang, D.; Hermes, M.; Kotni, R.; Wu, Y.; Tasios, N.; Liu, Y.; de Nijs, B.;
van der Wee, E. B.; Murray, C. B.; Dijkstra, M.; van Blaaderen, A.
Interplay between spherical confinement and particle shape on the
self-assembly of rounded cubes. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2228, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-018-04644-4
Google Scholar
43
Interplay between spherical confinement and particle shape on the
self-assembly of rounded cubes
Wang Da; Hermes Michiel; Kotni Ramakrishna; Tasios Nikos; Liu Yang; de
Nijs Bart; van der Wee Ernest B; Dijkstra Marjolein; van Blaaderen Alfons;
Wu Yaoting; Murray Christopher B; Liu Yang; Murray Christopher B
Nature communications (2018), 9 (1), 2228 ISSN:.
Self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) inside drying emulsion droplets
provides a general strategy for hierarchical structuring of matter at
different length scales. The local orientation of neighboring crystalline
NPs can be crucial to optimize for instance the optical and electronic
properties of the self-assembled superstructures. By integrating
experiments and computer simulations, we demonstrate that the
orientational correlations of cubic NPs inside drying emulsion droplets
are significantly determined by their flat faces. We analyze the rich
interplay of positional and orientational order as the particle shape
changes from a sharp cube to a rounded cube. Sharp cubes strongly align to
form simple-cubic superstructures whereas rounded cubes assemble into
icosahedral clusters with additionally strong local orientational
correlations. This demonstrates that the interplay between packing,
confinement and shape can be utilized to develop new materials with novel
properties.
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45. 45
Skye, R. S.; Teich, E. G.; Dshemuchadse, J. Tuning assembly structures of
hard shapes in confinement via interface curvature. Soft Matter 2022, 18,
6782– 6790, DOI: 10.1039/D2SM00545J
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
46. 46
Min, Y.; Akbulut, M.; Kristiansen, K.; Golan, Y.; Israelachvili, J. The
role of interparticle and external forces in nanoparticle assembly. Nat.
Mater. 2008, 7, 527– 538, DOI: 10.1038/nmat2206
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45
The role of interparticle and external forces in nanoparticle assembly
Min, Younjin; Akbulut, Mustafa; Kristiansen, Kai; Golan, Yuval;
Israelachvili, Jacob
Nature Materials (2008), 7 (7), 527-538CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122.
(Nature Publishing Group)
A review. The past 20 years have witnessed simultaneous multidisciplinary
explosions in exptl. techniques for synthesizing new materials, measuring
and manipulating nanoscale structures, understanding biol. processes at
the nanoscale, and carrying out large-scale computations of many-atom and
complex macromol. systems. These advances have led to the new disciplines
of nanoscience and nanoengineering. For reasons that are discussed here,
most nanoparticles do not 'self-assemble' into their thermodynamically
lowest energy state, and require an input of energy or external forces to
'direct' them into particular structures or assemblies. We discuss why and
how a combination of self- and directed-assembly processes, involving
interparticle and externally applied forces, can be applied to produce
desired nanostructured materials.
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47. 47
Bishop, K. J.; Wilmer, C. E.; Soh, S.; Grzybowski, B. A. Nanoscale forces
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10.1002/smll.200900358
Google Scholar
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Nanoscale forces and their uses in self-assembly
Bishop, Kyle J. M.; Wilmer, Christopher E.; Soh, Siowling; Grzybowski,
Bartosz A.
Small (2009), 5 (14), 1600-1630CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
A review. The ability to assemble nanoscopic components into larger
structures and materials depends crucially on the ability to understand in
quant. detail and subsequently "engineer" the interparticle interactions.
This Review provides a crit. examn. of the various interparticle forces
(van der Waals, electrostatic, magnetic, mol., and entropic) that can be
used in nanoscale self-assembly. For each type of interaction, the
magnitude and the length scale are discussed, as well as the scaling with
particle size and interparticle distance. In all cases, the discussion
emphasizes characteristics unique to the nanoscale. These theor.
considerations are accompanied by examples of recent exptl. systems, in
which specific interaction types were used to drive nanoscopic
self-assembly. Overall, this Review aims to provide a comprehensive yet
easily accessible resource of nanoscale-specific interparticle forces that
can be implemented in models or simulations of self-assembly processes at
this scale.
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48. 48
Wang, Y.; Fedin, I.; Zhang, H.; Talapin, D. V. Direct optical lithography
of functional inorganic nanomaterials. Science 2017, 357, 385– 388, DOI:
10.1126/science.aan2958
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Direct optical lithography of functional inorganic nanomaterials
Wang, Yuanyuan; Fedin, Igor; Zhang, Hao; Talapin, Dmitri V.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2017), 357 (6349), 385-388CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
The authors introduce a general chem. approach for photoresist-free,
direct optical lithog. of functional inorg. nanomaterials. The patterned
materials can be metals, semiconductors, oxides, magnetic, or rare earth
compns. No org. impurities are present in the patterned layers, which
helps achieve good electronic and optical properties. The cond., carrier
mobility, dielec., and luminescence properties of optically patterned
layers are on par with the properties of state-of-the-art soln.-processed
materials. The ability to directly pattern all-inorg. layers by using a
light exposure dose comparable with that of org. photoresists provides an
alternate route for thin-film device manufg.
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49. 49
Liu, S.-F.; Hou, Z.-W.; Lin, L.; Li, F.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X.-Z.; Zhang, H.;
Fang, H.-H.; Li, Z.; Sun, H.-B. 3D nanoprinting of semiconductor quantum
dots by photoexcitation-induced chemical bonding. Science 2022, 377, 1112–
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3D nanoprinting of semiconductor quantum dots by photoexcitation-induced
chemical bonding
Liu, Shao-Feng; Hou, Zheng-Wei; Lin, Linhan; Li, Fu; Zhao, Yao; Li,
Xiao-Ze; Zhang, Hao; Fang, Hong-Hua; Li, Zhengcao; Sun, Hong-Bo
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 377 (6610),
1112-1116CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Three-dimensional (3D) laser nanoprinting allows maskless manufg. of
diverse nanostructures with nanoscale resoln. However, 3D manufg. of
inorg. nanostructures typically requires nanomaterial-polymer composites
and is limited by a photopolymn. mechanism, resulting in a redn. of
material purity and degrdn. of intrinsic properties. We developed a
polymn.-independent, laser direct writing technique called
photoexcitation-induced chem. bonding. Without any additives, the holes
excited inside semiconductor quantum dots are transferred to the
nanocrystal surface and improve their chem. reactivity, leading to
interparticle chem. bonding. As a proof of concept, we printed arbitrary
3D quantum dot architectures at a resoln. beyond the diffraction limit.
Our strategy will enable the manufg. of free-form quantum dot
optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting devices or photodetectors.
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50. 50
Zheng, J.; Chen, J.; Jin, Y.; Wen, Y.; Mu, Y.; Wu, C.; Wang, Y.; Tong, P.;
Li, Z.; Hou, X.; Tang, J. Photochromism from wavelength-selective
colloidal phase segregation. Nature 2023, 617, 499– 506, DOI:
10.1038/s41586-023-05873-4
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49
Photochromism from wavelength-selective colloidal phase segregation
Zheng, Jing; Chen, Jingyuan; Jin, Yakang; Wen, Yan; Mu, Yijiang; Wu,
Changjin; Wang, Yufeng; Tong, Penger; Li, Zhigang; Hou, Xu; Tang, Jinyao
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2023), 617 (7961), 499-506CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:1476-4687. (Nature Portfolio)
Phase segregation is ubiquitously obsd. in immiscible mixts., such as oil
and water, in which the mixing entropy is overcome by the segregation
enthalpy. In monodispersed colloidal systems, however, the
colloidal-colloidal interactions are usually non-specific and
short-ranged, which leads to negligible segregation enthalpy. The recently
developed photoactive colloidal particles show long-range phoretic
interactions, which can be readily tuned with incident light, suggesting
an ideal model for studying phase behavior and structure evolution
kinetics. In this work, we design a simple spectral selective active
colloidal system, in which TiO2 colloidal species were coded with spectral
distinctive dyes to form a photochromic colloidal swarm. In this system,
the particle-particle interactions can be programmed by combining incident
light with various wavelengths and intensities to enable controllable
colloidal gelation and segregation. Furthermore, by mixing the cyan,
magenta and yellow colloids, a dynamic photochromic colloidal swarm is
formulated. On illumination of colored light, the colloidal swarm adapts
the appearance of incident light due to layered phase segregation,
presenting a facile approach towards colored electronic paper and
self-powered optical camouflage.
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51. 51
Pellicciotta, N.; Paoluzzi, M.; Buonomo, D.; Frangipane, G.; Angelani, L.;
Di Leonardo, R. Colloidal transport by light induced gradients of active
pressure. Nature. Communications 2023, 14, 4191, DOI:
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There is no corresponding record for this reference.
52. 52
Kim, J.; Yun, H.; Lee, Y. J.; Lee, J.; Kim, S.-H.; Ku, K. H.; Kim, B. J.
Photoswitchable Surfactant-Driven Reversible Shape- and Color-Changing
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Google Scholar
51
Photoswitchable surfactant-driven reversible shape- and color-changing
block copolymer particles
Kim, Jinwoo; Yun, Hongseok; Lee, Young Jun; Lee, Junhyuk; Kim, Shin-Hyun;
Ku, Kang Hee; Kim, Bumjoon J.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2021), 143 (33),
13333-13341CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Polymer particles that switch their shape and color in response to light
are of great interest for the development of programmable smart materials.
Herein, we report block copolymer (BCP) particles with reversible shapes
and colors activated by irradn. with UV and visible lights. This shape
transformation of the BCP particles is achieved by a
spiropyran-dodecyltrimethylammoium bromide (SP-DTAB) surfactant that
changes its amphiphilicity upon photoisomerization. Under UV light (365
nm) irradn., the hydrophilic ring-opened merocyanine form of the SP-DTAB
surfactant affords the formation of spherical, onion-like BCP particles.
In contrast, when exposed to visible light, surfactants with the
ring-closed form yield prolate or oblate BCP ellipsoids with axially
stacked nanostructures. Importantly, the change in BCP particle morphol.
between spheres and ellipsoids is reversible over multiple UV and visible
light irradn. cycles. In addn., the shape- and color-switchable BCP
particles are integrated to form a composite hydrogel, demonstrating their
potential as high-resoln. displays with reversible patterning
capabilities.
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53. 53
Kundu, P. K.; Das, S.; Ahrens, J.; Klajn, R. Controlling the lifetimes of
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52
Controlling the lifetimes of dynamic nanoparticle aggregates by spiropyran
functionalization
Kundu, Pintu K.; Das, Sanjib; Ahrens, Johannes; Klajn, Rafal
Nanoscale (2016), 8 (46), 19280-19286CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal
Society of Chemistry)
Novel light-responsive nanoparticles were synthesized by decorating the
surfaces of gold and silver nanoparticles with a nitrospiropyran mol.
photoswitch. Upon exposure to UV light in nonpolar solvents, these
nanoparticles self-assembled to afford spherical aggregates, which
disassembled rapidly when the UV stimulus was turned off. The sizes of
these aggregates depended on the nanoparticle concn., and their lifetimes
could be controlled by adjusting the surface concn. of nitrospiropyran on
the nanoparticles. The conformational flexibility of nitrospiropyran,
which was altered by modifying the structure of the background ligand, had
a profound impact on the self-assembly process. By coating the
nanoparticles with a spiropyran lacking the nitro group, a conceptually
different self-assembly system, relying on a reversible proton transfer,
was realized. The resulting particles spontaneously (in the dark)
assembled into aggregates that could be readily disassembled upon exposure
to blue light.
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54. 54
Han, F.; Yan, Z. Phase Transition and Self-Stabilization of Light-Mediated
Metal Nanoparticle Assemblies. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 6616– 6625, DOI:
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Phase Transition and Self-Stabilization of Light-Mediated Metal
Nanoparticle Assemblies
Han, Fei; Yan, Zijie
ACS Nano (2020), 14 (6), 6616-6625CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American
Chemical Society)
Light-mediated self-organization of nanoparticles (NPs) offers a route to
study mesoscale electrodynamics interactions in many-body systems. Here we
report the phase transition and self-stabilization of dynamic assemblies
with up to 101 plasmonic metal NPs in optical fields. The spatial
stability of self-organized NPs is strongly influenced by the laser
intensity and polarization state, where phase transition occurs when the
intensity increases and the polarization changes from linear to circular.
Well-organized NP arrays can form in a circularly polarized laser beam,
where the center of an array is less susceptible to thermal fluctuations
than the edge. Moreover, larger arrays are self-protected from
fluctuation-induced instability by incorporating more NP constituents. The
dynamics of NP arrays can be understood by electrodynamic simulations
coupled with thermal fluctuations and by examg. their potential energy
surfaces. This study clearly reveals the spatial inhomogeneity of optical
binding interactions in a two-dimensional multiparticle system, which is
important for building large-scale optical matter assemblies with NPs.
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55. 55
Tong, X.; Wang, G.; Soldera, A.; Zhao, Y. How Can Azobenzene Block
Copolymer Vesicles Be Dissociated and Reformed by Light?. J. Phys. Chem. B
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54
How Can Azobenzene Block Copolymer Vesicles Be Dissociated and Reformed by
Light?
Tong, Xia; Wang, Guang; Soldera, Armand; Zhao, Yue
Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2005), 109 (43), 20281-20287CODEN:
JPCBFK; ISSN:1520-6106. (American Chemical Society)
The underlying mechanism of UV light-induced dissocn. and visible
light-induced reformation of vesicles formed by an azobenzene diblock
copolymer was investigated. These processes were studied in situ by
monitoring changes in optical transmittance of the vesicular soln. while
being exposed to UV or visible light irradn. The results indicate that the
UV-induced dissocn. of the vesicles results from their thermodn.
instability due to a shift of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance arising
from the trans-cis isomerization, while their reaggregation takes place
upon visible light irradn. that shifts the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance
in the opposite direction after the reverse cis-trans isomerization. The
study suggests a specific design principle for obtaining UV
light-dissociable and visible light-recoverable vesicles based on
azobenzene block copolymers. On one hand, the structure of azobenzene
moiety used in the hydrophobic block should have a small (near zero)
dipole moment in the trans form and a significantly higher dipole moment
in the cis form, which ensures a significant increase in polarity of the
hydrophobic block under UV light irradn. On the other hand, the
hydrophilic block should be weakly hydrophilic. The conjunction of the two
conditions can make the light-induced shift of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic
balance important enough to lead to the reversible change in vesicular
aggregation.
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56. 56
Zhao, H.; Sen, S.; Udayabhaskararao, T.; Sawczyk, M.; Kučanda, K.; Manna,
D.; Kundu, P. K.; Lee, J.-W.; Král, P.; Klajn, R. Reversible trapping and
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Reversible trapping and reaction acceleration within dynamically
self-assembling nanoflasks
Zhao, Hui; Sen, Soumyo; Udayabhaskararao, T.; Sawczyk, Michal; Kucanda,
Kristina; Manna, Debasish; Kundu, Pintu K.; Lee, Ji-Woong; Kral, Petr;
Klajn, Rafal
Nature Nanotechnology (2016), 11 (1), 82-88CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387.
(Nature Publishing Group)
The chem. behavior of mols. can be significantly modified by confinement
to vols. comparable to the dimensions of the mols. Although such confined
spaces can be found in various nanostructured materials, such as zeolites,
nanoporous org. frameworks and colloidal nanocrystal assemblies, the slow
diffusion of mols. in and out of these materials has greatly hampered
studying the effect of confinement on their physicochem. properties. Here,
we show that this diffusion limitation can be overcome by reversibly
creating and destroying confined environments by means of UV and visible
light irradn. We use colloidal nanocrystals functionalized with
light-responsive ligands that readily self-assemble and trap various mols.
from the surrounding bulk soln. Once trapped, these mols. can undergo
chem. reactions with increased rates and with stereoselectivities
significantly different from those in bulk soln. Illumination with visible
light disassembles these nanoflasks, releasing the product in soln. and
thereby establishes a catalytic cycle. These dynamic nanoflasks can be
useful for studying chem. reactivities in confined environments and for
synthesizing mols. that are otherwise hard to achieve in bulk soln.
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57. 57
Singh, G.; Chan, H.; Baskin, A.; Gelman, E.; Repnin, N.; Král, P.; Klajn,
R. Self-assembly of magnetite nanocubes into helical superstructures.
Science 2014, 345, 1149– 1153, DOI: 10.1126/science.1254132
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Self-assembly of magnetite nanocubes into helical superstructures
Singh, Gurvinder; Chan, Henry; Baskin, Artem; Gelman, Elijah; Repnin,
Nikita; Kral, Petr; Klajn, Rafal
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2014), 345 (6201),
1149-1153CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Organizing inorg. nanocrystals into complex architectures is challenging
and typically relies on preexisting templates, such as properly folded DNA
or polypeptide chains. We found that under carefully controlled
conditions, cubic nanocrystals of magnetite self-assemble into arrays of
helical superstructures in a template-free manner with >99% yield.
Computer simulations revealed that the formation of helixes is detd. by
the interplay of van der Waals and magnetic dipole-dipole interactions,
Zeeman coupling, and entropic forces and can be attributed to spontaneous
formation of chiral nanocube clusters. Neighboring helixes within their
densely packed ensembles tended to adopt the same handedness to maximize
packing, thus revealing a novel mechanism of symmetry breaking and
chirality amplification.
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58. 58
Al Harraq, A.; Lee, J. G.; Bharti, B. Magnetic field–driven assembly and
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59. 59
Xu, W.; Ji, M.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, H.; Wang, L.; Peng, D.-L. Nickel
Colloidal Superparticles: Microemulsion-Based Self-Assembly Preparation
and Their Transition from Room-Temperature Superparamagnetism to
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Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
60. 60
Timonen, J. V. I.; Latikka, M.; Leibler, L.; Ras, R. H. A.; Ikkala, O.
Switchable Static and Dynamic Self-Assembly of Magnetic Droplets on
Superhydrophobic Surfaces. Science 2013, 341, 253– 257, DOI:
10.1126/science.1233775
Google Scholar
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Switchable Static and Dynamic Self-Assembly of Magnetic Droplets on
Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Timonen, Jaakko V. I.; Latikka, Mika; Leibler, Ludwik; Ras, Robin H. A.;
Ikkala, Olli
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2013), 341 (6143), 253-257CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
Self-assembly is a process in which interacting bodies are autonomously
driven into ordered structures. Static structures such as crystals often
form through simple energy minimization, whereas dynamic ones require
continuous energy input to grow and sustain. Dynamic systems are
ubiquitous and biol. but proved challenging to understand and engineer.
Here, the authors bridge the gap from static to dynamic self-assembly by
introducing a model system based on ferrofluid droplets on
superhydrophobic surfaces. The droplets self-assemble under a static
external magnetic field into simple patterns that can be switched to
complicated dynamic dissipative structures by applying a time-varying
magnetic field. The transition between the static and dynamic patterns
involves kinetic trapping and shows complexity that can be directly
visualized.
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61. 61
Erb, R. M.; Son, H. S.; Samanta, B.; Rotello, V. M.; Yellen, B. B.
Magnetic assembly of colloidal superstructures with multipole symmetry.
Nature 2009, 457, 999– 1002, DOI: 10.1038/nature07766
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Magnetic assembly of colloidal superstructures with multipole symmetry
Erb, Randall M.; Son, Hui S.; Samanta, Bappaditya; Rotello, Vincent M.;
Yellen, Benjamin B.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2009), 457 (7232), 999-1002CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
The assembly of complex structures out of simple colloidal building blocks
is of practical interest for building materials with unique optical
properties (for example photonic crystals and DNA biosensors) and is of
fundamental importance in improving the understanding of self-assembly
processes occurring on mol. to macroscopic length scales. Here the authors
demonstrate a self-assembly principle that is capable of organizing a
diverse set of colloidal particles into highly reproducible, rotationally
sym. arrangements. The structures are assembled using the magnetostatic
interaction between effectively diamagnetic and paramagnetic particles
within a magnetized ferrofluid. The resulting multipolar geometries
resemble electrostatic charge configurations such as axial quadrupoles
('Saturn rings'), axial octupoles ('flowers'), linear quadrupoles (poles)
and mixed multipole arrangements ('two tone'), which represent just a few
examples of the type of structure that can be built using this technique.
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62. 62
Santos, P. J.; Gabrys, P. A.; Zornberg, L. Z.; Lee, M. S.; Macfarlane, R.
J. Macroscopic materials assembled from nanoparticle superlattices. Nature
2021, 591, 586– 591, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03355-z
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Macroscopic materials assembled from nanoparticle superlattices
Santos, Peter J.; Gabrys, Paul A.; Zornberg, Leonardo Z.; Lee, Margaret
S.; Macfarlane, Robert J.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2021), 591 (7851), 586-591CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Research)
Nanoparticle assembly has been proposed as an ideal means to program the
hierarchical organization of a material by using a selection of nanoscale
components to build the entire material from the bottom up. Multiscale
structural control is highly desirable because chem. compn., nanoscale
ordering, microstructure and macroscopic form all affect phys.
properties1,2. However, the chem. interactions that typically dictate
nanoparticle ordering3-5 do not inherently provide any means to manipulate
structure at larger length scales6-9. Nanoparticle-based materials
development therefore requires processing strategies to tailor micro- and
macrostructure without sacrificing their self-assembled nanoscale
arrangements. Here we demonstrate methods to rapidly assemble gram-scale
quantities of faceted nanoparticle superlattice crystallites that can be
further shaped into macroscopic objects in a manner analogous to the
sintering of bulk solids. The key advance of this method is that the chem.
interactions that govern nanoparticle assembly remain active during the
subsequent processing steps, which enables the local nanoscale ordering of
the particles to be preserved as the macroscopic materials are formed. The
nano- and microstructure of the bulk solids can be tuned as a function of
the size, chem. makeup and crystallog. symmetry of the superlattice
crystallites, and the micro- and macrostructures can be controlled via
subsequent processing steps. This work therefore provides a versatile
method to simultaneously control structural organization across the mol.
to macroscopic length scales.
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63. 63
Liu, J.; Xiao, M.; Li, C.; Li, H.; Wu, Z.; Zhu, Q.; Tang, R.; Xu, A. B.;
He, L. Rugby-ball-like photonic crystal supraparticles with
non-close-packed structures and multiple magneto-optical responses.
Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2019, 7, 15042– 15048, DOI:
10.1039/C9TC05438C
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There is no corresponding record for this reference.
64. 64
Shah, R. K.; Kim, J.; Weitz, D. A. Janus Supraparticles by Induced Phase
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Janus Supraparticles by Induced Phase Separation of Nanoparticles in
Droplets
Shah, Rhutesh K.; Kim, Jin-Woong; Weitz, David A.
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2009), 21 (19), 1949-1953CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
The authors describe a versatile and robust technique to fabricate Janus
particles with a novel, highly anisotropic, and finely tunable internal
architecture. The authors generate microparticles with one side composed
of a hydrogel and the other side composed predominantly of aggregated
colloidal nanoparticles. The creation of Janus particles with such a
unique internal morphol. is facilitated by the induced phase sepn. of
colloidal nanoparticles in droplets. By using microfluidic devices, this
technique can be used to make extremely monodisperse particles; also, this
technique can also be combined with bulk emulsification methods, such as
membrane emulsification, to produce Janus particles in large quantities
for more com. viable applications. The authors demonstrate the technique
by forming Janus particles with polyacrylamide (PAAm) as the hydrogel and
poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAm, microgels as the nanoparticles. The
thermosensitive nature of the PNIPAm microgels offers a means of control
for precisely tuning the relative vols. of the 2 phases. The functional
dichotomy of the Janus particles can be further enhanced by embedding
different functional materials selectively into any of the 2 sides of the
particles.
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65. 65
Santos, P. J.; Macfarlane, R. J. Reinforcing Supramolecular Bonding with
Magnetic Dipole Interactions to Assemble Dynamic Nanoparticle
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10.1021/jacs.9b11476
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64
Reinforcing Supramolecular Bonding with Magnetic Dipole Interactions to
Assemble Dynamic Nanoparticle Superlattices
Santos, Peter J.; MacFarlane, Robert J.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2020), 142 (3), 1170-1174CODEN:
JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Assembling superparamagnetic particles into ordered lattices is an
attractive means of generating new magnetically responsive materials, and
is commonly achieved by tailoring interparticle interactions as a function
of the ligand coating. However, the inherent linkage between the
collective magnetic behavior of particle arrays and the assembly processes
used to generate them complicates efforts to understand and control
material synthesis. Here, the authors use a synergistic combination of a
chem. force (hydrogen bonding) and magnetic dipole coupling to assemble
polymer-brush coated superparamagnetic Fe oxide nanoparticles, where the
relative strengths of these interactions can be tuned to reinforce one
another and stabilize the resulting superlattice phases. The authors can
precisely control both the dipole-dipole coupling between nanoparticles
and the strength of the ligand-ligand interactions by modifying the
interparticle spacing through changes to the polymer spacer between the
hydrogen bonding groups and the nanoparticles' surface. This results in
modulation of the materials' blocking temp., as well as the stabilization
of a unique superlattice phase that only exists when magnetic coupling
between particles is present. Using magnetic interactions to affect
nanoparticle assembly in conjunction with ligand-mediated interparticle
interactions expands the potential for synthesizing predictable and
controllable nanoparticle-based magnetic composites.
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66. 66
Liu, W.; Kappl, M.; Steffen, W.; Butt, H.-J. Controlling supraparticle
shape and structure by tuning colloidal interactions. J. Colloid Interface
Sci. 2022, 607, 1661– 1670, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.035
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65
Controlling supraparticle shape and structure by tuning colloidal
interactions
Liu, Wendong; Kappl, Michael; Steffen, Werner; Butt, Hans-Jurgen
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (2022), 607 (Part_2),
1661-1670CODEN: JCISA5; ISSN:0021-9797. (Elsevier B.V.)
Assembly of colloids in drying colloidal suspensions on superhydrophobic
surface is influenced by the colloidal interactions, which det. the shape
and interior structure of the assembled supraparticle. The introduction of
salt (electrolyte) into the assembly system is expected to influence the
colloid interactions and packing during the evapn. process. Hence, both
the outer shape and internal structure of supraparticles should be
controlled by varying salt concns. Suspensions of electrostatically
stabilized polystyrene particles with specified salt concns. were chosen
as model systems to conduct the evapn. on a superhydrophobic surface. A
systematic study was performed by regulating the concn. and valency of
salt. The morphol. and interior of supraparticles were carefully
characterized with electron scanning microscopy, while the colloidal
interaction was established using colloidal probe at. force microscopy.
Supraparticles displayed a spherical-to-nonspherical shape change due to
the addn. of salts. The extent of crystn. depended on salt concn. These
changes in shape and structure were correlated with salt-dependent single
colloid interaction forces, which were not previously investigated in
detail in radially sym. evapn. geometry. Our findings are crucial for
understanding assembly behavior during the drying process and offer
guidance for prepg. complex supraparticles to meet specific applications
requirement.
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67. 67
Tang, Y.; Gomez, L.; Lesage, A.; Marino, E.; Kodger, T. E.; Meijer, J.-M.;
Kolpakov, P.; Meng, J.; Zheng, K.; Gregorkiewicz, T.; Schall, P. Highly
Stable Perovskite Supercrystals via Oil-in-Oil Templating. Nano Lett.
2020, 20, 5997– 6004, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02005
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66
Highly Stable Perovskite Supercrystals via Oil-in-Oil Templating
Tang, Yingying; Gomez, Leyre; Lesage, Arnon; Marino, Emanuele; Kodger,
Thomas E.; Meijer, Janne-Mieke; Kolpakov, Paul; Meng, Jie; Zheng, Kaibo;
Gregorkiewicz, Tom; Schall, Peter
Nano Letters (2020), 20 (8), 5997-6004CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
The large-scale assembly control of spherical, cubic, and hexagonal
supercrystals (SCs) of inorg. perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) through
templating by oil-in-oil emulsions is reported. An interplay between the
roundness of the cubic NCs and the tension of the confining droplet
surface sets the superstructure morphol., and this interplay is exploited
to design dense hyperlattices of SCs. The SC films show strongly enhanced
stability for ≥2 mo without obvious structural degrdn. and minor optical
changes. The results on the controlled large-scale assembly of perovskite
NC superstructures provide new prospects for the bottom-up prodn. of
optoelectronic devices based on the microfluidic prodn. of mesoscopic
building blocks.
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68. 68
Forth, J.; Liu, X.; Hasnain, J.; Toor, A.; Miszta, K.; Shi, S.; Geissler,
P. L.; Emrick, T.; Helms, B. A.; Russell, T. P. Reconfigurable Printed
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There is no corresponding record for this reference.
69. 69
Wang, T.; Zhuang, J.; Lynch, J.; Chen, O.; Wang, Z.; Wang, X.; LaMontagne,
D.; Wu, H.; Wang, Z.; Cao, Y. C. Self-Assembled Colloidal Superparticles
from Nanorods. Science 2012, 338, 358– 363, DOI: 10.1126/science.1224221
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68
Self-Assembled Colloidal Superparticles from Nanorods
Wang, Tie; Zhuang, Jiaqi; Lynch, Jared; Chen, Ou; Wang, Zhongliang; Wang,
Xirui; LaMontagne, Derek; Wu, Huimeng; Wang, Zhongwu; Cao, Y. Charles
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2012), 338 (6105), 358-363CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
Colloidal superparticles are nanoparticle assemblies in the form of
colloidal particles. The assembly of nanoscopic objects into mesoscopic or
macroscopic complex architectures allows bottom-up fabrication of
functional materials. We report that the self-assembly of cadmium
selenide-cadmium sulfide (CdSe-CdS) core-shell semiconductor nanorods,
mediated by shape and structural anisotropy, produces mesoscopic colloidal
superparticles having multiple well-defined supercryst. domains. Moreover,
functionality-based anisotropic interactions between these CdSe-CdS
nanorods can be kinetically introduced during the self-assembly and, in
turn, yield single-domain, needle-like superparticles with parallel
alignment of constituent nanorods. Unidirectional patterning of these
mesoscopic needle-like superparticles gives rise to the lateral alignment
of CdSe-CdS nanorods into macroscopic, uniform, freestanding polymer films
that exhibit strong photoluminescence with a striking anisotropy, enabling
their use as downconversion phosphors to create polarized light-emitting
diodes.
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70. 70
Baranov, D.; Fiore, A.; van Huis, M.; Giannini, C.; Falqui, A.; Lafont,
U.; Zandbergen, H.; Zanella, M.; Cingolani, R.; Manna, L. Assembly of
Colloidal Semiconductor Nanorods in Solution by Depletion Attraction. Nano
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69
Assembly of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanorods in Solution by Depletion
Attraction
Baranov, Dmitry; Fiore, Angela; van Huis, Marijn; Giannini, Cinzia;
Falqui, Andrea; Lafont, Ugo; Zandbergen, Henny; Zanella, Marco; Cingolani,
Roberto; Manna, Liberato
Nano Letters (2010), 10 (2), 743-749CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Arranging anisotropic nanoparticles into ordered assemblies remains a
challenging quest requiring innovative and ingenuous approaches. The
variety of interactions present in colloidal solns. of nonspherical inorg.
nanocrystals can be exploited for this purpose. By tuning depletion
attraction forces between hydrophobic colloidal nanorods of
semiconductors, dispersed in an org. solvent, these could be assembled
into 2D monolayers of close-packed hexagonally ordered arrays directly in
soln. Once formed, these layers could be fished onto a substrate, and
sheets of vertically standing rods were fabricated, with no addnl.
external bias applied. Alternatively, the assemblies could be isolated and
redispersed in polar solvents, yielding suspensions of micrometer-sized
sheets which could be chem. treated directly in soln. Depletion attraction
forces were also effective in the shape-selective sepn. of nanorods from
binary mixts. of rods and spheres. The reported procedures have the
potential to enable powerful and cost-effective fabrication approaches to
materials and devices based on self-organized anisotropic nanoparticles.
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71. 71
Marino, E.; Jiang, Z.; Kodger, T. E.; Murray, C. B.; Schall, P. Controlled
Assembly of CdSe Nanoplatelet Thin Films and Nanowires. Langmuir 2023, 39,
12533– 12540, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00933
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72. 72
Wang, D.; Hermes, M.; Kotni, R.; Wu, Y.; Tasios, N.; Liu, Y.; de Nijs, B.;
van der Wee, E. B.; Murray, C. B.; Dijkstra, M.; van Blaaderen, A.
Interplay between spherical confinement and particle shape on the
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There is no corresponding record for this reference.
73. 73
Cherniukh, I.; Raino, G.; Stoferle, T.; Burian, M.; Travesset, A.;
Naumenko, D.; Amenitsch, H.; Erni, R.; Mahrt, R. F.; Bodnarchuk, M. I.;
Kovalenko, M. V. Perovskite-type superlattices from lead halide perovskite
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Perovskite-type superlattices from lead halide perovskite nanocubes
Cherniukh, Ihor; Raino, Gabriele; Stoferle, Thilo; Burian, Max; Travesset,
Alex; Naumenko, Denys; Amenitsch, Heinz; Erni, Rolf; Mahrt, Rainer F.;
Bodnarchuk, Maryna I.; Kovalenko, Maksym V.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2021), 593 (7860), 535-542CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Portfolio)
Perovskite-type (ABO3) binary and ternary nanocrystal superlattices,
created via the shape-directed co-assembly of steric-stabilized, highly
luminescent cubic CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (which occupy the B and/or O
lattice sites), spherical Fe3O4 or NaGdF4 nanocrystals (A sites) and
truncated-cuboid PbS nanocrystals (B sites), are presented. These ABO3
superlattices, as well as the binary NaCl and AlB2 superlattice structures
that the authors demonstrate, exhibit a high degree of orientational
ordering of the CsPbBr3 nanocubes. They also exhibit superfluorescence - a
collective emission that results in a burst of photons with ultrafast
radiative decay (22 ps) that could be tailored for use in ultrabright
(quantum) light sources. The work paves the way for further exploration of
complex, ordered and functionally useful perovskite mesostructures.
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74. 74
Cherniukh, I.; Raino, G.; Sekh, T. V.; Zhu, C.; Shynkarenko, Y.; John, R.
A.; Kobiyama, E.; Mahrt, R. F.; Stoferle, T.; Erni, R.; Kovalenko, M. V.;
Bodnarchuk, M. I. Shape-Directed Co-Assembly of Lead Halide Perovskite
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202
Shape-Directed Co-Assembly of Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocubes with
Dielectric Nanodisks into Binary Nanocrystal Superlattices
Cherniukh, Ihor; Raino, Gabriele; Sekh, Taras V.; Zhu, Chenglian;
Shynkarenko, Yevhen; John, Rohit Abraham; Kobiyama, Etsuki; Mahrt, Rainer
F.; Stoferle, Thilo; Erni, Rolf; Kovalenko, Maksym V.; Bodnarchuk, Maryna
I.
ACS Nano (2021), 15 (10), 16488-16500CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Self-assembly of colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) holds great promise in the
multiscale engineering of solid-state materials, whereby atomically
engineered NC building blocks are arranged into long-range ordered
structures-superlattices (SLs)-with synergistic phys. and chem.
properties. Thus far, the reports have by far focused on single-component
and binary systems of spherical NCs, yielding SLs isostructural with the
known at. lattices. Far greater structural space, beyond the realm of
known lattices, is anticipated from combining NCs of various shapes. Here,
we report on the co-assembly of steric-stabilized CsPbBr3 nanocubes (5.3
nm) with disk-shaped LaF3 NCs (9.2-28.4 nm in diam., 1.6 nm in thickness)
into binary SLs, yielding six columnar structures with AB, AB2, AB4, and
AB6 stoichiometry, not obsd. before and in our ref. expts. with NC systems
comprising spheres and disks. This striking effect of the cubic shape is
rationalized herein using packing-d. calcns. Furthermore, in the systems
with comparable dimensions of nanocubes (8.6 nm) and nanodisks (6.5 nm,
9.0 nm, 12.5 nm), other, noncolumnar structures are obsd., such as
ReO3-type SL, featuring intimate intermixing and face-to-face alignment of
disks and cubes, face-centered cubic or simple cubic sublattice of
nanocubes, and two or three disks per one lattice site. Lamellar and
ReO3-type SLs, employing large 8.6 nm CsPbBr3 NCs, exhibit characteristic
features of the collective ultrafast light
emission-superfluorescence-originating from the coherent coupling of
emission dipoles in the excited state.
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75. 75
Cherniukh, I.; Sekh, T. V.; Raino, G.; Ashton, O. J.; Burian, M.;
Travesset, A.; Athanasiou, M.; Manoli, A.; John, R. A.; Svyrydenko, M.;
Morad, V.; Shynkarenko, Y.; Montanarella, F.; Naumenko, D.; Amenitsch, H.;
Itskos, G.; Mahrt, R. F.; Stoferle, T.; Erni, R.; Kovalenko, M. V.;
Bodnarchuk, M. I. Structural Diversity in Multicomponent Nanocrystal
Superlattices Comprising Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocubes. ACS Nano 2022,
16, 7210– 7232, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10702
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203
Structural Diversity in Multicomponent Nanocrystal Superlattices
Comprising Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocubes
Cherniukh, Ihor; Sekh, Taras V.; Raino, Gabriele; Ashton, Olivia J.;
Burian, Max; Travesset, Alex; Athanasiou, Modestos; Manoli, Andreas; John,
Rohit Abraham; Svyrydenko, Mariia; Morad, Viktoriia; Shynkarenko, Yevhen;
Montanarella, Federico; Naumenko, Denys; Amenitsch, Heinz; Itskos,
Grigorios; Mahrt, Rainer F.; Stoferle, Thilo; Erni, Rolf; Kovalenko,
Maksym V.; Bodnarchuk, Maryna I.
ACS Nano (2022), 16 (5), 7210-7232CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American
Chemical Society)
Nanocrystal (NC) self-assembly is a versatile platform for materials
engineering at the mesoscale. The NC shape anisotropy leads to structures
not obsd. with spherical NCs. This work presents a broad structural
diversity in multicomponent, long-range ordered superlattices (SLs)
comprising highly luminescent cubic CsPbBr3 NCs (and FAPbBr3 NCs)
coassembled with the spherical, truncated cuboid, and disk-shaped NC
building blocks. CsPbBr3 nanocubes combined with Fe3O4 or NaGdF4 spheres
and truncated cuboid PbS NCs form binary SLs of six structure types with
high packing d.; namely, AB2, quasi-ternary ABO3, and ABO6 types as well
as previously known NaCl, AlB2, and CuAu types. In these structures,
nanocubes preserve orientational coherence. Combining nanocubes with large
and thick NaGdF4 nanodisks results in the orthorhombic SL resembling CaC2
structure with pairs of CsPbBr3 NCs on one lattice site. Also, we
implement two substrate-free methods of SL formation. Oil-in-oil templated
assembly results in the formation of binary supraparticles. Self-assembly
at the liq.-air interface from the drying soln. cast over the glyceryl
triacetate as subphase yields extended thin films of SLs. Collective
electronic states arise at low temps. from the dense, periodic packing of
NCs, obsd. as sharp red-shifted bands at 6 K in the photoluminescence and
absorption spectra and persisting up to 200 K.
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76. 76
van der Hoeven, J. E.S.; Gurunarayanan, H.; Bransen, M.; de Winter, D.A.
M.; de Jongh, P. E.; van Blaaderen, A. Silica-Coated Gold Nanorod
Supraparticles: A Tunable Platform for Surface Enhanced Raman
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Silica-Coated Gold Nanorod Supraparticles: A Tunable Platform for Surface
Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
van der Hoeven, Jessi E. S.; Gurunarayanan, Harith; Bransen, Maarten; de
Winter, D. A. Matthijs; de Jongh, Petra E.; van Blaaderen, Alfons
Advanced Functional Materials (2022), 32 (27), 2200148CODEN: AFMDC6;
ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Plasmonic nanoparticle assemblies are promising functional materials for
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Gold nanorod (AuNR) assemblies
are of particular interest due to the large, shape-induced local field
enhancement and the tunable surface plasmon resonance of the AuNRs.
Designing the optimal assembly structure for SERS, however, is challenging
and requires a delicate balance between the interparticle distance,
porosity, and wetting of the assembly. Here, a new type of functional
assemblies-called supraparticles-fabricated through the solvent-evapn.
driven assembly of silica-coated gold nanorods into spherical ensembles,
in which the plasmonic coupling and the mass transport is tuned through
the thickness and porosity of the silica shells are introduced. Etching of
the AuNRs allowed fine-tuning of the plasmonic response to the laser
excitation wavelength. Using a correlative SERS-electron microscopy
approach, it is shown that all supraparticles successfully amplified the
Raman signal of the crystal violet probe mols., and that the Raman signal
strongly increased when decreasing the silica shell thickness from 35 to 3
nm, provided that the supraparticles have a sufficiently high porosity.
The supraparticles introduced in this work present a novel class of
materials for sensing, and open up a wide parameter space to optimize
their performance.
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77. 77
Wang, D.; Hermes, M.; Najmr, S.; Tasios, N.; Grau-Carbonell, A.; Liu, Y.;
Bals, S.; Dijkstra, M.; Murray, C. B.; van Blaaderen, A. Structural
diversity in three-dimensional self-assembly of nanoplatelets by spherical
confinement. Nature. Communications 2022, 13, 6001, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-022-33616-y
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There is no corresponding record for this reference.
78. 78
Cui, M.; Emrick, T.; Russell, T. P. Stabilizing Liquid Drops in
Nonequilibrium Shapes by the Interfacial Jamming of Nanoparticles. Science
2013, 342, 460– 463, DOI: 10.1126/science.1242852
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74
Stabilizing Liquid Drops in Nonequilibrium Shapes by the Interfacial
Jamming of Nanoparticles
Cui, Mengmeng; Emrick, Todd; Russell, Thomas P.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2013), 342 (6157), 460-463CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
Nanoparticles assemble at the interface between two fluids into
disordered, liq.-like arrays where the nanoparticles can diffuse laterally
at the interface. Using nanoparticles dispersed in water and amine
end-capped polymers in oil, nanoparticle surfactants are generated in situ
at the interface overcoming the inherent weak forces governing the
interfacial adsorption of nanoparticles. When the shape of the liq. domain
is deformed by an external field, the surface area increases and more
nanoparticles adsorb to the interface. Upon releasing the field, the
interfacial area decreases, jamming the nanoparticle surfactants and
arresting further shape change. The jammed nanoparticles remain disordered
and liq.-like, enabling multiple, consecutive deformation and jamming
events. Further stabilization is realized by replacing monofunctional
ligands with difunctional versions that cross-link the assemblies. The
ability to generate and stabilize liqs. with a prescribed shape poses
opportunities for reactive liq. systems, packaging, delivery, and storage.
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79. 79
Shi, S.; Liu, X.; Li, Y.; Wu, X.; Wang, D.; Forth, J.; Russell, T. P.
Liquid Letters. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705800, DOI:
10.1002/adma.201705800
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There is no corresponding record for this reference.
80. 80
Xia, Y.; Nguyen, T. D.; Yang, M.; Lee, B.; Santos, A.; Podsiadlo, P.;
Tang, Z.; Glotzer, S. C.; Kotov, N. A. Self-assembly of self-limiting
monodisperse supraparticles from polydisperse nanoparticles. Nat.
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Self-assembly of self-limiting monodisperse supraparticles from
polydisperse nanoparticles
Xia, Yunsheng; Nguyen, Trung Dac; Yang, Ming; Lee, Byeongdu; Santos,
Aaron; Podsiadlo, Paul; Tang, Zhiyong; Glotzer, Sharon C.; Kotov, Nicholas
A.
Nature Nanotechnology (2011), 6 (9), 580-587CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387.
(Nature Publishing Group)
Nanoparticles are known to self-assemble into larger structures through
growth processes that typically occur continuously and depend on the
uniformity of the individual nanoparticles. Here, we show that inorg.
nanoparticles with non-uniform size distributions can spontaneously
assemble into uniformly sized supraparticles with core-shell morphologies.
This self-limiting growth process is governed by a balance between
electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals attraction, which is aided by
the broad polydispersity of the nanoparticles. The generic nature of the
interactions creates flexibility in the compn., size and shape of the
constituent nanoparticles, and leads to a large family of self-assembled
structures, including hierarchically organized colloidal crystals.
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81. 81
Chen, O.; Riedemann, L.; Etoc, F.; Herrmann, H.; Coppey, M.; Barch, M.;
Farrar, C. T.; Zhao, J.; Bruns, O. T.; Wei, H.; Guo, P.; Cui, J.; Jensen,
R.; Chen, Y.; Harris, D. K.; Cordero, J. M.; Wang, Z.; Jasanoff, A.;
Fukumura, D.; Reimer, R.; Dahan, M.; Jain, R. K.; Bawendi, M. G.
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5093, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6093
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Magneto-fluorescent core-shell supernanoparticles
Chen, Ou; Riedemann, Lars; Etoc, Fred; Herrmann, Hendrik; Coppey, Mathieu;
Barch, Mariya; Farrar, Christian T.; Zhao, Jing; Bruns, Oliver T.; Wei,
He; Guo, Peng; Cui, Jian; Jensen, Russ; Chen, Yue; Harris, Daniel K.;
Cordero, Jose M.; Wang, Zhongwu; Jasanoff, Alan; Fukumura, Dai; Reimer,
Rudolph; Dahan, Maxime; Jain, Rakesh K.; Bawendi, Moungi G.
Nature Communications (2014), 5 (), 5093CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723.
(Nature Publishing Group)
Magneto-fluorescent particles have been recognized as an emerging class of
materials that exhibit great potential in advanced applications. However,
synthesizing such magneto-fluorescent nanomaterials that simultaneously
exhibit uniform and tunable sizes, high magnetic content loading,
maximized fluorophore coverage at the surface and a versatile surface
functionality has proven challenging. Here we report a simple approach for
co-assembling magnetic nanoparticles with fluorescent quantum dots to form
colloidal magneto-fluorescent supernanoparticles. Importantly, these
supernanoparticles exhibit a superstructure consisting of a close-packed
magnetic nanoparticle 'core', which is fully surrounded by a 'shell' of
fluorescent quantum dots. A thin layer of silica coating provides high
colloidal stability and biocompatibility, and a versatile surface
functionality. We demonstrate that after surface pegylation, these
silica-coated magneto-fluorescent supernanoparticles can be magnetically
manipulated inside living cells while being optically tracked. Moreover,
our silica-coated magneto-fluorescent supernanoparticles can also serve as
an in vivo multi-photon and magnetic resonance dual-modal imaging probe.
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82. 82
Lee, D.; Weitz, D. A. Double Emulsion-Templated Nanoparticle Colloidosomes
with Selective Permeability. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3498– 3503, DOI:
10.1002/adma.200800918
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Double emulsion-templated nanoparticle colloidosomes with selective
permeability
Lee, Daeyeon; Weitz, David A.
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2008), 20 (18), 3498-3503CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Nanoparticle colloidosomes, shown in the SEM image, are generated by using
water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions as templates. Hydrophobic silica
nanoparticles that are dispersed in the oil phase stabilize the double
emulsions, and subsequently become the shell of the colloidosomes upon
removal of the org. solvent as shown in the figure.
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83. 83
Vasiliauskas, R.; Liu, D.; Cito, S.; Zhang, H.; Shahbazi, M.-A.; Sikanen,
T.; Mazutis, L.; Santos, H. A. Simple Microfluidic Approach to Fabricate
Monodisperse Hollow Microparticles for Multidrug Delivery. ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 14822– 14832, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04824
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Simple Microfluidic Approach to Fabricate Monodisperse Hollow
Microparticles for Multidrug Delivery
Vasiliauskas, Remigijus; Liu, Dongfei; Cito, Salvatore; Zhang, Hongbo;
Shahbazi, Mohammad-Ali; Sikanen, Tiina; Mazutis, Linas; Santos, Helder A.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2015), 7 (27), 14822-14832CODEN:
AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
Herein, we report the prodn. of monodisperse hollow microparticles from
three different polymers, namely, pH-responsive acetylated dextran and
hypromellose acetate succinate and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic
acid), at varying polymer concns. using a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based
microfluidic device. Hollow microparticles formed during solvent diffusion
into the continuous phase when the polymer close to the interface
solidified, forming the shell. In the inner part of the particle, phase
sepn. induced solvent droplet formation, which dissolved the shell,
forming a hole and a hollow-core particle. Computational simulations
showed that, despite the presence of convective recirculation around the
droplet, the mass-transfer rate of the solvent dissoln. from the droplet
to the surrounding phase was dominated by diffusion. To illustrate the
potential use of hollow microparticles, we simultaneously encapsulated two
anticancer drugs and investigated their loading and release profiles. In
addn., by utilizing different polymer shells and polymer concns., the
release profiles of the model drugs could be tailored according to
specific demands and applications. The high encapsulation efficiency,
controlled drug release, unique hollow microparticle structure, small
particle size (<7 μm), and flexibility of the polymer choice could make
these microparticles advanced platforms for pulmonary drug delivery.
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84. 84
Park, J.; Nie, Z.; Kumachev, A.; Abdelrahman, A.; Binks, B.; Stone, H.;
Kumacheva, E. A Microfluidic Approach to Chemically Driven Assembly of
Colloidal Particles at Gas–Liquid Interfaces. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009,
48, 5300– 5304, DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805204
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
85. 85
Duan, R.; Zhang, Z.; Xiao, L.; Zhao, X.; Thung, Y. T.; Ding, L.; Liu, Z.;
Yang, J.; Ta, V. D.; Sun, H. Ultralow-Threshold and High-Quality
Whispering-Gallery-Mode Lasing from Colloidal Core/Hybrid-Shell Quantum
Wells. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2108884, DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108884
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81
Ultralow-Threshold and High-Quality Whispering-Gallery-Mode Lasing from
Colloidal Core/Hybrid-Shell Quantum Wells
Duan, Rui; Zhang, Zitong; Xiao, Lian; Zhao, Xiaoxu; Thung, Yi Tian; Ding,
Lu; Liu, Zheng; Yang, Jun; Ta, Van Duong; Sun, Handong
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2022), 34 (13), 2108884CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
The realization of efficient on-chip microlasers with scalable
fabrication, ultralow threshold, and stable single-frequency operation is
always desired for a wide range of miniaturized photonic systems. Herein,
an effective way to fabricate nanostructures- whispering-gallery-mode
(WGM) lasers by drop-casting CdSe/CdS@Cd1-xZnxS
core/buffer-shell@graded-shell nanoplatelets (NPLs) dispersion onto silica
microspheres is presented. Benefiting from the excellent gain properties
from the interface engineered core/hybrid shell NPLs and high-quality
factor WGM resonator from excellent optical field confinement, the
proposed room-temp. NPLs-WGM microlasers show a record-low lasing
threshold of 3.26μJ cm-2 under nanosecond laser pumping among all
colloidal NPLs-based lasing demonstrations. The presence of sharp discrete
transverse elec.- and magnetic-mode spikes, the inversely proportional
dependence of the free spectra range on microsphere sizes and the
polarization anisotropy of laser output represent the first direct exptl.
evidence for NPLs-WGM lasing nature, which is verified theor. by the
computed elec.-field distribution inside the microcavity. Remarkably, a
stable single-mode lasing output with an ultralow lasing threshold of
3.84μJ cm-2 is achieved by the Vernier effect through evanescent field
coupling. The results highlight the significance of interface engineering
on the optimization of gain properties of heterostructured nanomaterials
and shed light on developing future miniaturized tunable coherent light
sources.
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86. 86
Yang, Z.; Altantzis, T.; Zanaga, D.; Bals, S.; Tendeloo, G. V.; Pileni,
M.-P. Supracrystalline Colloidal Eggs: Epitaxial Growth and Freestanding
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82
Supracrystalline Colloidal Eggs: Epitaxial Growth and Freestanding
Three-Dimensional Supracrystals in Nanoscaled Colloidosomes
Yang, Zhijie; Altantzis, Thomas; Zanaga, Daniele; Bals, Sara; Van
Tendeloo, Gustaaf; Pileni, Marie-Paule
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2016), 138 (10), 3493-3500CODEN:
JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Here, the authors report the design of a new system called "supracryst.
colloidal eggs" formed by controlled assembly of nanocrystals into complex
colloidal supracrystals through superlattice-matched epitaxial overgrowth
along the existing colloidosomes. Then, with this concept, the authors
extend the supracryst. growth to lattice-mismatched binary nanocrystal
superlattices, in order to reach anisotropic superlattice growths,
yielding freestanding binary nanocrystal supracrystals that could not be
produced previously.
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87. 87
Liu, W.; Midya, J.; Kappl, M.; Butt, H.-J.; Nikoubashman, A. Segregation
in Drying Binary Colloidal Droplets. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 4972– 4979, DOI:
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83
Segregation in Drying Binary Colloidal Droplets
Liu, Wendong; Midya, Jiarul; Kappl, Michael; Butt, Hans-Juergen;
Nikoubashman, Arash
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (5), 4972-4979CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American
Chemical Society)
When a colloidal suspension droplet evaps. from a solid surface, it leaves
a characteristic deposit in the contact region. These deposits are common
and important for many applications in printing, coating, or washing. By
the use of superamphiphobic surfaces as a substrate, the contact area can
be reduced so that evapn. is almost radially sym. While drying, the
droplets maintain a nearly perfect spherical shape. Here, we exploit this
phenomenon to fabricate supraparticles from bidisperse colloidal aq.
suspensions. The supraparticles have a core-shell morphol. The outer
region is predominantly occupied by small colloids, forming a close-packed
cryst. structure. Toward the center, the no. of large colloids increases
and they are packed amorphously. The extent of this stratification
decreases with decreasing the evapn. rate. Complementary simulations
indicate that evapn. leads to a local increase in d., which, in turn,
exerts stronger inward forces on the larger colloids. A comparison between
expts. and simulations suggest that hydrodynamic interactions between the
suspended colloids reduce the extent of stratification. Our findings are
relevant for the fabrication of supraparticles for applications in the
fields of chromatog., catalysis, drug delivery, photonics, and a better
understanding of spray-drying.
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88. 88
Utada, A. S.; Lorenceau, E.; Link, D. R.; Kaplan, P. D.; Stone, H. A.;
Weitz, D. A. Monodisperse Double Emulsions Generated from a Microcapillary
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Monodisperse Double Emulsions Generated from a Microcapillary Device
Utada, A. S.; Lorenceau, E.; Link, D. R.; Kaplan, P. D.; Stone, H. A.;
Weitz, D. A.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2005), 308 (5721), 537-541CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
Double emulsions are highly structured fluids consisting of emulsion drops
that contain smaller droplets inside. Although double emulsions are
potentially of com. value, traditional fabrication by means of two
emulsification steps leads to very ill-controlled structuring. Using a
microcapillary device, we fabricated double emulsions that contained a
single internal droplet in a core-shell geometry. We show that the droplet
size can be quant. predicted from the flow profiles of the fluids. The
double emulsions were used to generate encapsulation structures by
manipulating the properties of the fluid that makes up the shell. The high
degree of control afforded by this method and the completely sep. fluid
streams make this a flexible and promising technique.
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89. 89
Kotov, N. A. The art of empty space. Science 2017, 358, 448– 448, DOI:
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The art of empty space
Kotov, Nicholas A.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2017), 358 (6362), 448CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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90. 90
Wooh, S.; Huesmann, H.; Tahir, M. N.; Paven, M.; Wichmann, K.; Vollmer,
D.; Tremel, W.; Papadopoulos, P.; Butt, H. Synthesis of Mesoporous
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Synthesis of Mesoporous Supraparticles on Superamphiphobic Surfaces
Wooh, Sanghyuk; Huesmann, Hannah; Tahir, Muhammad Nawaz; Paven, Maxime;
Wichmann, Kristina; Vollmer, Doris; Tremel, Wolfgang; Papadopoulos,
Periklis; Butt, Hans-Juergen
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (45), 7338-7343CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
A generalized solvent-free fabrication process for mesoporous
supraparticles from nanoparticle (NP) dispersions on superamphiphobic
surface is reported. As a result of the strong liq. repellence of the
superamphiphobic surface, NP dispersion drops do not pin at the surface
during evapn. but the contact line recedes easily. This leads to the
formation of spherical mesoporous supraparticles, and the particles can be
removed easily from the superamphiphobic surfaces. Avoiding solvents
prevents the contamination of a continuous phase by side products and org.
auxiliaries such as templating surfactants, or stabilizers, starting
compds., etc. Particle size, compn., and architecture (e.g., heterogeneous
particle and core/shell particle) can be varied by choosing the drop vol.,
concn., type of NP, and sequence of deposition and evapn. steps.
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91. 91
Liu, W.; Kappl, M.; Butt, H.-J. Tuning the Porosity of Supraparticles. ACS
Nano 2019, 13, 13949– 13956, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05673
Google Scholar
87
Tuning the Porosity of Supraparticles
Liu, Wendong; Kappl, Michael; Butt, Hans-Juergen
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (12), 13949-13956CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Supraparticles consisting of nano- or microparticles have potential
applications as, for example, photonic crystals, drug carriers, or
heterogeneous catalysts. To avoid the use of solvent or processing liq.,
one can make supraparticles by evapg. droplets of aq. suspensions from
super-liq.-repellent surfaces. Herein, a method to adjust the porosity of
supraparticles is described; a high porosity is desired, for example, in
catalysis. To prep. highly porous TiO2 supraparticles, polymer
nanoparticles are co-dispersed in the suspension. Supraparticles are
formed through evapn. of aq. suspension droplets on superamphiphobic
surfaces followed by calcination of the sacrificial polymer particles. The
increase of porosity of up to 92% resulted in enhanced photocatalytic
activity while maintaining sufficient mech. stability.
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92. 92
Huang, J.-Y.; Xu, H.; Peretz, E.; Wu, D.-Y.; Ober, C. K.; Hanrath, T.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Hierarchical Porous Architectures. Chem.
Mater. 2019, 31, 10017– 10022, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02761
Google Scholar
88
Three-Dimensional Printing of Hierarchical Porous Architectures
Huang, Jen-Yu; Xu, Hong; Peretz, Eliad; Wu, Dung-Yi; Ober, Christopher K.;
Hanrath, Tobias
Chemistry of Materials (2019), 31 (24), 10017-10022CODEN: CMATEX;
ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
Concurrent advances in the programmable synthesis of nanostructured
materials and additive three-dimensional (3D) manufg. have created a rich
and exciting opportunity space to fabricate novel materials and devices.
In particular, creating complex hierarchical device geometries from
mesoporous materials presents several scientifically interesting and
technol. relevant challenges. Here, we show how digital light processing
of photoresponsive building block defined by an oxozirconium methacrylate
cluster with 12 methacrylic acid ligands can be used to enable the
creation of complex superstructures characterized by multilevel porous
networks. Inspired by similarly complex 3D hierarchical mesoporous
structures ubiquitous in nature, we demonstrated the fabrication of a 3D
leaf as a proof of concept. This work demonstrates how exciting
opportunity space emerging at the intersection of inorg. building blocks,
mesoporous materials, and 3D digital light processing opens new pathways
to create functional hierarchical superstructures and devices with complex
geometries.
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93. 93
Patel, M.; Alvarez-Fernandez, A.; Fornerod, M. J.; Radhakrishnan, A. N.
P.; Taylor, A.; Ten Chua, S.; Vignolini, S.; Schmidt-Hansberg, B.; Iles,
A.; Guldin, S. Liquid Crystal-Templated Porous Microparticles via
Photopolymerization of Temperature-Induced Droplets in a Binary Liquid
Mixture. ACS Omega 2023, 8, 20404– 20411, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00490
Google Scholar
89
Liquid Crystal-Templated Porous Microparticles via Photopolymerization of
Temperature-Induced Droplets in a Binary Liquid Mixture
Patel, Mehzabin; Alvarez-Fernandez, Alberto; Fornerod, Maximiliano Jara;
Radhakrishnan, Anand N. P.; Taylor, Alaric; Ten Chua, Singg; Vignolini,
Silvia; Schmidt-Hansberg, Benjamin; Iles, Alexander; Guldin, Stefan
ACS Omega (2023), 8 (23), 20404-20411CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343.
(American Chemical Society)
Porous polymeric microspheres are an emerging class of materials, offering
stimuli-responsive cargo uptake and release. Herein, we describe a new
approach to fabricate porous microspheres based on temp.-induced droplet
formation and light-induced polymn. Microparticles were prepd. by
exploiting the partial miscibility of a thermotropic liq. crystal (LC)
mixt. composed of 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB, unreactive mesogens)
with 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene bis4-[3-(acryloyloxy)propoxy] benzoate (RM257,
reactive mesogens) in methanol (MeOH). Isotropic 5CB/RM257-rich droplets
were generated by cooling below the binodal curve (20°C), and the
isotropic-to-nematic transition occurred after cooling below 0°C. The
resulting 5CB/RM257-rich droplets with radial configuration were
subsequently polymd. under UV light, resulting in nematic microparticles.
Upon heating the mixt., the 5CB mesogens underwent a nematic-isotropic
transition and eventually became homogeneous with MeOH, while the polymd.
RM257 preserved its radial configuration. Repeated cycles of cooling and
heating resulted in swelling and shrinking of the porous microparticles.
The use of a reversible materials templating approach to obtain porous
microparticles provides new insights into binary liq. manipulation and
potential for microparticle prodn.
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94. 94
Sultan, U.; Götz, A.; Schlumberger, C.; Drobek, D.; Bleyer, G.; Walter,
T.; Löwer, E.; Peuker, U. A.; Thommes, M.; Spiecker, E.; Apeleo Zubiri,
B.; Inayat, A.; Vogel, N. From Meso to Macro: Controlling Hierarchical
Porosity in Supraparticle Powders. Small 2023, 19, 2370200, DOI:
10.1002/smll.202370200
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
95. 95
Fujiwara, A.; Wang, J.; Hiraide, S.; Götz, A.; Miyahara, M. T.; Hartmann,
M.; Apeleo Zubiri, B.; Spiecker, E.; Vogel, N.; Watanabe, S. Fast
Gas-Adsorption Kinetics in Supraparticle-Based MOF Packings with
Hierarchical Porosity. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2305980, DOI:
10.1002/adma.202305980
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
96. 96
Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; Bleyer, G.; Goerlitzer, E. S. A.; Englisch, S.;
Przybilla, T.; Mbah, C. F.; Engel, M.; Spiecker, E.; Imaz, I.; Maspoch,
D.; Vogel, N. Coloration in Supraparticles Assembled from Polyhedral
Metal-Organic Framework Particles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61,
e202117455, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117455
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92
Coloration in Supraparticles Assembled from Polyhedral Metal-Organic
Framework Particles
Wang, Junwei; Liu, Yang; Bleyer, Gudrun; Goerlitzer, Eric S. A.; Englisch,
Silvan; Przybilla, Thomas; Mbah, Chrameh Fru; Engel, Michael; Spiecker,
Erdmann; Imaz, Inhar; Maspoch, Daniel; Vogel, Nicolas
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2022), 61 (16), e202117455CODEN:
ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Supraparticles are spherical colloidal crystals prepd. by confined
self-assembly processes. A particularly appealing property of these
microscale structures is the structural color arising from interference of
light with their building blocks. Here, we assemble supraparticles with
high structural order that exhibit coloration from uniform, polyhedral
metal-org. framework (MOF) particles. We analyze the structural coloration
as a function of the size of these anisotropic building blocks and their
internal structure. We attribute the angle-dependent coloration of the MOF
supraparticles to the presence of ordered, onion-like layers at the
outermost regions. Surprisingly, even though different shapes of the MOF
particles have different propensities to form these onion layers, all
supraparticle dispersions show well-visible macroscopic coloration,
indicating that local ordering is sufficient to generate interference
effects.
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97. 97
Tang, L.; Vo, T.; Fan, X.; Vecchio, D.; Ma, T.; Lu, J.; Hou, H.; Glotzer,
S. C.; Kotov, N. A. Self-Assembly Mechanism of Complex Corrugated
Particles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 19655– 19667, DOI:
10.1021/jacs.1c05488
Google Scholar
93
Self-Assembly Mechanism of Complex Corrugated Particles
Tang, Lanqin; Vo, Thi; Fan, Xiaoxing; Vecchio, Drew; Ma, Tao; Lu, Jun;
Hou, Harrison; Glotzer, Sharon C.; Kotov, Nicholas A.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2021), 143 (47),
19655-19667CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
A variety of inorg. nanoscale materials produce microscale particles with
highly corrugated geometries, but the mechanism of their formation remains
unknown. Here we found that uniformly sized CdS-based hedgehog particles
(HPs) self-assemble from polydisperse nanoparticles (NPs) with diams. of
1.0-4.0 nm. The typical diams. of HPs and spikes are 1770 ± 180 and 28 ± 3
nm, resp. Depending on the temp., solvent, and reaction times, the NPs
self-assemble into nanorods, nanorod aggregates, low-corrugation
particles, and other HP-related particles with complexity indexes ranging
from 0 to 23.7. We show that "hedgehog", other geometries, and topologies
of highly corrugated particles originate from the thermodn. preference of
polydisperse NPs to attach to the growing nanoscale cluster when
electrostatic repulsion competes with van der Waals attraction. Theor.
models and simulations of the self-assembly accounting for the competition
of attractive and repulsive interactions in electrolytes accurately
describe particle morphol., growth stages, and the spectrum of obsd.
products. When kinetic parameters are included in the models, the
formation of corrugated particles with surfaces decorated by nanosheets,
known as flower-like particles, were theor. predicted and exptl. obsd. The
generality of the proposed mechanism was demonstrated for the formation of
mixed HPs via a combination of CdS and Co3O4 NPs. With unusually high
dispersion stability of HPs in unfavorable solvents including liq. CO2,
mechanistic insights into HP formation are essential for their structural
adaptation for applications from energy storage, catalysis, water
treatment, and others.
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98. 98
Elbert, K. C.; Vo, T.; Oh, D.; Bharti, H.; Glotzer, S. C.; Murray, C. B.
Evaporation-Driven Coassembly of Hierarchical, Multicomponent Networks.
ACS Nano 2022, 16, 4508– 4516, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10922
Google Scholar
94
Evaporation-Driven Coassembly of Hierarchical, Multicomponent Networks
Elbert, Katherine C.; Vo, Thi; Oh, Deborah; Bharti, Harshit; Glotzer,
Sharon C.; Murray, Christopher B.
ACS Nano (2022), 16 (3), 4508-4516CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American
Chemical Society)
Self-assembly is an increasingly popular approach to systematically
control the formation of complex, multicomponent materials with structural
features orders of magnitude larger than the constituent colloidal
nanocrystals. Common approaches often involve templating via prefabricated
patterns to control particle organization- or programming-specific
interactions between individual building blocks. While effective, such
fabrication methods suffer from major bottlenecks due to the complexity
required in mask creation for patterning or surface modification
techniques needed to program directed interactions between particles.
Here, we propose an alternative strategy that aims to bypass such
limitations. First, we design a ligand structure that can bridge two
distinct nanocrystal types. Then, by leveraging the solvent's evaporative
dynamics to drive particle organization, we direct a cross-linked,
multicomponent system of nanocrystals to organize hierarchically into
ordered, open-network structures with domain sizes orders of magnitude
larger than the constituent building blocks. We employ simulation and
theory to rationalize the driving forces governing this evapn.-driven
process, showing excellent agreement across theory, simulations, and
expts. These results suggest that evapn.-driven organization can be a
powerful approach to designing and fabricating hierarchical,
multifunctional materials.
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99. 99
Marino, E.; Vo, T.; Gonzalez, C.; Rosen, D. J.; Neuhaus, S. J.; Sciortino,
A.; Bharti, H.; Keller, A. W.; Kagan, C. R.; Cannas, M.; Messina, F.;
Glotzer, S. C.; Murray, C. B. Porous Magneto-Fluorescent Superparticles by
Rapid Emulsion Densification. Chem. Mater. 2024, DOI:
10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03209
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
100. 100
Zhang, F.; Liu, R.; Wei, Y.; Wei, J.; Yang, Z. Self-Assembled Open Porous
Nanoparticle Superstructures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 11662– 11669,
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04784
Google Scholar
95
Self-Assembled Open Porous Nanoparticle Superstructures
Zhang, Fenghua; Liu, Rongjuan; Wei, Yanze; Wei, Jingjing; Yang, Zhijie
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2021), 143 (30),
11662-11669CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Imparting porosity to inorg. nanoparticle assemblies to build up
self-assembled open porous nanoparticle superstructures represents one of
the most challenging issues and will reshape the property and application
scope of traditional inorg. nanoparticle solids. Herein, we discovered how
to engineer open pores into diverse ordered nanoparticle superstructures
via their inclusion-induced assembly within 1D nanotubes, akin to the mol.
host-guest complexation. The open porous structure of self-assembled
composites is generated from nonclose-packing of nanoparticles in 1D
confined space. Tuning the size ratios of the tube-to-nanoparticle enables
the structural modulation of these porous nanoparticle superstructures,
with symmetries such as C1, zigzag, C2, C4, and C5. Moreover, when the
internal surface of the nanotubes is blocked by mol. additives, the
nanoparticles would switch their assembly pathway and self-assemble on the
external surface of the nanotubes without the formation of porous
nanoparticle assemblies. We also show that the open porous nanoparticle
superstructures can be ideal candidate for catalysis with accelerated
reaction rates.
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101. 101
Zheng, J.; Guo, G.; Li, H.; Wang, L.; Wang, B.; Yu, H.; Yan, Y.; Yang, D.;
Dong, A. Elaborately Designed Micro–Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Spheres as
Efficient Polysulfide Reservoir for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. ACS Energy
Letters 2017, 2, 1105– 1114, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00230
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
102. 102
Guntern, Y. T.; Vávra, J.; Karve, V. V.; Varandili, S. B.; Segura Lecina,
O.; Gadiyar, C.; Buonsanti, R. Synthetic Tunability of Colloidal Covalent
Organic Framework/Nanocrystal Hybrids. Chem. Mater. 2021, 33, 2646– 2654,
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00501
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97
Synthetic Tunability of Colloidal Covalent Organic Framework/Nanocrystal
Hybrids
Guntern, Yannick T.; Vavra, Jan; Karve, Vikram V.; Varandili, Seyedeh
Behnaz; Segura Lecina, Ona; Gadiyar, Chethana; Buonsanti, Raffaella
Chemistry of Materials (2021), 33 (7), 2646-2654CODEN: CMATEX;
ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
The combination of porous reticular frameworks and nanocrystals (NCs)
offers a rich playground to design materials with functionalities, which
are beneficial for a large variety of applications. Achieving
compositional and structural tunability of these hybrid platforms is not
trivial, and new approaches driven by the understanding of their formation
mechanism are needed. Here, we present a synthetic route to encapsulate
NCs of various sizes, shapes, and compns. in the microporous imine-linked
covalent org. framework (COF) LZU1. The tunable NC@LZU1 core-shell hybrids
are synthesized by combining colloidal chem. and homogeneous
microwave-assisted syntheses, an approach that allows tailoring of the
shell thickness while ensuring COF crystallinity in the presence of the
NCs. The uniform morphologies of these new composite materials along with
their colloidal nature enable insights into their formation mechanism.
Having learned that the COFs heterogeneously nucleate on the NC seeds, we
further expand the synthetic approach by developing a step-by-step
encapsulation strategy. Here, we gain control over the spatial
distribution of various NCs within multilayered NC@LZU1@NC@LZU1
core-shell-core-shell hybrids and also form yolk-shell nanostructures. The
synthetic route is general and applicable to a broad variety of NCs (with
catalytic, magnetic, or optical properties), thus revealing a new way to
impart functionalities to COFs.
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103. 103
Bahng, J. H.; Yeom, B.; Wang, Y.; Tung, S. O.; Hoff, J. D.; Kotov, N.
Anomalous dispersions of ’hedgehog’ particles. Nature 2015, 517, 596– 599,
DOI: 10.1038/nature14092
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98
Anomalous dispersions of 'hedgehog' particles
Bahng, Joong Hwan; Yeom, Bongjun; Wang, Yichun; Tung, Siu On; Hoff, J.
Damon; Kotov, Nicholas
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2015), 517 (7536), 596-599CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
Hydrophobic particles in H2O and hydrophilic particles in oil aggregate,
but can form colloidal dispersions if their surfaces are chem. camouflaged
with surfactants, org. tethers, adsorbed polymers or other particles that
impart affinity for the solvent and increase interparticle repulsion. A
different strategy for modulating the interaction between a solid and a
liq. uses surface corrugation, which gives rise to unique wetting
behavior. This topog. effect can also be used to disperse particles in a
wide range of solvents without recourse to chems. to camouflage the
particles' surfaces: the authors produce micrometre-sized particles that
are coated with stiff, nanoscale spikes and exhibit long-term colloidal
stability in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic media. These hedgehog
particles do not interpenetrate each other with their spikes, which
markedly decreases the contact area between the particles and, therefore,
the attractive forces between them. The trapping of air in aq.
dispersions, solvent autoionization at highly developed interfaces, and
long-range electrostatic repulsion in org. media also contribute to the
colloidal stability of the particles. The unusual dispersion behavior of
the hedgehog particles, overturning the notion that like dissolves like,
might help to mitigate adverse environmental effects of the use of
surfactants and volatile org. solvents, and deepens the understanding of
interparticle interactions and nanoscale colloidal chem.
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104. 104
Montjoy, D. G.; Hou, H.; Bahng, J. H.; Kotov, N. A. Omnidispersible
Microscale Colloids with Nanoscale Polymeric Spikes. Chem. Mater. 2020,
32, 9897– 9905, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02472
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
105. 105
Jiang, W. Emergence of complexity in hierarchically organized chiral
particles. Science 2020, 368, 642– 648, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7949
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100
Emergence of complexity in hierarchically organized chiral particles
Jiang, Wenfeng; Qu, Zhi-bei; Kumar, Prashant; Vecchio, Drew; Wang, Yuefei;
Ma, Yu; Bahng, Joong Hwan; Bernardino, Kalil; Gomes, Weverson R.;
Colombari, Felippe M.; Lozada-Blanco, Asdrubal; Veksler, Michael; Marino,
Emanuele; Simon, Alex; Murray, Christopher; Muniz, Sergio Ricardo; de
Moura, Andre F.; Kotov, Nicholas A.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2020), 368 (6491), 642-648CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
The structural complexity of composite biomaterials and biomineralized
particles arises from the hierarchical ordering of inorg. building blocks
over multiple scales. Although empirical observations of complex
nanoassemblies are abundant, the physicochem. mechanisms leading to their
geometrical complexity are still puzzling, esp. for nonuniformly sized
components. We report the self-assembly of hierarchically organized
particles (HOPs) from polydisperse gold thiolate nanoplatelets with
cysteine surface ligands. Graph theory methods indicate that these HOPs,
which feature twisted spikes and other morphologies, display higher
complexity than their biol. counterparts. Their intricate organization
emerges from competing chirality-dependent assembly restrictions that
render assembly pathways primarily dependent on nanoparticle symmetry
rather than size. These findings and HOP phase diagrams open a pathway to
a large family of colloids with complex architectures and unusual
chiroptical and chem. properties.
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106. 106
Kumar, P. Photonically active bowtie nanoassemblies with chirality
continuum. Nature 2023, 615, 418– 424, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05733-1
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101
Photonically active bowtie nanoassemblies with chirality continuum
Kumar, Prashant; Vo, Thi; Cha, Minjeong; Visheratina, Anastasia; Kim,
Ji-Young; Xu, Wenqian; Schwartz, Jonathan; Simon, Alexander; Katz, Daniel;
Nicu, Valentin Paul; Marino, Emanuele; Choi, Won Jin; Veksler, Michael;
Chen, Si; Murray, Christopher; Hovden, Robert; Glotzer, Sharon; Kotov,
Nicholas A.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2023), 615 (7952), 418-424CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:1476-4687. (Nature Portfolio)
Chirality is a geometrical property described by continuous math.
functions1-5. However, in chem. disciplines, chirality is often treated as
a binary left or right characteristic of mols. rather than a continuity of
chiral shapes. Although they are theor. possible, a family of stable chem.
structures with similar shapes and progressively tuneable chirality is yet
unknown. Here we show that nanostructured microparticles with an
anisotropic bowtie shape display chirality continuum and can be made with
widely tuneable twist angle, pitch, width, thickness and length. The
self-limited assembly of the bowties enables high synthetic
reproducibility, size monodispersity and computational predictability of
their geometries for different assembly conditions6. The bowtie
nanoassemblies show several strong CD peaks originating from absorptive
and scattering phenomena. Unlike classical chiral mols., these particles
show a continuum of chirality measures2 that correlate exponentially with
the spectral positions of the CD peaks. Bowtie particles with variable
polarization rotation were used to print photonically active metasurfaces
with spectrally tuneable pos. or neg. polarization signatures for light
detection and ranging (LIDAR) devices.
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107. 107
Zhu, B.; Guo, G.; Wu, G.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, A.; Hu, J.; Yang, D.
Preparation of dual layers N-doped Carbon@Mesoporous Carbon@Fe3O4
nanoparticle superlattice and its application in lithium-ion battery. J.
Alloys Compd. 2019, 775, 776– 783, DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.224
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102
Preparation of dual layers N-doped Carbon@Mesoporous Carbon@Fe3O4
nanoparticle superlattice and its application in lithium-ion battery
Zhu, Baixu; Guo, Guannan; Wu, Guanhong; Zhang, Yi; Dong, Angang; Hu,
Jianhua; Yang, Dong
Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2019), 775 (), 776-783CODEN: JALCEU;
ISSN:0925-8388. (Elsevier B.V.)
Nanostructured Fe3O4, as a typical transition metal oxide material, has
been widely used as high capacity anode in lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
In order to further exerting its Li storage capacity, herein, we reported
a rationally designed dual carbon shells coated Fe3O4 nanoparticle (NP)
superlattices with mesoporous carbon (MC) and N-doped carbon (NC) as the
dual shells. The inner mesoporous carbon shell could effectively buffer
the vol. change and promote the cond. of Fe3O4 NP superlattices, and the
outside N-doped carbon shell can ease the structure pulverization. N-doped
carbon@mesoporous carbon@Fe3O4 NP superlattices (NC@MC@Fe3O4 NP
superlattice) showed superior electrochem. performance, including high
specific capacity (838 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g after 150 cycles), unique rate
capacity (322 mAh/g at 5 A/g) and ultrahigh cycling capacity (576 mAh/g at
2 A/g after 500 cycles).
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108. 108
Redl, F. X.; Cho, K.-S.; Murray, C. B.; O’Brien, S. Three-dimensional
binary superlattices of magnetic nanocrystals and semiconductor quantum
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Three-dimensional binary superlattices of magnetic nanocrystals and
semiconductor quantum dots
Redl, F. X.; Cho, K.-S.; Murray, C. B.; O'Brien, S.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2003), 423 (6943), 968-971CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
Recent advances in strategies for synthesizing nanoparticles - such as
semiconductor quantum dots, magnets and noble-metal clusters - have
enabled the precise control of compn., size, shape, crystal structure, and
surface chem. The distinct properties of the resulting nanometer-scale
building blocks can be harnessed in assemblies with new collective
properties, which can be further engineered by controlling interparticle
spacing and by material processing. The study is motivated by the emerging
concept of metamaterials - materials with properties arising from the
controlled interaction of the different nanocrystals in an assembly.
Previous multi-component nanocrystal assemblies have usually resulted in
amorphous or short-range-ordered materials because of non-directional
forces or insufficient mobility during assembly. Here, the authors report
the self-assembly of PbSe semiconductor quantum dots and Fe2O3 magnetic
nanocrystals into precisely ordered three-dimensional superlattices. The
use of specific size ratios directs the assembly of the magnetic and
semiconducting nanoparticles into AB13 or AB2 superlattices with
potentially tunable optical and magnetic properties. This synthesis
concept could ultimately enable the fine-tuning of material responses to
magnetic, elec., optical and mech. stimuli.
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109. 109
Shevchenko, E. V.; Talapin, D. V.; Kotov, N. A.; O’Brien, S.; Murray, C.
B. Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices. Nature 2006,
439, 55– 59, DOI: 10.1038/nature04414
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104
Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices
Shevchenko, Elena V.; Talapin, Dmitri V.; Kotov, Nicholas A.; O'Brien,
Stephen; Murray, Christopher B.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2006), 439 (7072), 55-59CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
Assembly of small building blocks such as atoms, mols. and nanoparticles
into macroscopic structures-i.e., 'bottom up' assembly-is a theme that
runs through chem., biol. and material science. Bacteria, macromols. and
nanoparticles can self-assemble, generating ordered structures with a
precision that challenges current lithog. techniques. The assembly of
nanoparticles of two different materials into a binary nanoparticle
superlattice (BNSL) can provide a general and inexpensive path to a large
variety of materials (metamaterials) with precisely controlled chem.
compn. and tight placement of the components. Maximization of the
nanoparticle packing d. is proposed as the driving force for BNSL
formation, and only a few BNSL structures were predicted to be
thermodynamically stable. Recently, colloidal crystals with
micrometre-scale lattice spacings were grown from oppositely charged
polymethyl methacrylate spheres. Here the authors demonstrate formation of
>15 different BNSL structures, using combinations of semiconducting,
metallic and magnetic nanoparticle building blocks. At least ten of these
colloidal cryst. structures were not reported previously. Elec. charges on
sterically stabilized nanoparticles det. BNSL stoichiometry; addnl.
contributions from entropic, van der Waals, steric and dipolar forces
stabilize the variety of BNSL structures.
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110. 110
Udayabhaskararao, T.; Altantzis, T.; Houben, L.; Coronado-Puchau, M.;
Langer, J.; Popovitz-Biro, R.; Liz-Marzán, L. M.; Vuković, L.; Král, P.;
Bals, S.; Klajn, R. Tunable porous nanoallotropes prepared by
post-assembly etching of binary nanoparticle superlattices. Science 2017,
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Tunable porous nanoallotropes prepared by post-assembly etching of binary
nanoparticle superlattices
Udayabhaskararao, Thumu; Altantzis, Thomas; Houben, Lothar;
Coronado-Puchau, Marc; Langer, Judith; Popovitz-Biro, Ronit; Liz-Marzan,
Luis M.; Vukovic, Lela; Kral, Petr; Bals, Sara; Klajn, Rafal
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2017), 358 (6362), 514-518CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
Self-assembly of inorg. nanoparticles has been used to prep. many
different colloidal crystals, but almost invariably with the restriction
that these particles must be densely packed. This work showed
non-close-packed nanoparticle arrays can be fabricated by selectively
removing one of two components comprising binary nanoparticle
superlattices. First, a variety of binary nanoparticle superlattices were
prepd. at an liq./air interface, including several previously unknown
arrangements. Mol. dynamics simulations showed the particular role of the
liq. in templating superlattice formation not achievable by self-assembly
in bulk soln. Second, upon stabilization, all these binary superlattices
could be transformed into distinct nanoallotropes/nanoporous materials of
the same chem. compn. but differing in their nanoscale architectures.
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111. 111
Yao, L.; Wang, B.; Yang, Y.; Chen, X.; Hu, J.; Yang, D.; Dong, A. In situ
confined-synthesis of mesoporous FeS2@C superparticles and their enhanced
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Google Scholar
106
In situ confined-synthesis of mesoporous FeS2@C superparticles and their
enhanced sodium-ion storage properties
Yao, Luyin; Wang, Biwei; Yang, Yuchi; Chen, Xiao; Hu, Jianhua; Yang, Dong;
Dong, Angang
Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (2019), 55 (9),
1229-1232CODEN: CHCOFS; ISSN:1359-7345. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
Mesoporous FeS2@C superparticles chem. converted from Fe3O4 nanoparticle
superlattices were used as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries with
superior electrochem. performance. The partial etching of Fe3O4
nanoparticles creates appropriate void space, which is beneficial for
confining the growth of ultrasmall FeS2 nanoparticles during sulfidation
and for mitigating vol. change of active materials during cycling.
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112. 112
Han, D.; Yan, Y.; Wei, J.; Wang, B.; Li, T.; Guo, G.; Yang, D.; Xie, S.;
Dong, A. Fine-Tuning the Wall Thickness of Ordered Mesoporous Graphene by
Exploiting Ligand Exchange of Colloidal Nanocrystals. Frontiers in
Chemistry 2017, 5 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00117
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
113. 113
Saunders, A. E.; Shah, P. S.; Sigman, M. B.; Hanrath, T.; Hwang, H. S.;
Lim, K. T.; Johnston, K. P.; Korgel, B. A. Inverse Opal Nanocrystal
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10.1021/nl048846e
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Inverse Opal Nanocrystal Superlattice Films
Saunders, Aaron E.; Shah, Parag S.; Sigman, Michael B., Jr.; Hanrath,
Tobias; Hwang, Ha Soo; Lim, Kwon T.; Johnston, Keith P.; Korgel, Brian A.
Nano Letters (2004), 4 (10), 1943-1948CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
The authors describe the single-step self-organization of nanocrystal
superlattice films infused with spatially ordered arrays of
micrometer-size pores. In a humid atm., H2O droplets condense on the
surface of evapg. thin-film solns. of nanocrystals. Nanocrystals coated
with the appropriate ligands stabilize the H2O droplets, allowing them to
grow to uniform size and ultimately pack into very ordered arrays. The
droplets provide a temporary template that casts an ordered macroporous
nanocrystal film. This process could serve as a reliable bottom-up
self-assembly approach for fabricating two-dimensional waveguides with
tunable optical properties for single-chip integration of photonic and
electronic technologies.
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114. 114
Ohnuki, R.; Sakai, M.; Takeoka, Y.; Yoshioka, S. Optical Characterization
of the Photonic Ball as a Structurally Colored Pigment. Langmuir 2020, 36,
5579– 5587, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00736
Google Scholar
109
Optical Characterization of the Photonic Ball as a Structurally Colored
Pigment
Ohnuki, Ryosuke; Sakai, Miki; Takeoka, Yukikazu; Yoshioka, Shinya
Langmuir (2020), 36 (20), 5579-5587CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463.
(American Chemical Society)
A photonic ball is a spherical colloidal crystal. Because it can exhibit
vivid structural colors, many attempts have been made to apply it as a
structurally colored pigment. However, the optical properties of the
photonic ball are complicated because different crystal planes can be
involved in the coloration mechanism, depending on the size of the
constituent colloidal particles. In this paper, we report a comparative
study of photonic balls consisting of silica particles with sizes ranging
from 220 to 500 nm. We first analyze the reflectance spectra acquired in a
nearly backscattering geometry and confirm that Bragg diffraction from
different crystal planes causes several spectral peaks. Second, the
angular dependence of reflection is exptl. characterized and theor.
analyzed with appropriate models. These analyses and a comparison with a
planar colloidal crystal reveal that the spherical shape plays an
essential role in the minor iridescence of photonic balls. We finally
discuss a method to enhance color satn. by incorporating small
light-absorbing particles. We also discuss the iridescence of the photonic
ball under directional and ambient illumination conditions.
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115. 115
Clough, J. M.; Guimard, E.; Rivet, C.; Sprakel, J.; Kodger, T. E. Photonic
Paints: Structural Pigments Combined with Water-Based Polymeric
Film-Formers for Structurally Colored Coatings. Advanced Optical Materials
2019, 7, 1900218, DOI: 10.1002/adom.201900218
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
116. 116
Parker, R. M.; Zhao, T. H.; Frka-Petesic, B.; Vignolini, S. Cellulose
photonic pigments. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3378, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-022-31079-9
Google Scholar
111
Cellulose photonic pigments
Parker, Richard M.; Zhao, Tianheng H.; Frka-Petesic, Bruno; Vignolini,
Silvia
Nature Communications (2022), 13 (1), 3378CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723.
(Nature Portfolio)
When pursuing sustainable approaches to fabricate photonic structures,
nature can be used as a source of inspiration for both the
nanoarchitecture and the constituent materials. Although several
biomaterials have been promised as suitable candidates for photonic
materials and pigments, their fabrication processes have been limited to
the small to medium-scale prodn. of films. Here, by employing a
substrate-free process, structurally colored microparticles are produced
via the confined self-assembly of a cholesteric cellulose nanocrystal
(CNC) suspension within emulsified microdroplets. Upon drying, the
droplets undergo multiple buckling events, which allow for greater
contraction of the nanostructure than predicted for a spherical geometry.
This buckling, combined with a solvent or thermal post-treatment, enables
the prodn. of dispersions of vibrant red, green, and blue cellulose
photonic pigments. The hierarchical structure of these pigments enables
the deposition of coatings with angular independent color, offering a
consistent visual appearance across a wide range of viewing angles.
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117. 117
Rastogi, V.; Melle, S.; Calderón, O. G.; García, A. A.; Marquez, M.;
Velev, O. D. Synthesis of Light-Diffracting Assemblies from Microspheres
and Nanoparticles in Droplets on a Superhydrophobic Surface. Adv. Mater.
2008, 20, 4263– 4268, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200703008
Google Scholar
112
Synthesis of light-diffracting assemblies from microspheres and
nanoparticles in droplets on a superhydrophobic surface
Rastogi, Vinayak; Melle, Sonia; Calderon, Oscar G.; Garcia, Antonio A.;
Marquez, Manuel; Velev, Orlin D.
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2008), 20 (22), 4263-4268CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Aq. suspension droplets of monodisperse latex or latex and Au
nanoparticles mixts. assume a spherical shape on superhydrophobic
substrates. The drying sessile droplets serve as macroscopic templates for
assembling microspheres into closed-packed structures. Upon illumination,
the supraparticles display discrete colored rings because of the periodic
arrangement of latex particles in the surface layer. The phys. origin of
the colored patterns is explained.
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118. 118
Lim, C. H.; Kang, H.; Kim, S.-H. Colloidal Assembly in Leidenfrost Drops
for Noniridescent Structural Color Pigments. Langmuir 2014, 30, 8350–
8356, DOI: 10.1021/la502157p
Google Scholar
113
Colloidal Assembly in Leidenfrost Drops for Noniridescent Structural Color
Pigments
Lim, Che Ho; Kang, Hyelim; Kim, Shin-Hyun
Langmuir (2014), 30 (28), 8350-8356CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463.
(American Chemical Society)
Photonic microgranules composed of glassy packing of silica particles and
small fraction of carbon black nanoparticles, which show pronounced
structural colors with low angle-dependency, are described. To prep.
isotropic random packing in each microgranule, a Leidenfrost drop, which
is a drop levitated by its own vapor on a hot surface, is employed as a
template for fast consolidation of silica particles. The drop randomly
migrates over the hot surface and rapidly shrinks, while maintaining its
spherical shape, thereby consolidating silica particles to granular
structures. Carbon black nanoparticles incorporated in the microgranules
suppress incoherent multiple scattering, thereby providing improved color
contrast. Therefore, photonic microgranules in a full visible range can be
prepd. by adjusting the size of silica particles with insignificant
whitening.
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119. 119
Wang, J.; Sultan, U.; Goerlitzer, E. S. A.; Mbah, C. F.; Engel, M.; Vogel,
N. Structural Color of Colloidal Clusters as a Tool to Investigate
Structure and Dynamics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1907730, DOI:
10.1002/adfm.201907730
Google Scholar
114
Structural Color of Colloidal Clusters as a Tool to Investigate Structure
and Dynamics
Wang, Junwei; Sultan, Umair; Goerlitzer, Eric S. A.; Mbah, Chrameh Fru;
Engel, Michael; Vogel, Nicolas
Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (26), 1907730CODEN: AFMDC6;
ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Colloidal assemblies have applications as photonic crystals and templates
for functional porous materials. While there has been significant progress
in controlling colloidal assemblies into defined structures, their 3D
order remains difficult to characterize. Simple, low-cost techniques are
sought that characterize colloidal structures and assist optimization of
process parameters. Here, structural color is presented to image the
structure and dynamics of colloidal clusters prepd. by a confined
self-assembly process in emulsion droplets. It is shown that
characteristic anisotropic structural color motifs such as circles,
stripes, triangles, or bowties arise from the defined interior grain
geometry of such colloidal clusters. The optical detection of these motifs
reliably distinguishes icosahedral, decahedral, and face-centered cubic
colloidal clusters and thus enables a simple yet precise characterization
of their internal structure. In addn., the rotational motion and dynamics
of such micrometer-scale clusters suspended in a liq. can be followed in
real time via their anisotropic coloration. Finally, monitoring the
evolution of structural color provides real-time information about the
crystn. pathway within the confining emulsion droplet. Together, this work
demonstrates that structural color is a simple and versatile tool to
characterize the structure and dynamic properties of colloidal clusters.
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120. 120
Areias, L. R. P.; Mariz, I.; Maçôas, E.; Farinha, J. P. S. Reflectance
Confocal Microscopy: A Powerful Tool for Large Scale Characterization of
Ordered/Disordered Morphology in Colloidal Photonic Structures. ACS Nano
2021, 15, 11779– 11788, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02813
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115
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: A Powerful Tool for Large Scale
Characterization of Ordered/Disordered Morphology in Colloidal Photonic
Structures
Areias, Laurinda R. P.; Mariz, Ines; Macoas, Ermelinda; Farinha, Jose
Paulo S.
ACS Nano (2021), 15 (7), 11779-11788CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
The development of appropriate methods to correlate the structure and
optical properties of colloidal photonic structures is still a challenge.
Structural information is mostly obtained by electron, x-ray, or optical
microscopy methods and X-ray diffraction, while bulk spectroscopic methods
and low resoln. bright-field microscopy are used for optical
characterization. Here, the authors describe the use of reflectance
confocal microscopy as a simple and intuitive technique to provide a
direct correlation between the ordered/disordered structural morphol. of
colloidal crystals and glasses, and their corresponding optical
properties.
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121. 121
Hu, Z.; Bradshaw, N. P.; Vanthournout, B.; Forman, C.; Gnanasekaran, K.;
Thompson, M. P.; Smeets, P.; Dhinojwala, A.; Shawkey, M. D.; Hersam, M.
C.; Gianneschi, N. C. Non-Iridescent Structural Color Control via Inkjet
Printing of Self-Assembled Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles. Chem. Mater.
2021, 33, 6433– 6442, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01719
Google Scholar
116
Non-Iridescent Structural Color Control via Inkjet Printing of
Self-Assembled Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles
Hu, Ziying; Bradshaw, Nathan P.; Vanthournout, Bram; Forman, Chris;
Gnanasekaran, Karthikeyan; Thompson, Matthew P.; Smeets, Paul; Dhinojwala,
Ali; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Hersam, Mark C.; Gianneschi, Nathan C.
Chemistry of Materials (2021), 33 (16), 6433-6442CODEN: CMATEX;
ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
Melanin is a natural pigment with a high refractive index and strong light
absorption across the visible spectrum, making it an ideal material for
producing structural colors. Here, we report non-iridescent structural
color control via inkjet printing of self-assembled synthetic melanin
nanoparticles (SMNPs). Adding silica shells to SMNPs allows for further
tuning of both the hue and brightness of the resulting structural colors.
The peak wavelengths show a linear dependence with the diam. of the
nanoparticles, allowing correlation between ink compn. and structural
color using the Bragg-Snell law. Addnl., mixts. of SMNPs of different
sizes result in colors with peak wavelengths that vary linearly with the
mixing ratio in the ink, leading to diverse and predictable colors from
one type of material. The morphol. of the self-assembled SMNP structures
is further controlled by the hydrophilicity of the substrate, providing
another means for tailoring the structure and properties. Since structural
colors are less susceptible to degrdn. than org. dyes, this work has
implications for emerging sensing, display, and security applications.
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122. 122
Kim, C.; Jung, K.; Yu, J. W.; Park, S.; Kim, S.-H.; Lee, W. B.; Hwang, H.;
Manoharan, V. N.; Moon, J. H. Controlled Assembly of Icosahedral Colloidal
Clusters for Structural Coloration. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 9704– 9712,
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03391
Google Scholar
117
Controlled Assembly of Icosahedral Colloidal Clusters for Structural
Coloration
Kim, Cheolho; Jung, Kinam; Yu, Ji Woong; Park, Sanghyuk; Kim, Shin-Hyun;
Lee, Won Bo; Hwang, Hyerim; Manoharan, Vinothan N.; Moon, Jun Hyuk
Chemistry of Materials (2020), 32 (22), 9704-9712CODEN: CMATEX;
ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
Icosahedral colloidal clusters are a new class of spherical colloidal
crystals. This cluster allows for potentially superior optical properties
in comparison to conventional onion-like colloidal supraballs because of
the quasi-crystal structure. However, the characterization of the cluster
as an optical material has until now not been achieved. Here we
successfully produce icosahedral clusters by assembling silica particles
using bulk water-in-oil emulsion droplets and systematically characterize
their optical properties. We exploit a water-satd. oil phase to control
droplet drying, thereby prepg. clusters at room temp. In comparison to
conventional onion-like supraballs with a similar size, the icosahedral
clusters exhibit relatively strong structural colors with weak nonresonant
scattering. Simulations prove that the cryst. array inside the icosahedral
cluster strengthens the collective specular diffraction. To further
improve color satn., the silica particles constituting the cluster are
coated with a thin-film carbon shell. The carbon shell acts as a
broad-band absorber and reduces incoherent scattering with long optical
paths, resulting in vibrant blue, green, and red colors comparable to
inorg. chem. pigments.
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123. 123
Magkiriadou, S.; Park, J.-G.; Kim, Y.-S.; Manoharan, V. N. Absence of red
structural color in photonic glasses, bird feathers, and certain beetles.
Phys. Rev. E 2014, 90, 062302 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.062302
Google Scholar
118
Absence of red structural color in photonic glasses, bird feathers, and
certain beetles
Magkiriadou, Sofia; Park, Jin-Gyu; Kim, Young-Seok; Manoharan, Vinothan N.
Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics (2014),
90 (6-A), 062302CODEN: PRESCM; ISSN:1539-3755. (American Physical Society)
Colloidal glasses, bird feathers, and beetle scales can all show
structural colors arising from short-ranged spatial correlations between
scattering centers. Unlike the structural colors arising from Bragg
diffraction in ordered materials like opals, the colors of these photonic
glasses are independent of orientation, owing to their disordered,
isotropic microstructures. However, there are few examples of photonic
glasses with angle-independent red colors in nature, and colloidal glasses
with particle sizes chosen to yield structural colors in the red show weak
color satn. Using scattering theory, we show that the absence of
angle-independent red color can be explained by the tendency of individual
particles to backscatter light more strongly in the blue. We discuss how
the backscattering resonances of individual particles arise from
cavity-like modes and how they interact with the structural resonances to
prevent red. Finally, we use the model to develop design rules for
colloidal glasses with red, angle-independent structural colors.
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124. 124
Jacucci, G.; Longbottom, B. W.; Parkins, C. C.; Bon, S. A. F.; Vignolini,
S. Anisotropic silica colloids for light scattering. Journal of Materials
Chemistry C 2021, 9, 2695– 2700, DOI: 10.1039/D1TC00072A
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
125. 125
Han, S. H.; Choi, Y. H.; Kim, S. Co-Assembly of Colloids and Eumelanin
Nanoparticles in Droplets for Structural Pigments with High Saturation.
Small 2022, 18, 2106048, DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106048
Google Scholar
120
Co-Assembly of Colloids and Eumelanin Nanoparticles in Droplets for
Structural Pigments with High Saturation
Han, Sang Hoon; Choi, Ye Hun; Kim, Shin-Hyun
Small (2022), 18 (7), 2106048CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Colloidal crystals have been used to develop structural colors. However,
incoherent scattering causes the colors to turn whitish, reducing the
color satn. To overcome the problem, light-absorbing additives have been
incorporated. Although various additives have been used, most of them are
not compatible with a direct co-assembly with common colloids in aq.
suspensions. Here, the authors suggest eumelanin nanoparticles as a new
additive to enhance the color chroma. Eumelanin nanoparticles are
synthesized to have diams. of several nanometers by oxidative polymn. of
precursors in basic solns. The nanoparticles carry neg. charges and do not
weaken the electrostatic repulsion among same-charged polystyrene
particles when they are added to aq. suspensions. To prove the
effectiveness of eumelanin as a satn. enhancer, the authors produce
photonic balls through direct co-assembly of polystyrene and eumelanin
using water-in-oil emulsion droplets, while varying the wt. ratio of
eumelanin to polystyrene. The high crystallinity of colloidal crystals is
preserved for the ratio up to at least 1/50 as the eumelanin does not
perturb the crystn. The eumelanin effectively suppresses incoherent
scattering while maintaining the strength of structural resonance at an
optimum ratio, improving color chroma without compromising brightness.
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Liu, G.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, G.; Li, Y.; Chai, L.; Fan, Q.; Shao, J.
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Hong, W.; Yuan, Z.; Chen, X. Structural Color Materials for Optical
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Structural Color Materials for Optical Anticounterfeiting
Hong, Wei; Yuan, Zhongke; Chen, Xudong
Small (2020), 16 (16), 1907626CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
A review. The counterfeiting of goods is growing worldwide, affecting
practically any marketable item ranging from consumer goods to human
health. Anticounterfeiting is essential for authentication, currency, and
security. Anticounterfeiting tags based on structural color materials have
enjoyed worldwide and long-term com. success due to their inexpensive
prodn. and exceptional ease of percept. However, conventional
anticounterfeiting tags of holog. gratings can be readily copied or
imitated. Much progress has been made recently to overcome this limitation
by employing sufficient complexity and stimuli-responsive ability into the
structural color materials. Moreover, traditional processing methods of
structural color tags are mainly based on photolithog. and nanoimprinting,
while new processing methods such as the inkless printing and additive
manufg. have been developed, enabling massive scale up fabrication of
novel structural color security engineering. This review presents recent
breakthroughs in structural color materials, and their applications in
optical encryption and anticounterfeiting are discussed in detail. Special
attention is given to the unique structures for optical anticounterfeiting
techniques and their optical aspects for encryption. Finally, emerging
research directions and current challenges in optical encryption
technologies using structural color materials is presented.
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Nano Letters (2013), 13 (12), 5827-5831CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Plasmonic-photonic interactions have stimulated significant
interdisciplinary interest, leading to rapid innovations in solar design
and biosensors. However, the development of an optically pumped plasmonic
laser has failed to keep pace due to the difficulty of integrating a
plasmonic gain material with a suitable pump source. The authors develop a
method for coating high quality factor toroidal optical cavities with Au
nanorods, forming a photonic-plasmonic laser. By leveraging the 2-photon
upconversion capability of the nanorods, lasing at 581 nm with a 20 μW
threshold is demonstrated.
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ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH)
Lasing for CdSe/ZnS quantum rods in soln. was carried out using a
cylindrical microcavity, comprising an optical fiber within a glass
capillary tube, with nanosecond excitation from a commonly available pump
source. The quantum rods were grown using the well-developed methods of
colloidal nanocrystal synthesis employing high-temp. pyrolysis of
organometallic precursors in coordinating solvents. They were overcoated
by hexadecylamine and trioctylphosphine oxide. The simple cylindrical
microcavity setup used facilitated rapid and efficient screening to
identify the major detg. factors for the function of colloidal
nanostructures in laser applications. Lasing in a similar configuration at
room temp. was also obsd. for the spherical quantum dots (QDs). While
lasing for QDs was not polarized, for quantum rods a linearly polarized
laser signal directly related to their symmetry was detected.
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le Feber, B.; Prins, F.; De Leo, E.; Rabouw, F. T.; Norris, D. J.
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David J.
Nano Letters (2018), 18 (2), 1028-1034CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
To improve the photophys. performance of colloidal quantum dots for laser
applications, sophisticated core/shell geometries have been developed.
Typically, a wider bandgap semiconductor is added as a shell to enhance
the gain from the quantum-dot core. This shell is designed to
electronically isolate the core, funnel excitons to it, and reduce
nonradiative Auger recombination. However, the shell could also
potentially provide a secondary source of gain, leading to further
versatility in these materials. Here we develop high-quality quantum-dot
ring lasers that not only exhibit lasing from both the core and the shell
but also the ability to switch between them. We fabricate ring resonators
(with quality factors up to ∼2500) consisting only of CdSe/CdS/ZnS
core/shell/shell quantum dots using a simple template-stripping process.
We then examine lasing as a function of the optical excitation power and
ring radius. In resonators with quality factors >1000, excitons in the
CdSe cores lead to red lasing with thresholds at ∼25 μJ/cm2. With
increasing power, green lasing from the CdS shell emerges (>100 μJ/cm2)
and then the red lasing begins to disappear (>250 μJ/cm2). We present a
rate-equation model that can explain this color switching as a competition
between exciton localization into the core and stimulated emission from
excitons in the shell. Moreover, by lowering the quality factor of the
cavity we can engineer the device to exhibit only green lasing. The
mechanism demonstrated here provides a potential route toward
color-switchable quantum-dot lasers.
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131. 131
Snee, P.; Chan, Y.; Nocera, D.; Bawendi, M. Whispering-Gallery-Mode Lasing
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Montanarella, F.; Urbonas, D.; Chadwick, L.; Moerman, P. G.; Baesjou, P.
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Lasing Supraparticles Self-Assembled from Nanocrystals
Montanarella, Federico; Urbonas, Darius; Chadwick, Luke; Moerman, Pepijn
G.; Baesjou, Patrick J.; Mahrt, Rainer F.; van Blaaderen, Alfons;
Stoeferle, Thilo; Vanmaekelbergh, Daniel
ACS Nano (2018), 12 (12), 12788-12794CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
One of the most attractive com. applications of semiconductor nanocrystals
(NCs) is their use in lasers. Thanks to their high quantum yield, tunable
optical properties, photostability, and wet-chem. processability, NCs have
arisen as promising gain materials. Most of these applications, however,
rely on incorporation of NCs in lasing cavities sep. produced using
sophisticated fabrication methods and often difficult to manipulate. Here,
we present whispering gallery mode lasing in supraparticles (SPs) of
self-assembled NCs. The SPs composed of NCs act as both lasing medium and
cavity. Moreover, the synthesis of the SPs, based on an in-flow
microfluidic device, allows precise control of the dimensions of the SPs,
i.e. the size of the cavity, in the micrometer range with polydispersity
as low as several percent. The SPs presented here show whispering gallery
mode resonances with quality factors up to 320. Whispering gallery mode
lasing is evidenced by a clear threshold behavior, coherent emission, and
emission lifetime shortening due to the stimulation process.
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133. 133
Neuhaus, S. J.; Marino, E.; Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R. Frequency
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Frequency Stabilization and Optically Tunable Lasing in Colloidal Quantum
Dot Superparticles
Neuhaus, Steven J.; Marino, Emanuele; Murray, Christopher B.; Kagan,
Cherie R.
Nano Letters (2023), 23 (2), 645-651CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Self-assembled superparticles composed of colloidal quantum dots establish
microsphere cavities that support optically pumped lasing from whispering
gallery modes. Here, the authors report on the time- and excitation
fluence-dependent lasing properties of CdSe/CdS quantum dot
superparticles. Spectra collected under const. photoexcitation reveal that
the lasing modes are not temporally stable but instead blue-shift by >30
meV over 15 min. To counter this effect, the authors establish a
high-fluence light-soaking protocol that reduces this blue-shift by more
than an order of magnitude to 1.7 ± 0.5 meV, with champion superparticles
displaying mode blue-shifts of <0.5 meV. Increasing the pump fluence
allows for optically controlled, reversible, color-tunable red-to-green
lasing. Combining these two paradigms suggests that quantum dot
superparticles could serve in applications as low-cost, robust,
soln.-processable, tunable microlasers.
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134. 134
Wang, H.; Huff, T. B.; Zweifel, D. A.; He, W.; Low, P. S.; Wei, A.; Cheng,
J.-X. In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold
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In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold
nanorods
Wang, Haifeng; Huff, Terry B.; Zweifel, Daniel A.; He, Wei; Low, Philip
S.; Wei, Alexander; Cheng, Ji-Xin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America (2005), 102 (44), 15752-15756CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424.
(National Academy of Sciences)
Gold nanorods excited at 830 nm on a far-field laser-scanning microscope
produced strong two-photon luminescence (TPL) intensities, with a cos4
dependence on the incident polarization. The TPL excitation spectrum can
be superimposed onto the longitudinal plasmon band, indicating a
plasmon-enhanced two-photon absorption cross section. The TPL signal from
a single nanorod is 58 times that of the two-photon fluorescence signal
from a single rhodamine mol. The application of gold nanorods as TPL
imaging agents is demonstrated by in vivo imaging of single nanorods
flowing in mouse ear blood vessels.
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135. 135
Ahn, N.; Livache, C.; Pinchetti, V.; Klimov, V. I. Colloidal Semiconductor
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Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystal Lasers and Laser Diodes
Ahn, Namyoung; Livache, Clement; Pinchetti, Valerio; Klimov, Victor I.
Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2023), 123 (13),
8251-8296CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)
A review. Lasers and optical amplifiers based on soln.-processable
materials have been long-desired devices for their compatibility with
virtually any substrate, scalability, and ease of integration with on-chip
photonics and electronics. These devices have been pursued across a wide
range of materials including polymers, small mols., perovskites, and chem.
prepd. colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. The latter materials are esp.
attractive for implementing optical-gain media as in addn. to being
compatible with inexpensive and easily scalable chem. techniques, they
offer multiple advantages derived from a zero-dimensional character of
their electronic states. These include a size-tunable emission wavelength,
low optical gain thresholds, and weak sensitivity of lasing
characteristics to variations in temp. Here we review the status of
colloidal nanocrystal lasing devices, most recent advances in this field,
outstanding challenges, and the ongoing progress toward technol. viable
devices including colloidal nanocrystal laser diodes.
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136. 136
Dreyer, A.; Feld, A.; Kornowski, A.; Yilmaz, E. D.; Noei, H.; Meyer, A.;
Krekeler, T.; Jiao, C.; Stierle, A.; Abetz, V.; Weller, H.; Schneider, G.
A. Organically linked iron oxide nanoparticle supercrystals with
exceptional isotropic mechanical properties. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 522–
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Google Scholar
131
Organically linked iron oxide nanoparticle supercrystals with exceptional
isotropic mechanical properties
Dreyer, Axel; Feld, Artur; Kornowski, Andreas; Yilmaz, Ezgi D.; Noei,
Heshmat; Meyer, Andreas; Krekeler, Tobias; Jiao, Chengge; Stierle,
Andreas; Abetz, Volker; Weller, Horst; Schneider, Gerold A.
Nature Materials (2016), 15 (5), 522-528CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122.
(Nature Publishing Group)
The authors show self-assembly of nearly spherical iron oxide
nanoparticles in supercrystals linked together by a thermally induced
crosslinking reaction of oleic acid mols. leads to a nanocomposite with
exceptional bending modulus of 114 GPa, hardness of up to 4 GPa and
strength of up to 630 MPa. By using a nanomech. model, the authors detd.
that these exceptional mech. properties are dominated by the covalent
backbone of the linked org. mols. Oleic acid has been broadly used as
nanoparticle ligand, our crosslinking approach should be applicable to a
large variety of nanoparticle systems.
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137. 137
Wang, Z.; Singaravelu, A. S. S.; Dai, R.; Nian, Q.; Chawla, N.; Wang, R.
Y. Ligand Crosslinking Boosts Thermal Transport in Colloidal Nanocrystal
Solids. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 9556– 9563, DOI:
10.1002/anie.201916760
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132
Ligand Crosslinking Boosts Thermal Transport in Colloidal Nanocrystal
Solids
Wang, Zhongyong; Singaravelu, Arun Sundar S.; Dai, Rui; Nian, Qiong;
Chawla, Nikhilesh; Wang, Robert Y.
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2020), 59 (24), 9556-9563CODEN:
ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
The ongoing interest in colloidal nanocrystal solids for electronic and
photonic devices necessitates that their thermal-transport properties be
well understood because heat dissipation frequently limits performance in
these devices. Unfortunately, colloidal nanocrystal solids generally
possess very low thermal conductivities. This very low thermal cond.
primarily results from the weak van der Waals interaction between the
ligands of adjacent nanocrystals. We overcome this thermal-transport
bottleneck by crosslinking the ligands to exchange a weak van der Waals
interaction with a strong covalent bond. We obtain thermal conductivities
of up to 1.7 Wm-1 K-1 that exceed prior reported values by a factor of 4.
This improvement is significant because the entire range of prior reported
values themselves only span a factor of 4 (i.e., 0.1-0.4 Wm-1 K-1). We
complement our thermal-cond. measurements with mech. nanoindentation
measurements that demonstrate ligand crosslinking increases Young's
modulus and sound velocity. This increase in sound velocity is a key
bridge between mech. and thermal properties because sound velocity and
thermal cond. are linearly proportional according to kinetic theory.
Control expts. with non-crosslinkable ligands, as well as transport
modeling, further confirm that ligand crosslinking boosts thermal
transport.
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138. 138
Li, Y.; Abolmaali, F.; Allen, K. W.; Limberopoulos, N. I.; Urbas, A.;
Rakovich, Y.; Maslov, A. V.; Astratov, V. N. Whispering gallery mode
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There is no corresponding record for this reference.
139. 139
Marino, E.; Bharti, H.; Xu, J.; Kagan, C. R.; Murray, C. B. Nanocrystal
Superparticles with Whispering-Gallery Modes Tunable through Chemical and
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10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01011
Google Scholar
134
Nanocrystal Superparticles with Whispering-Gallery Modes Tunable through
Chemical and Optical Triggers
Marino, Emanuele; Bharti, Harshit; Xu, Jun; Kagan, Cherie R.; Murray,
Christopher B.
Nano Letters (2022), 22 (12), 4765-4773CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Whispering-gallery microresonators have the potential to become the
building blocks for optical circuits. However, encoding information in an
optical signal requires on-demand tuning of optical resonances. Tuning is
achieved by modifying the cavity length or the refractive index of the
microresonator. Due to their solid, nondeformable structure, conventional
microresonators based on bulk materials are inherently difficult to tune.
Irreversibly tunable optical microresonators were fabricated by using
semiconductor nanocrystals. These nanocrystals are 1st assembled into
colloidal spherical superparticles featuring whispering-gallery modes.
Exposing the superparticles to shorter ligands changes the nanocrystal
surface chem., decreasing the cavity length of the microresonator by 20%
and increasing the refractive index by 8.2%. Illuminating the
superparticles with UV light initiates nanocrystal photooxidn., providing
an orthogonal channel to decrease the refractive index of the
microresonator in a continuous fashion. Through these approaches, the
authors demonstrate optical microresonators tunable by several times their
free spectral range.
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140. 140
Pang, S.; Beckham, R. E.; Meissner, K. E. Quantum dot-embedded
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Quantum dot-embedded microspheres for remote refractive index sensing
Pang, Shuo; Beckham, Richard E.; Meissner, Kenith E.
Applied Physics Letters (2008), 92 (22), 221108/1-221108/3CODEN: APPLAB;
ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)
A refractometric sensor based on quantum dot-embedded polystyrene
microspheres is presented. Optical resonances within a microsphere, known
as whispering-gallery modes (WGMs), produce narrow spectral peaks. For
sensing applications, spectral shifts of these peaks are sensitive to
changes in the local refractive index. Two-photon excited luminescence
from the quantum dots couples into several WGMs within the microresonator.
By optimizing the detection area, the spectral visibility of the WGMs is
improved. The spectral shifts are measured as the surrounding index of the
refraction changes. The exptl. sensitivity is ∼5 times greater than that
predicted by the Mie theory. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics.
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141. 141
Clough, J. M.; van der Gucht, J.; Kodger, T. E.; Sprakel, J.
Cephalopod-Inspired High Dynamic Range Mechano-Imaging in Polymeric
Materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2002716, DOI:
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Cephalopod-Inspired High Dynamic Range Mechano-Imaging in Polymeric
Materials
Clough, Jess M.; van der Gucht, Jasper; Kodger, Thomas E.; Sprakel, Joris
Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (38), 2002716CODEN: AFMDC6;
ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Cephalopods, such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses, use an array of
responsive absorptive and photonic dermal structures to achieve rapid and
reversible color changes for spectacular camouflage and signaling
displays. Challenges remain in designing synthetic soft materials with
similar multiple and dynamic responsivity for the development of optical
sensors for the sensitive detection of mech. stresses and strains. Here, a
high dynamic range mechano-imaging (HDR-MI) polymeric material integrating
phys. and chem. mechanochromism is designed hmeproviding a continuous
optical read-out of strain upon mech. deformation. By combining a
colloidal photonic array with a mech. responsive dye, the material
architecture significantly improves the mechanochromic sensitivity, which
is moreover readily tuned, and expands the range of detectable strains and
stresses at both microscopic and nanoscopic length scales. This
multi-functional material is highlighted by creating detailed HDR
mechanographs of membrane deformation and around defects using a low-cost
hyperspectral camera, which is found to be in excellent agreement with the
results of finite element simulations. This multi-scale approach to
mechano-sensing and -imaging provides a platform to develop mechanochromic
composites with high sensitivity and high dynamic mech. range.
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* Figures
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* ABSTRACT
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FIGURE 1
Figure 1. Assembly of (nano)particles. (A) Conventional 2D assembly through
deposition and evaporation. (B) Confined 3D assembly discussed in this
review. (C) Additional interparticle forces arising from the presence of an
interface. (D) Confined assembly creates large interfacial areas. (32) (E)
Superparticles can be pipetted, transferred, and deployed. Topics discussed
in this review: (F) Confined geometry simulation, (33) (G) light triggered
confined assembly, (34) (H) magnetically triggered confined assembly, (35)
(I) anisotropic superparticles formed during confined assembly, (36) (J)
core/shell superparticles, (7) (K) porous superparticles, (37) (L)
superparticles which exhibit structural coloration, (38) and (M)
superparticles with show lasing. (7) Panel D is adapted with permission from
ref (32). Copyright 2018 John Wiley and Sons. Panel F is adapted with
permission from ref (33). Copyright 2018 Springer Nature. Panel G is adapted
with permission from ref (34). Copyright 2023 The American Chemical Society.
Panel H is adapted with permission from ref (35). Copyright 2019 The American
Chemical Society. Panel I is adapted with permission from ref (36). Copyright
2012 The American Chemical Society. Panel J is adapted with permission from
ref (7). Copyright 2022 The American Chemical Society. Panel K is adapted
with permission from ref (37). Copyright 2018 The American Chemical Society.
Panel L is adapted with permission from ref (38). Copyright 2019 John Wiley
and Sons. Panel M is adapted with permission from ref (7). Copyright 2022 The
American Chemical Society.
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FIGURE 2
Figure 2. Light-activated self-assembly. (A) (Top) Ligand used for
light-activated self-assembly and structural changes in the nanoparticle (NP)
ligand corona upon photoexcitation with ultraviolet and visible light.
(Bottom) Phase diagram and SEM images of suprastructures obtained by
light-activated self-assembly for photoswitchable ligands density and
composition of the dispersing solvent. Legend: NP, dispersed NPs; RC,
light-reversible 3D superlattices; AP, amorphous precipitate; IC,
irreversible 3D superlattices; SS, superparticles. (Scale bars are 100 nm.)
(1) (B) SEMs (low and high magnifications) of PS10k-b-P4VP10k superparticles
prepared with (a) ring-opened form of the surfactant and (b) ring-closed form
of the surfactant. (c) Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of spherical (orange)
and ellipsoidal (blue) PS10k-b-P4VP10k superparticles. Insets: fluorescence
optical images of the superparticle suspension during assembly. (52) (C) (a)
TEM image of three superparticles of 5.5 nm Au NPs functionalized with the
thiolated spiropyran, as shown as inset. (b) Extinction spectra of 5.5 nm Au
NPs in toluene before and after photoexcitation with ultraviolet light. Inset
shows the TEM of the NPs, scale bar indicates 20 nm. (53) (D) Optical
micrographs of optically tweezed Ag nanocrystal superlattices (laser
intensity = 3 × 109 W/m2). The dashed hexagon represents the boundary between
the central area and the edge of the superlattice, while the color of the
hexagon and the dashed circle indicate lattice orientation. Scale bar
indicates 1 μm. (54) (E) Representative SEMs of the nanocrystal superlattices
of Au-TMA/NBTS after ultraviolet exposure for the indicated times (scale bars
indicate 0.5 μm). (34) Panel A is adapted with permission from ref (1).
Copyright 2007 The American Association for the Advancement of Science. Panel
B is adapted with permission from ref (52). Copyright 2021 The American
Chemical Society. Panel C is adapted with permission from ref (53). Copyright
2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Panel D is adapted with permission from
ref (54). Copyright 2020 The American Chemical Society. Panel E is adapted
with permission from ref (34). Copyright 2023 The American Chemical Society.
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FIGURE 3
Figure 3. Magnetic-field-activated self-assembly. (A) Dark-field optical
micrographs showing the evolutions of droplets at different drying stages:
(a) absence of an external magnetic field, (b) under a horizontal magnetic
field of 95 Oe, and (c) of 470 Oe. Scale bars indicate 100 mm. (B) Evolution
of droplet aspect ratios with time corresponding to A. (63) (C) Evolution of
a droplet loaded with 3 wt % of Fe3O4 nanocrystals embedded in polystyrene
during drying in the absence (top) and the presence (bottom) of an external
magnetic field. Scale bars indicate 0.5 mm. (35) (D) Magnetically anisotropic
Janus superparticles; inset: magnified image of a single superparticle with
the PNIPAm side attracted to a magnet. (64) (E) Schematic of the experimental
system composed of nanocrystal cores, polymer brush, and supramolecular
binding groups that drive assembly. Assembly is directed via complementary
hydrogen bonding moieties, strengthened via magnetic dipole coupling between
aligned spins at short interparticle distances. (F) (Left) Melting profiles
of 16 nm iron oxide nanocrystals functionalized with 13 kDa polymers and 15
nm Au nanocrystals functionalized with 14 kDa polymers. (Right) Melting
profile of 16 nm iron oxide coated with 8 kDa polymers is shifted by 10 °C
with respect to 15 nm Au nanocrystals coated with 9 kDa polymers. (65) Panels
A and B are adapted with permission from ref (63). Copyright 2019 The Royal
Society of Chemistry. Panel C is adapted with permission from ref (35).
Copyright 2019 The American Chemical Society. Panel D is adapted with
permission from ref (64). Copyright 2009 John Wiley and Sons. Panels E and F
are adapted with permission from ref (65). Copyright 2020 The American
Chemical Society.
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FIGURE 4
Figure 4. Anisotropic superparticles. (A) Scanning electron micrographs of
superparticles obtained by the evaporation of aqueous droplets with different
NaCl concentrations containing a dispersion of polystyrene spheres 440 nm in
diameter at a volume fraction of 8%. (66) (B) Transmission electron
micrographs of superparticles consisting of 11 nm nanocubes of Fe3O4
assembled in the presence excess oleate ligands. (36) (C) Scanning
transmission electron micrographs of superparticles consisting of CsPbBr3
nanocrystals characterized by rounded (top, 14 nm diameter) and sharp
(bottom, 10 nm diameter) edges. (67) (D) (Left) Schematic of the
stabilization of aqueous wires in a silicone oil by hydrophilic 20 nm SiO2
nanocrystals. (Right) Optical micrograph of a nanocrystal-stabilized aqueous
spiral in silicone oil. (68) Panel A is adapted with permission from ref
(66). Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. Panel B is adapted with permission from
ref (69). Copyright 2012 The American Chemical Society. Panel C is adapted
with permission from ref (67). Copyright 2020 The American Chemical Society.
Panel D is adapted with permission from ref (68). Copyright 2018 John Wiley
and Sons.
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FIGURE 5
Figure 5. Core/shell superparticles. (A) Schematic for the formation of
colloidosomes from nanocrystal-stabilized water-in-oil-in-water double
emulsions. (B) SEM image of poly(d,l-lactic acid)/SiO2 dried colloidosomes.
Inset shows the cross-section of the broken shell (scale bar indicates 500
nm). (82) (C) SEM image of acetylated dextran colloidosomes. The broken
colloidosome reveals the cavity and shell thickness. (83) (D) (Top) Optical
micrographs of CO2 bubbles generated in an aqueous dispersion of 3.5 μm
polystyrene microparticles at a volume fraction of 1.5% w/w. (Bottom) The
bubbles quickly decrease in size to lead to the formation of spherical
colloidosomes. Scale bars indicate 200 μm. (E) The colloidosomes become
fluorescent when using polystyrene particles loaded with CdSe/ZnS
nanocrystals. Scale bar indicates 100 μm. (84) (F) SEM image of a SiO2
microsphere uniformly coated with CdSe/CdS@Cd1–xZnxS core/shell
nanoplatelets. (85) (G) SEM image of a core/shell nanocrystal superparticle
consisting of PbS/CdS spheres and NaGdF4 disks before (left) and after
(right) focused-ion beam milling, revealing the phase separation of
nanocrystals. (7) (H) TEM image of a half-full colloidosome viewed along the
[111] zone axis of the Fe3O4 nanocrystal superlattice. (86) (I) Overlay of
SEM image of the cross section of a superparticles consisting of 338 nm and
1430 nm polystyrene colloidal particles at initial volume fractions of 2.5%
and 5.5%, respectively. (87) Panels A and B are adapted with permission from
ref (82). Copyright 2008 John Wiley and Sons. Panel C is adapted with
permission from ref (83). Copyright 2015 The American Chemical Society.
Panels D and E are adapted with permission from ref (84). Copyright 2009 John
Wiley and Sons. Panel F is adapted with permission from ref (85). Copyright
2022 The American Chemical Society. Panel G is adapted with permission from
ref (7). Copyright 2022 The American Chemical Society. Panel H is adapted
with permission from ref (86). Copyright 2016 The American Chemical Society.
Panel I is adapted with permission from ref (87). Copyright 2019 The American
Chemical Society.
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FIGURE 6
Figure 6. Porous superparticles. (A) Fabrication of hierarchically structured
materials based on superparticles. ZIF-8 metal–organic framework (MOFs)
particles form superparticles, which are further assembled into macroscopic
pellets with structural hierarchy of pores. (95) (B) Pore size distribution
of pellets of ZIF-8 particles and superparticles. (95) (C) SEM image of ZIF-8
superparticles. (95) (D) SEM image of (UiO-66) MOFs superparticles which
exhibit structural coloration (optical microscopy images in inset). (96) (E)
SEM image of complex nanostructured hedgehog superparticles from CdS
assembled at unity water-to-ethylenediamine volume ratio and 160 °C for 20 h.
(97) (F) Network structure formed by a 1:1 mixture of Au and CdSe/CdS/ZnS
nanocrystals passivated with a dendritic ligand drop-cast from chloroform at
15 mg/mL. (98) (G) TEM image of Au nanocrystal assemblies with diverse
structures at different diameter ratio (γ) between carbon nanotube hosts and
Au nanocrystal guests: γ = 1.1, 1.5, 1.8, 2.3. Scale bars indicate 20 nm.
(100) (H) SEM image of porous CoFe2O4 superparticles. (5) (I) SEM image of a
porous silica SP after removal of the polystyrene nanoparticles by
calcination. (37) (J) TEM image of hybrid micromesoporous graphitic carbon
superparticles. (101) Panels A, B, and C are adapted with permission from ref
(95). Copyright 2023 John Wiley and Sons. Panel D is adapted with permission
from ref (77). Copyright 2022 John Wiley and Sons. Panel E is adapted with
permission from ref (97). Copyright 2021 The American Chemistry Society.
Panel F is adapted with permission from ref (98). Copyright 2022 The American
Chemistry Society. Panel G is adapted with permission from ref (100).
Copyright 2021 The American Chemistry Society. Panel H is adapted with
permission from ref (5). Copyright 2022 The American Chemistry Society. Panel
I is adapted with permission from ref (37). Copyright 2018 The American
Chemistry Society. Panel J is adapted with permission from ref (101).
Copyright 2017 The American Chemistry Society.
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FIGURE 7
Figure 7. Structural color pigments. (A) 810 nm latex particles dried
containing 0.21 wt % of 22 nm diameter Au nanocrystals (particle diameter is
50 μm). (117) (B) A monolayer of microfluidically produced structural color
spheres composed of 610 nm diameter latex particles. (6) (C) Reflectance
confocal microscopy (RCM) image of a structural color pigment at
approximately the midplane of the particle, note the appearance of multiple
crystalline domains. (120) (D) SEM image of a structural pigment created with
icosahedral cluster composed of 275 nm diameter particles (scale bar
indicates 1 μm). Inset: A magnified SEM image of one of the hexagonal faces
of the cluster. Scale bar indicates 200 nm. (122) (E) Dark-field microscopy
image of cellulose nanocrystal pigments dispersed in oil (refractive index
1.55). (116) (F) Fluorescence microscopy image of silica-based inverse-opal
structural pigments in a dried film of latex paint. Note: the fluorescence
intensity is excluded from the round structural color particle; (scale bar
indicates 10 μm). (115) Panel A is adapted with permission from ref (117).
Copyright 2008 John Wiley and Sons. Panel B is adapted with permission from
ref (6). Copyright 2008 The American Association for the Advancement of
Science. Panel C is adapted with permission from ref (120). Copyright 2021
The American Chemical Society. Panel D is adapted with permission from ref
(122). Copyright 2020 The American Chemical Society. Panel E is adapted with
permission from ref (116). Copyright 2022 Springer Nature Publishing Group.
Panel F is adapted with permission from ref (115). Copyright 2019 John Wiley
and Sons.
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FIGURE 8
Figure 8. Lasing superparticles. (A) Rendering of a toroidal optical resonant
cavity coated with Au nanorods. (128) (B) Lasing spectra and threshold data
(inset) of Au nanorod-coated microtoroid cavity. The quadratic relationship
between the lasing intensity and the input power is due to the two-photon
lasing mechanism. (128) (C) Emission spectra for CdSe/ZnS nanorods loaded in
the microcavity at different pump powers. (Inset) intensity of the lasing
peak (filled squares) and the fluorescence peak (empty circles) versus the
pump power. (129) (D) SEM image of a CdSe/CdS/ZnS nanocrystal ring resonator
with diameter and width of 5 μm and 500 nm, respectively. (130) (E)
Representative spectra showing the dependence of the emission spectra on
excitation power. (130) (F) Spectra of a single 7 μm silica-core
CdSe/CdZnS-shell microsphere below (205 μW) and above (366 μW) laser
threshold. Inset: Optical and fluorescence micrographs of the microsphere;
scale bar indicates 15 μm. (131) (G) SEM image of a single superparticle of
CdSe/CdS nanocrystals. (132) (H) Emission from a single superparticle of
CdSe/CdS nanocrystals at different pump fluences (18–145 μJ/cm2) at low
spectral resolution (300 lines/mm grating). Inset: High spectral resolution
(1800 lines/mm grating), revealing peak substructure. (132) (I)
Time-dependent emission spectra for a superparticles of CdSe/CdS nanocrystals
recorded over 15 min of continuous operation at an excitation fluence of 1.6
mJ/cm2 before (left) and after (right) light-soaking. (133) (J) Monodisperse
superparticles of CdSe nanocrystals generated using a source-sink emulsion
system. (7) (K) SEM image of a dimer of CdSe/CdS nanocrystal superparticles;
(insets) dark-field optical micrographs of superparticles clusters. (7) (L)
Photoluminescence spectra of the clusters shown in (K). (7) Panels A and B
are adapted with permission from ref (128). Copyright 2013 The American
Chemical Society. Panel C is adapted with permission from ref (129).
Copyright 2002 John Wiley and Sons. Panels D and E are adapted with
permission from ref (130). Copyright 2018 The American Chemical Society.
Panel F is adapted with permission from ref (131). Copyright 2005 John Wiley
and Sons. Panels G and H are adapted with permission from ref (132).
Copyright 2018 The American Chemical Society. Panel I is adapted with
permission from ref (133). Copyright 2023 The American Chemical Society.
Panels J, K, and L are adapted with permission from ref (7). Copyright 2022
The American Chemical Society.
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Emanuele Marino received his bachelor’s degree in Physics (2012) and master’s
degree in Condensed Matter Physics (2014) from the University of Palermo,
Italy. He then pursued his Ph.D. in Physics at the van der Waals - Zeeman
Institute of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, graduating with a
thesis on nanocrystal self-assembly (2019). Afterwards, he took a position as
postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Chemistry at the University of
Pennsylvania, United States, where he explored the formation mechanism of
multicomponent and multifunctional nanocrystal superstructures. Since 2022,
he has returned to Italy where he is a Junior Assistant Professor at the
Department of Physics and Chemistry at the University of Palermo. His
research focuses on understanding nanocrystal self-assembly to build
functional superstructures characterized by deterministic structure–property
relationships.
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R. Allen LaCour obtained his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from
Mississippi State University in 2016. He obtained his doctorate at the
University of Michigan, where he studied the computational self-assembly of
nanoparticles. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher at Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, where he researches the spectroscopy of water and water
interfaces.
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Thomas E. Kodger received his bachelor’s degree in 2006 from the University
of Cincinnati in Chemical Technology and his Ph.D in Applied Physics from
Harvard University in 2015. He is now an Associate Professor at Wageningen
University & Research in the laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft
Matter. His research interests are in soft matter and material design using
polymers and colloids, including structural color and biobased adhesives.
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Koay, N.; Burgess, I. B.; Kolle, M.; Weitz, D. A.; Aizenberg, J. Color
from hierarchy: Diverse optical properties of micron-sized spherical
colloidal assemblies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015, 112, 10845–
10850, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506272112
6
Color from hierarchy: Diverse optical properties of micron-sized
spherical colloidal assemblies
Vogel, Nicolas; Utech, Stefanie; England, Grant T.; Shirman, Tanya;
Phillips, Katherine R.; Koay, Natalie; Burgess, Ian B.; Kolle, Mathias;
Weitz, David A.; Aizenberg, Joanna
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America (2015), 112 (35), 10845-10850CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424.
(National Academy of Sciences)
Materials are characterized by structural order over multiple length
scales have evolved for max. performance and multifunctionality, and are
often produced by self-assembly processes. A striking example of this
design principle is structural coloration, where interference,
diffraction, and absorption effects result in vivid colors. Mimicking
this emergence of complex effects from simple building blocks is a key
challenge for man-made materials. Here, a simple confined self-assembly
process leads to a complex hierarchical geometry that displays a variety
of optical effects. Colloidal crystn. in an emulsion droplet creates
micron-sized superstructures, termed photonic balls. The curvature
imposed by the emulsion droplet leads to frustrated crystn. The authors
observe spherical colloidal crystals with ordered, cryst. layers and a
disordered core. This geometry produces multiple optical effects. The
ordered layers give rise to structural color from Bragg diffraction with
limited angular dependence and unusual transmission due to the curved
nature of the individual crystals. The disordered core contributes
nonresonant scattering that induces a macroscopically whitish
appearance, which the authors mitigate by incorporating absorbing Au
nanoparticles that suppress scattering and macroscopically purify the
color. With increasing size of the constituent colloidal particles,
grating diffraction effects dominate, which result from order along the
crystal's curved surface and induce a vivid polychromatic appearance.
The control of multiple optical effects induced by the hierarchical
morphol. in photonic balls paves the way to use them as building blocks
for complex optical assemblies-potentially as more efficient mimics of
structural color as it occurs.
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7. 7
Marino, E.; van Dongen, S. W.; Neuhaus, S. J.; Li, W.; Keller, A. W.;
Kagan, C. R.; Kodger, T. E.; Murray, C. B. Monodisperse Nanocrystal
Superparticles through a Source-Sink Emulsion System. Chem. Mater. 2022,
34, 2779– 2789, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00039
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
8. 8
Marino, E.; LaCour, R. A.; Moore, T. C.; van Dongen, S. W.; Keller, A.
W.; An, D.; Yang, S.; Rosen, D. J.; Gouget, G.; Tsai, E. H. R.; Kagan,
C. R.; Kodger, T. E.; Glotzer, S. C.; Murray, C. B. Crystallization of
binary nanocrystal superlattices and the relevance of short-range
attraction. Nature Synthesis 2024, 3, 111– 122, DOI:
10.1038/s44160-023-00407-2
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
9. 9
Chen, S.-W.; Lu, J.-Y.; Tung, P.-H.; Lin, J.-H.; Chiesa, M.; Hung,
B.-Y.; Yang, T. C.-K. Study of laser actions by bird’s feathers with
photonic crystals. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 2430, DOI:
10.1038/s41598-021-81976-0
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
10. 10
Wilts, B. D.; Sheng, X.; Holler, M.; Diaz, A.; Guizar-Sicairos, M.;
Raabe, J.; Hoppe, R.; Liu, S.-H.; Langford, R.; Onelli, O. D.; Chen, D.;
Torquato, S.; Steiner, U.; Schroer, C. G.; Vignolini, S.; Sepe, A.
Evolutionary-Optimized Photonic Network Structure in White Beetle Wing
Scales. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1702057, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702057
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
11. 11
Fleitas, A. G.; Sardar, S.; Arnould-Petre, M. M.; Murace, M.; Vignolini,
S.; Brodie, J.; Lanzani, G.; D’Andrea, C. Influence of Structural Colour
on the Photoprotective Mechanism in the Gametophyte Phase of the Red
Alga Chondrus Crispus. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2024,
21 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0676
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
12. 12
Teyssier, J.; Saenko, S. V.; van der Marel, D.; Milinkovitch, M. C.
Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons. Nat. Commun.
2015, 6, 6368, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7368
12
Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons
Teyssier, Jeremie; Saenko, Suzanne V.; van der Marel, Dirk;
Milinkovitch, Michel C.
Nature Communications (2015), 6 (), 6368CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723.
(Nature Publishing Group)
Many chameleons, and panther chameleons in particular, have the
remarkable ability to exhibit complex and rapid color changes during
social interactions such as male contests or courtship. It is generally
interpreted that these changes are due to dispersion/aggregation of
pigment-contg. organelles within dermal chromatophores. Here, combining
microscopy, photometric videog. and photonic band-gap modeling, we show
that chameleons shift color through active tuning of a lattice of
guanine nanocrystals within a superficial thick layer of dermal
iridophores. In addn., we show that a deeper population of iridophores
with larger crystals reflects a substantial proportion of sunlight esp.
in the near-IR range. The organization of iridophores into two
superposed layers constitutes an evolutionary novelty for chameleons,
which allows some species to combine efficient camouflage with
spectacular display, while potentially providing passive thermal
protection.
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13. 13
Kramer, R. M.; Crookes-Goodson, W. J.; Naik, R. R. The self-organizing
properties of squid reflectin protein. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 533– 538,
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1930
13
The self-organizing properties of squid reflectin protein
Kramer, Ryan M.; Crookes-Goodson, Wendy J.; Naik, Rajesh R.
Nature Materials (2007), 6 (7), 533-538CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122.
(Nature Publishing Group)
Reflectins, a recently identified protein family that is enriched in
arom. and sulfur-contg. amino acids, are used by certain cephalopods to
manage and manipulate incident light in their environment. These
proteins are the predominant constituent of nanoscaled photonic
structures that function in static and adaptive coloration, extending
visual performance and intra-species communication. Our investigation
into recombinantly expressed reflectin has revealed unanticipated
self-assembling and behavioral properties, and we demonstrate that
reflectin can be easily processed into thin films, photonic grating
structures and fibers. Our findings represent a key step in our
understanding of the property-function relationships of this unique
family of reflective proteins.
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14. 14
Leunissen, M. E.; Christova, C. G.; Hynninen, A.-P.; Royall, C. P.;
Campbell, A. I.; Imhof, A.; Dijkstra, M.; van Roij, R.; van Blaaderen,
A. Ionic colloidal crystals of oppositely charged particles. Nature
2005, 437, 235– 240, DOI: 10.1038/nature03946
14
Ionic colloidal crystals of oppositely charged particles
Leunissen, Mirjam E.; Christova, Christina G.; Hynninen, Antti-Pekka;
Royall, C. Patrick; Campbell, Andrew I.; Imhof, Arnout; Dijkstra,
Marjolein; van Roij, Rene; van Blaaderen, Alfons
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2005), 437 (7056), 235-240CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
Colloidal suspensions are widely used to study processes such as
melting, freezing and glass transitions. This is because they display
the same phase behavior as atoms or mols., with the nano- to micrometer
size of the colloidal particles making it possible to observe them
directly in real space. Another attractive feature is that different
types of colloidal interactions, such as long-range repulsive,
short-range attractive, hard-sphere-like and dipolar, can be realized
and give rise to equil. phases. However, spherically sym., long-range
attractions (i.e., ionic interactions) have so far always resulted in
irreversible colloidal aggregation. Here we show that the electrostatic
interaction between oppositely charged particles can be tuned such that
large ionic colloidal crystals form readily, with our theory and
simulations confirming the stability of these structures. We find that
in contrast to at. systems, the stoichiometry of our colloidal crystals
is not dictated by charge neutrality; this allows us to obtain a
remarkable diversity of new binary structures. An external elec. field
melts the crystals, confirming that the constituent particles are indeed
oppositely charged. Colloidal model systems can thus be used to study
the phase behavior of ionic species. We also expect that our approach to
controlling opposite-charge interactions will facilitate the prodn. of
binary crystals of micrometer-sized particles, which could find use as
advanced materials for photonic applications.
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15. 15
Moradi, M.-A.; Eren, E. D.; Chiappini, M.; Rzadkiewicz, S.; Goudzwaard,
M.; van Rijt, M. M. J.; Keizer, A. D. A.; Routh, A. F.; Dijkstra, M.; de
With, G.; Sommerdijk, N.; Friedrich, H.; Patterson, J. P. Spontaneous
organization of supracolloids into three-dimensional structured
materials. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 541– 547, DOI:
10.1038/s41563-020-00900-5
15
Spontaneous organization of supracolloids into three-dimensional
structured materials
Moradi, Mohammad-Amin; Eren, E. Deniz; Chiappini, Massimiliano;
Rzadkiewicz, Sebastian; Goudzwaard, Maurits; van Rijt, Mark M. J.;
Keizer, Arthur D. A.; Routh, Alexander F.; Dijkstra, Marjolein; de With,
Gijsbertus; Sommerdijk, Nico; Friedrich, Heiner; Patterson, Joseph P.
Nature Materials (2021), 20 (4), 541-547CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122.
(Nature Research)
Periodic nano- or microscale structures are used to control light,
energy and mass transportation. Colloidal organization is the most
versatile method used to control nano- and microscale order, and employs
either the enthalpy-driven self-assembly of particles at a low concn. or
the entropy-driven packing of particles at a high concn. Nonetheless, it
cannot yet provide the spontaneous three-dimensional organization of
multicomponent particles at a high concn. Here we combined these two
concepts into a single strategy to achieve hierarchical multicomponent
materials. We tuned the electrostatic attraction between polymer and
silica nanoparticles to create dynamic supracolloids whose components,
on drying, reorganize by entropy into three-dimensional structured
materials. Cryogenic electron tomog. reveals the kinetic pathways,
whereas Monte Carlo simulations combined with a kinetic model provide
design rules to form the supracolloids and control the kinetic pathways.
This approach may be useful to fabricate hierarchical hybrid materials
for distinct technol. applications.
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16. 16
Zhao, X. K.; Xu, S.; Fendler, J. H. Ultrasmall magnetic particles in
Langmuir-Blodgett films. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 2573– 2581, DOI:
10.1021/j100369a065
16
Ultrasmall magnetic particles in Langmuir-Blodgett films
Zhao, Xiao Kang; Xu, Shuqian; Fendler, Janos H.
Journal of Physical Chemistry (1990), 94 (6), 2573-81CODEN: JPCHAX;
ISSN:0022-3654.
Cationic magnetic Fe3O4 particles were sandwiched between the polar
headgroups of arachidate ion monolayers deposited on oxidized Si
substrates. Optical thicknesses of the SiO2 layer on the substrate, the
arachidate ion monolayers (A-), and the Fe3O4 particles were
characterized by incident-angle-dependent reflectance measurements,
assuming stratified planar structures for these components. The values
for optical thicknesses (dj) and refractive indexes (nj), dSiO2 = 91.5,
136.2, and 172.5 Å; nSiO2 = 1.46; dA- = 26.7 Å; nA- = 1.52; dFe3O4 =
49.8 Å; and nFe3O4 = 1.976 (in water, system A), agreed well with values
predicted by the models used. Similarly, incident-angle-dependent
reflective measurements of seven successive units of arachidate ion
sandwiched Fe3O4 particles on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films have led to
an av. thickness of 89.2 Å for a single-sandwich unit. Fe3O4 particles
were 83.2 Å from each other in the same layer but were located 96.2 Å
from each other in neighboring layers. These values indicated that 35%
of the substrate had been covered by Fe3O4 particles. Transmission
electron micrographs of arachidate ion sandwiched Fe3O4 particles on a
cellulose grid gave the av. of the center-to-center sepn. of the
particles and the surface coverage 91 ± to 10 Å and 30 ± 15%, resp.
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17. 17
Kralchevsky, P.; Paunov, V.; Ivanov, I.; Nagayama, K. Capillary meniscus
interaction between colloidal particles attached to a liquid─fluid
interface. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1992, 151, 79– 94, DOI:
10.1016/0021-9797(92)90239-I
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
18. 18
Roth, C.; Köbrich, R. Production of hollow spheres. J. Aerosol Sci.
1988, 19, 939– 942, Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft fur
Aerosolforschung DOI: 10.1016/0021-8502(88)90071-7
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
19. 19
Breen, T. L.; Tien, J.; Scott, R. J.; Oliver; Hadzic, T.; Whitesides, G.
M. Design and Self-Assembly of Open, Regular, 3D Mesostructures. Science
1999, 284, 948– 951, DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5416.948
19
Design and self-assembly of open, regular, 3D mesostructures
Breen, Tricia L.; Tien, Joe; Oliver, Scott R. J.; Hadzic, Tanja;
Whitesides, George M.
Science (Washington, D. C.) (1999), 284 (5416), 948-951CODEN: SCIEAS;
ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
Self-assembly provides the basis for a procedure used to organize
millimeter-scale objects into regular, three-dimensional arrays
("crystals") with open structures. The individual components are
designed and fabricated of polyurethane by molding; selected faces are
coated with a thin film of liq., metallic alloy. Under mild agitation in
warm, aq. potassium bromide soln., capillary forces between the films of
alloy cause self-assembly. The structures of the resulting,
self-assembled arrays are detd. by structural features of the component
parts: the three-dimensional shape of the components, the pattern of
alloy on their surfaces, and the shape of the alloy-coated surfaces.
Self-assembly of appropriately designed chiral pieces generates helixes.
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20. 20
Dong, A.; Chen, J.; Vora, P. M.; Kikkawa, J. M.; Murray, C. B. Binary
nanocrystal superlattice membranes self-assembled at the liquid-air
interface. Nature 2010, 466, 474– 477, DOI: 10.1038/nature09188
20
Binary nanocrystal superlattice membranes self-assembled at the
liquid-air interface
Dong, Angang; Chen, Jun; Vora, Patrick M.; Kikkawa, James M.; Murray,
Christopher B.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2010), 466 (7305), 474-477CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
The spontaneous organization of multicomponent micrometer-sized colloids
or nanocrystals into superlattices is of scientific importance for
understanding the assembly process on the nanometer scale and is of
great interest for bottom-up fabrication of functional devices. In
particular, co-assembly of two types of nanocrystal into binary
nanocrystal superlattices (BNSLs) has recently attracted significant
attention, as this provides a low-cost, programmable way to design meta
materials with precisely controlled properties that arise from the
organization and interactions of the constituent nanocrystal components.
Although challenging, the ability to grow and manipulate large-scale
BNSLs is crit. for extensive exploration of this new class of material.
The authors report a general method of growing centimeter-scale, uniform
membranes of BNSLs that can readily be transferred to arbitrary
substrates. The authors' method is based on the liq.-air interfacial
assembly of multicomponent nanocrystals and circumvents the limitations
assocd. with the current assembly strategies, allowing integration of
BNSLs on any substrate for the fabrication of nanocrystal-based devices.
The authors demonstrate the construction of magnetoresistive devices by
incorporating large-area (1.5 mm × 2.5 mm) BNSL membranes; their magneto
transport measurements clearly show that device magnetoresistance is
dependent on the structure (stoichiometry) of the BNSLs. The ability to
transfer BNSLs also allows the construction of free-standing membranes
and other complex architectures that were not accessible previously.
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21. 21
Yang, S.; LaCour, R. A.; Cai, Y.-Y.; Xu, J.; Rosen, D. J.; Zhang, Y.;
Kagan, C. R.; Glotzer, S. C.; Murray, C. B. Self-Assembly of Atomically
Aligned Nanoparticle Superlattices from Pt–Fe3O4 Heterodimer
Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 6280– 6288, DOI:
10.1021/jacs.2c12993
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
22. 22
Lacava, J.; Born, P.; Kraus, T. Nanoparticle Clusters with Lennard-Jones
Geometries. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3279– 3282, DOI: 10.1021/nl3013659
21
Nanoparticle Clusters with Lennard-Jones Geometries
Lacava, Johann; Born, Philip; Kraus, Tobias
Nano Letters (2012), 12 (6), 3279-3282CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Noble gas and metal atoms form min.-energy clusters. Here, the authors
present analogous agglomerates of Au nanoparticles formed in oil-in-H2O
emulsions. The authors exclude interfacial templating and
nucleation-and-growth as formation mechanisms of these supraparticles.
Similar to at. clusters, the supraparticles form when a mobile precursor
state can reconfigure until the nanoparticles' interactions with each
other and with the liq.-liq. interface are maximized. This formation
mechanism is in striking contrast to that previously reported for
microparticle clusters.
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23. 23
de Nijs, B.; Dussi, S.; Smallenburg, F.; Meeldijk, J. D.; Groenendijk,
D. J.; Filion, L.; Imhof, A.; Van Blaaderen, A.; Dijkstra, M.
Entropy-driven formation of large icosahedral colloidal clusters by
spherical confinement. Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 56– 60, DOI:
10.1038/nmat4072
22
Entropy-driven formation of large icosahedral colloidal clusters by
spherical confinement
de Nijs, Bart; Dussi, Simone; Smallenburg, Frank; Meeldijk, Johannes D.;
Groenendijk, Dirk J.; Filion, Laura; Imhof, Arnout; van Blaaderen,
Alfons; Dijkstra, Marjolein
Nature Materials (2015), 14 (1), 56-60CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122.
(Nature Publishing Group)
Icosahedral symmetry, which is not compatible with truly long-range
order, can be found in many systems, such as liqs., glasses, at.
clusters, quasicrystals, and virus-capsids. To obtain arrangements with
a high degree of icosahedral order from tens of particles or more,
interparticle attractive interactions are considered to be essential.
The authors report that entropy and spherical confinement suffice for
the formation of icosahedral clusters consisting of up to 100,000
particles. Specifically, by using real-space measurements on nanometer-
and micrometer-sized colloids, as well as computer simulations, the
authors show that tens of thousands of hard spheres compressed under
spherical confinement spontaneously crystallize into icosahedral
clusters that are entropically favored over the bulk face-centered cubic
crystal structure. These findings provide insights into the interplay
between confinement and crystn. and into how these are connected to the
formation of icosahedral structures.
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24. 24
Kister, T.; Mravlak, M.; Schilling, T.; Kraus, T. Pressure-controlled
formation of crystalline, Janus, and core-shell supraparticles.
Nanoscale 2016, 8, 13377– 13384, DOI: 10.1039/C6NR01940D
23
Pressure-controlled formation of crystalline, Janus, and core-shell
supraparticles
Kister, Thomas; Mravlak, Marko; Schilling, Tanja; Kraus, Tobias
Nanoscale (2016), 8 (27), 13377-13384CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372.
(Royal Society of Chemistry)
Binary mixts. of nanoparticles self-assemble in the confinement of
evapg. oil droplets and form regular supraparticles. We demonstrate that
moderate pressure differences on the order of 100 kPa change the
particles' self-assembly behavior. Cryst. superlattices, Janus
particles, and core-shell particle arrangements form in the same
dispersions when changing the working pressure or the surfactant that
sets the Laplace pressure inside the droplets. Mol. dynamics simulations
confirm that pressure-dependent interparticle potentials affect the
self-assembly route of the confined particles. Optical spectrometry,
small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy are used to compare
expts. and simulations and confirm that the onset of self-assembly
depends on particle size and pressure. The overall formation mechanism
reminds of the demixing of binary alloys with different phase diagrams.
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25. 25
Montanarella, F.; Geuchies, J. J.; Dasgupta, T.; Prins, P. T.; Van
Overbeek, C.; Dattani, R.; Baesjou, P.; Dijkstra, M.; Petukhov, A. V.;
Van Blaaderen, A. Crystallization of nanocrystals in spherical
confinement probed by in situ X-ray scattering. Nano Lett. 2018, 18,
3675– 3681, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00809
24
Crystallization of Nanocrystals in Spherical Confinement Probed by in
Situ X-ray Scattering
Montanarella, Federico; Geuchies, Jaco J.; Dasgupta, Tonnishtha; Prins,
P. Tim; van Overbeek, Carlo; Dattani, Rajeev; Baesjou, Patrick;
Dijkstra, Marjolein; Petukhov, Andrei V.; van Blaaderen, Alfons;
Vanmaekelbergh, Daniel
Nano Letters (2018), 18 (6), 3675-3681CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
The formation of supraparticles from nanocrystals confined in slowly
evapg. oil droplets in an oil-in-H2O emulsion was studied. The
nanocrystals consist of an FeO core, a CoFe2O4 shell, and oleate capping
ligands, with an overall diam. of 12.5 nm. In situ small- and wide-angle
x-ray scattering expts. were performed during the entire period of
solvent evapn. and colloidal crystn. A slow increase in the vol.
fraction of nanocrystals inside the oil droplets up to 20%, at which a
sudden crystn. occurs was obsd. The computer simulations show that
crystn. at such a low vol. fraction is only possible if attractive
interactions between colloidal nanocrystals are taken into account in
the model as well. The spherical supraparticles have a diam. of ∼700 nm
and consist of a few cryst. fcc. domains. Nanocrystal supraparticles
bear importance for magnetic and optoelectronic applications, such as
color tunable biolabels, color tunable phosphors in LEDs, and
miniaturized lasers.
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26. 26
Marino, E.; Kodger, T. E.; Wegdam, G. H.; Schall, P. Revealing Driving
Forces in Quantum Dot Supercrystal Assembly. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,
1803433, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201870327
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
27. 27
Wang, D.; Dasgupta, T.; van der Wee, E. B.; Zanaga, D.; Altantzis, T.;
Wu, Y.; Coli, G. M.; Murray, C. B.; Bals, S.; Dijkstra, M. Binary
icosahedral clusters of hard spheres in spherical confinement. Nat.
Phys. 2021, 17, 128– 134, DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-1003-9
26
Binary icosahedral clusters of hard spheres in spherical confinement
Wang, Da; Dasgupta, Tonnishtha; van der Wee, Ernest B.; Zanaga, Daniele;
Altantzis, Thomas; Wu, Yaoting; Coli, Gabriele M.; Murray, Christopher
B.; Bals, Sara; Dijkstra, Marjolein; van Blaaderen, Alfons
Nature Physics (2021), 17 (1), 128-134CODEN: NPAHAX; ISSN:1745-2473.
(Nature Research)
Abstr.: The influence of geometry on the local and global packing of
particles is important to many fundamental and applied research themes,
such as the structure and stability of liqs., crystals and glasses. Here
we show by expts. and simulations that a binary mixt. of
hard-sphere-like nanoparticles crystg. into a MgZn2 Laves phase in bulk
spontaneously forms icosahedral clusters in slowly drying droplets.
Using advanced electron tomog., we are able to obtain the real-space
coordinates of all the spheres in the icosahedral clusters of up to
about 10,000 particles. The local structure of 70-80% of the particles
became similar to that of the MgCu2 Laves phase. These observations are
important for photonic applications. In addn., we obsd. in simulations
that the icosahedral clusters nucleated away from the spherical
boundary, which is distinctly different from that of the single species
clusters. Our findings open the way for particle-level studies of
nucleation and growth of icosahedral clusters, and of binary crystn.
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28. 28
Lehn, J.-M. Supramolecular Chemistry. Science 1993, 260, 1762– 1763,
DOI: 10.1126/science.8511582
27
Supramolecular chemistry
Lehn, Jean Marie
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (1993), 260 (5115), 1762-3CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075.
A review with 11 refs. Recognition, reactivity and transport are basic
functional features in supramol. species.
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29. 29
Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G. Self-Organization of CdSe
Nanocrystallites into Three-Dimensional Quantum Dot Superlattices.
Science 1995, 270, 1335– 1338, DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5240.1335
28
Self-organization of CdSe nanocrystallites into three-dimensional
quantum dot superlattices
Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G.
Science (Washington, D. C.) (1995), 270 (5240), 1335-8CODEN: SCIEAS;
ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
The self-organization of CdSe nanocrystallites into three-dimensional
semiconductor quantum dot superlattices (colloidal crystals) is
demonstrated. The size and spacing of the dots within the superlattice
are controlled with near at. precision. This control is a result of
synthetic advances that provide CdSe nanocrystallites that are
monodisperse within the limit of at. roughness. The methodol. is not
limited to semiconductor quantum dots but provides general procedures
for the prepn. and characterization of ordered structures of
nanocrystallites from a variety of materials.
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30. 30
Wintzheimer, S.; Granath, T.; Oppmann, M.; Kister, T.; Thai, T.; Kraus,
T.; Vogel, N.; Mandel, K. Supraparticles: Functionality from Uniform
Structural Motifs. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 5093– 5120, DOI:
10.1021/acsnano.8b00873
29
Supraparticles: Functionality from uniform structural motifs
Wintzheimer, Susanne; Granath, Tim; Oppmann, Maximilian; Kister, Thomas;
Thai, Thibaut; Kraus, Tobias; Vogel, Nicolas; Mandel, Karl
ACS Nano (2018), 12 (6), 5093-5120CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Under the right process conditions, nanoparticles can cluster together
to form defined, dispersed structures, which can be termed
supraparticles. Controlling the size, shape, and morphol. of such
entities is a central step in various fields of science and technol.,
ranging from colloid chem. and soft matter physics to powder technol.
and pharmaceutical and food sciences. These diverse scientific
communities have been investigating formation processes and
structure/property relations of such supraparticles under completely
different boundary conditions. On the fundamental side, the field is
driven by the desire to gain max. control of the assembly structures
using very defined and tailored colloidal building blocks, whereas more
applied disciplines focus on optimizing the functional properties from
rather ill-defined starting materials. With this review article, we aim
to provide a connecting perspective by outlining fundamental principles
that govern the formation and functionality of supraparticles. We
discuss the formation of supraparticles as a result of colloidal
properties interplaying with external process parameters. We then
outline how the structure of the supraparticles gives rise to diverse
functional properties. They can be a result of the structure itself
(emergent properties), of the colocalization of different, functional
building blocks, or of coupling between individual particles in close
proximity. Taken together, we aim to establish structure-property and
process-structure relationships that provide unifying guidelines for the
rational design of functional supraparticles with optimized properties.
Finally, we aspire to connect the different disciplines by providing a
categorized overview of the existing, diverging nomenclature of
seemingly similar supraparticle structures.
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31. 31
McGorty, R.; Fung, J.; Kaz, D.; Manoharan, V. N. Colloidal self-assembly
at an interface. Mater. Today 2010, 13, 34– 42, DOI:
10.1016/S1369-7021(10)70107-3
30
Colloidal self-assembly at an interface
McGorty, Ryan; Fung, Jerome; Kaz, David; Manoharan, Vinothan N.
Materials Today (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2010), 13 (6), 34-42CODEN:
MTOUAN; ISSN:1369-7021. (Elsevier Ltd.)
A review. Mix a drop of water into a vial of oil. With some surfactant
and a vigorous shake, that one droplet has become thousands, and the
total interfacial area has increased by an order of magnitude or more.
Like the folded membranes in our mitochondria, the alveoli in our lungs,
and the catalytic converters in our cars, oil-water emulsions contain a
vast reservoir of interfacial area that can be used to control and
transform the things that encounter it. The oil-water interface is esp.
well-suited to directing the assembly of colloidal particles, which bind
to it rapidly and often irreversibly.
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32. 32
Svensson, C.; Shvydkiv, O.; Dietrich, S.; Mahler, L.; Weber, T.;
Choudhary, M.; Tovar, M.; Figge, M. T.; Roth, M. Coding of Experimental
Conditions in Microfluidic Droplet Assays Using Colored Beads and
Machine Learning Supported Image Analysis. Small 2019, 15, 1802384,
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802384
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
33. 33
Wang, J.; Mbah, C. F.; Przybilla, T.; Apeleo Zubiri, B.; Spiecker, E.;
Engel, M.; Vogel, N. Magic number colloidal clusters as minimum free
energy structures. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5259, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-018-07600-4
32
Magic number colloidal clusters as minimum free energy structures
Wang, Junwei; Mbah, Chrameh Fru; Przybilla, Thomas; Apeleo Zubiri,
Benjamin; Spiecker, Erdmann; Engel, Michael; Vogel, Nicolas
Nature Communications (2018), 9 (1), 5259CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723.
(Nature Research)
Clusters in systems as diverse as metal atoms, virus proteins, noble
gases, and nucleons have properties that depend sensitively on the no.
of constituent particles. Certain nos. are termed magic because they
grant the system with closed shells and exceptional stability. To this
point, magic no. clusters have been exclusively found with attractive
interactions as present between atoms. Here we show that magic no.
clusters exist in a confined soft matter system with negligible
interactions. Colloidal particles in an emulsion droplet spontaneously
organize into a series of clusters with precisely defined shell
structures. Crucially, free energy calcns. demonstrate that colloidal
clusters with magic nos. possess higher thermodn. stability than those
off magic nos. A complex kinetic pathway is responsible for the
efficiency of this system in finding its min. free energy configuration.
Targeting similar magic no. states is a strategy towards unique
configurations in finite self-organizing systems across the scales.
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34. 34
Wang, J.; Peled, T. S.; Klajn, R. Photocleavable Anionic Glues for
Light-Responsive Nanoparticle Aggregates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145,
4098– 4108, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11973
33
Photocleavable Anionic Glues for Light-Responsive Nanoparticle
Aggregates
Wang, Jinhua; Peled, Tzuf Shay; Klajn, Rafal
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2023), 145 (7),
4098-4108CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Integrating light-sensitive mols. within nanoparticle (NP) assemblies is
an attractive approach to fabricate new photoresponsive nanomaterials.
Here, we describe the concept of photocleavable anionic glue (PAG):
small trianions capable of mediating interactions between (and inducing
the aggregation of) cationic NPs by means of electrostatic interactions.
Exposure to light converts PAGs into dianionic products incapable of
maintaining the NPs in an assembled state, resulting in light-triggered
disassembly of NP aggregates. To demonstrate the proof-of-concept, we
work with an org. PAG incorporating the UV-cleavable o-nitrobenzyl
moiety and an inorg. PAG, the photosensitive trioxalatocobaltate(III)
complex, which absorbs light across the entire visible spectrum. Both
PAGs were used to prep. either amorphous NP assemblies or regular
superlattices with a long-range NP order. These NP aggregates
disassembled rapidly upon light exposure for a specific time, which
could be tuned by the incident light wavelength or the amt. of PAG used.
Selective excitation of the inorg. PAG in a system combining the two
PAGs results in a photodecompn. product that deactivates the org. PAG,
enabling nontrivial disassembly profiles under a single type of external
stimulus.
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35. 35
Hu, M.; Butt, H.-J.; Landfester, K.; Bannwarth, M. B.; Wooh, S.;
Thérien-Aubin, H. Shaping the Assembly of Superparamagnetic
Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 3015– 3022, DOI:
10.1021/acsnano.8b07783
34
Shaping the Assembly of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles
Hu, Minghan; Butt, Hans-Juergen; Landfester, Katharina; Bannwarth,
Markus B.; Wooh, Sanghyuk; Therien-Aubin, Heloise
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (3), 3015-3022CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Superparamagnetism exists only in nanocrystals, and to endow
micro/macro-materials with superparamagnetism, superparamagnetic
nanoparticles have to be assembled into complex materials. Most
techniques currently used to produce such assemblies are inefficient in
terms of time and material. Herein, we used evapn.-guided assembly to
produce superparamagnetic supraparticles by drying ferrofluid droplets
on a superamphiphobic substrate in the presence of an external magnetic
field. By tuning the concn. of ferrofluid droplets and controlling the
magnetic field, barrel-like, cone-like, and two-tower-like
supraparticles were obtained. These assembled supraparticles preserved
the superparamagnetism of the original nanoparticles. Moreover, other
colloids can easily be integrated into the ferrofluid suspension to
produce, by co-assembly, anisotropic binary supraparticles with addnl.
functions. Addnl., the magnetic and anisotropic nature of the resulting
supraparticles was harnessed to prep. magnetically actuable
microswimmers.
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36. 36
Wang, T.; Wang, X.; LaMontagne, D.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Cao, Y. C.
Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Superparticles from Nanocubes.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 18225– 18228, DOI: 10.1021/ja308962w
35
Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Superparticles from Nanocubes
Wang, Tie; Wang, Xirui; LaMontagne, Derek; Wang, Zhongliang; Wang,
Zhongwu; Cao, Y. Charles
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2012), 134 (44),
18225-18228CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
This communication reports a shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal
superparticles (SPs) from iron oxide nanocubes. Our results show that
the formation of SPs is under thermodn. control and that their shape is
detd. by Gibbs free energy minimization. The resulting SPs adopt a
simple-cubic superlattice structure, and their shape can be tuned
between spheres and cubes by varying the relative free energy
contributions from the surface and bulk free energy terms. The formation
of sphere-shaped SPs from nanocubes suggests that the size-dependent
hydration effect predicted by the Lum-Chandler-Weeks theory plays a very
important role in the self-assembly of nano-objects. In addn., the iron
oxide SPs exhibit shape-dependent therapeutic effects in magnetomech.
treatments of cancer cells in vitro.
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37. 37
Egly, S.; Fröhlich, C.; Vogel, S.; Gruenewald, A.; Wang, J.; Detsch, R.;
Boccaccini, A. R.; Vogel, N. Bottom-Up Assembly of Silica and Bioactive
Glass Supraparticles with Tunable Hierarchical Porosity. Langmuir 2018,
34, 2063– 2072, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03904
36
Bottom-Up Assembly of Silica and Bioactive Glass Supraparticles with
Tunable Hierarchical Porosity
Egly, Steffen; Froehlich, Christina; Vogel, Stefanie; Gruenewald, Alina;
Wang, Junwei; Detsch, Rainer; Boccaccini, Aldo R.; Vogel, Nicolas
Langmuir (2018), 34 (5), 2063-2072CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463.
(American Chemical Society)
The authors study the formation of spherical supraparticles with
controlled and tunable porosity on the nanometer and micrometer scales
using the self-organization of a binary mixt. of small (nanometer scale)
oxidic particles with large (micrometer scale) polystyrene particles in
the confinement of an emulsion droplet. The external confinement dets.
the final, spherical structure of the hybrid assembly, while the small
particles form the matrix material. The large particles act as
templating porogens to create micropores after combustion at elevated
temps. The authors control the pore sizes on the micrometer scale by
varying the size of the coassembled polystyrene microspheres and produce
supraparticles from both SiO2- and Ca-contg. CaO/SiO2 particles.
Although porous supraparticles are obtained in both cases, the presence
of Ca ions substantially complicated the fabrication process since the
increased ionic strength of the dispersion compromises the colloidal
stability during the assembly process. The authors minimized these
stability issues via the addn. of a steric stabilizing agent and by
mixing bioactive and SiO2 colloidal particles. The authors studied the
interaction of the porous particles with bone marrow stromal cells and
found an increase in cell attachment with increasing pore size of the
self-assembled supraparticles.
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38. 38
Choi, T. M.; Lee, G. H.; Kim, Y.; Park, J.; Hwang, H.; Kim, S. Photonic
Microcapsules Containing Single-Crystal Colloidal Arrays with Optical
Anisotropy. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900693, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900693
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
39. 39
Bolhuis, P. G.; Frenkel, D.; Mau, S.-C.; Huse, D. A. Entropy difference
between crystal phases. Nature 1997, 388, 235– 236, DOI: 10.1038/40779
38
Entropy difference between crystal phases
Bolhuis, P. G.; Frenkel, D.; Mau, Siun-Chuon; Huse, David A.
Nature (London) (1997), 388 (6639), 235-236CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Macmillan Magazines)
There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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40. 40
Wang, J.; Mbah, C. F.; Przybilla, T.; Englisch, S.; Spiecker, E.; Engel,
M.; Vogel, N. Free energy landscape of colloidal clusters in spherical
confinement. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 9005– 9015, DOI:
10.1021/acsnano.9b03039
39
Free Energy Landscape of Colloidal Clusters in Spherical Confinement
Wang, Junwei; Mbah, Chrameh Fru; Przybilla, Thomas; Englisch, Silvan;
Spiecker, Erdmann; Engel, Michael; Vogel, Nicolas
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (8), 9005-9015CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
The structure of finite self-assembling systems depends sensitively on
the no. of constituent building blocks. Recently, it was demonstrated
that hard sphere-like colloidal particles show a magic no. effect when
confined in emulsion droplets. Geometric construction rules permit a few
dozen magic nos. that correspond to a discrete series of completely
filled concentric icosahedral shells. Here, we investigate the free
energy landscape of these colloidal clusters as a function of the no. of
their constituent building blocks for system sizes up to several
thousand particles. We find that min. in the free energy landscape,
arising from the presence of filled, concentric shells, are
significantly broadened, compared to their at. analogs. Colloidal
clusters in spherical confinement can flexibly accommodate excess
particles by ordering icosahedrally in the cluster center while changing
the structure near the cluster surface. In between these magic no.
regions, the building blocks cannot arrange into filled shells. Instead,
we observe that defects accumulate in a single wedge and therefore only
affect a few tetrahedral grains of the cluster. We predict the existence
of this wedge by simulation and confirm its presence in expt. using
electron tomog. The introduction of the wedge minimizes the free energy
penalty by confining defects to small regions within the cluster. In
addn., the remaining ordered tetrahedral grains can relax internal
strain by breaking icosahedral symmetry. Our findings demonstrate how
multiple defect mechanisms collude to form the complex free energy
landscape of colloidal clusters.
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41. 41
Wang, J.; Sultan, U.; Goerlitzer, E. S.; Mbah, C. F.; Engel, M.; Vogel,
N. Structural color of colloidal clusters as a tool to investigate
structure and dynamics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1907730, DOI:
10.1002/adfm.201907730
40
Structural Color of Colloidal Clusters as a Tool to Investigate
Structure and Dynamics
Wang, Junwei; Sultan, Umair; Goerlitzer, Eric S. A.; Mbah, Chrameh Fru;
Engel, Michael; Vogel, Nicolas
Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (26), 1907730CODEN: AFMDC6;
ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Colloidal assemblies have applications as photonic crystals and
templates for functional porous materials. While there has been
significant progress in controlling colloidal assemblies into defined
structures, their 3D order remains difficult to characterize. Simple,
low-cost techniques are sought that characterize colloidal structures
and assist optimization of process parameters. Here, structural color is
presented to image the structure and dynamics of colloidal clusters
prepd. by a confined self-assembly process in emulsion droplets. It is
shown that characteristic anisotropic structural color motifs such as
circles, stripes, triangles, or bowties arise from the defined interior
grain geometry of such colloidal clusters. The optical detection of
these motifs reliably distinguishes icosahedral, decahedral, and
face-centered cubic colloidal clusters and thus enables a simple yet
precise characterization of their internal structure. In addn., the
rotational motion and dynamics of such micrometer-scale clusters
suspended in a liq. can be followed in real time via their anisotropic
coloration. Finally, monitoring the evolution of structural color
provides real-time information about the crystn. pathway within the
confining emulsion droplet. Together, this work demonstrates that
structural color is a simple and versatile tool to characterize the
structure and dynamic properties of colloidal clusters.
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42. 42
Mbah, C. F.; Wang, J.; Englisch, S.; Bommineni, P.; Varela-Rosales, N.
R.; Spiecker, E.; Vogel, N.; Engel, M. Early-stage bifurcation of
crystallization in a sphere. Nature. Communications 2023, 14, 5299,
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41001-6
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
43. 43
Teich, E. G.; Van Anders, G.; Klotsa, D.; Dshemuchadse, J.; Glotzer, S.
C. Clusters of polyhedra in spherical confinement. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. U. S. A. 2016, 113, E669– E678, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524875113
42
Clusters of polyhedra in spherical confinement
Teich, Erin G.; van Anders, Greg; Klotsa, Daphne; Dshemuchadse, Julia;
Glotzer, Sharon C.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America (2016), 113 (6), E669-E678CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424.
(National Academy of Sciences)
Dense particle packing in a confining vol. remains a rich, largely
unexplored problem, despite applications in blood clotting, plasmonics,
industrial packaging and transport, colloidal mol. design, and
information storage. Here, we report densest found clusters of the
Platonic solids in spherical confinement, for up to N=60 constituent
polyhedral particles. We examine the interplay between anisotropic
particle shape and isotropic 3D confinement. Densest clusters exhibit a
wide variety of symmetry point groups and form in up to three layers at
higher N. For many N values, icosahedra and dodecahedra form clusters
that resemble sphere clusters. These common structures are layers of
optimal spherical codes in most cases, a surprising fact given the
significant faceting of the icosahedron and dodecahedron. We also
investigate cluster d. as a function of N for each particle shape. We
find that, in contrast to what happens in bulk, polyhedra often pack
less densely than spheres. We also find esp. dense clusters at so-called
magic nos. of constituent particles. Our results showcase the structural
diversity and exptl. utility of families of solns. to the packing in
confinement problem.
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44. 44
Wang, D.; Hermes, M.; Kotni, R.; Wu, Y.; Tasios, N.; Liu, Y.; de Nijs,
B.; van der Wee, E. B.; Murray, C. B.; Dijkstra, M.; van Blaaderen, A.
Interplay between spherical confinement and particle shape on the
self-assembly of rounded cubes. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2228, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-018-04644-4
43
Interplay between spherical confinement and particle shape on the
self-assembly of rounded cubes
Wang Da; Hermes Michiel; Kotni Ramakrishna; Tasios Nikos; Liu Yang; de
Nijs Bart; van der Wee Ernest B; Dijkstra Marjolein; van Blaaderen
Alfons; Wu Yaoting; Murray Christopher B; Liu Yang; Murray Christopher B
Nature communications (2018), 9 (1), 2228 ISSN:.
Self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) inside drying emulsion droplets
provides a general strategy for hierarchical structuring of matter at
different length scales. The local orientation of neighboring
crystalline NPs can be crucial to optimize for instance the optical and
electronic properties of the self-assembled superstructures. By
integrating experiments and computer simulations, we demonstrate that
the orientational correlations of cubic NPs inside drying emulsion
droplets are significantly determined by their flat faces. We analyze
the rich interplay of positional and orientational order as the particle
shape changes from a sharp cube to a rounded cube. Sharp cubes strongly
align to form simple-cubic superstructures whereas rounded cubes
assemble into icosahedral clusters with additionally strong local
orientational correlations. This demonstrates that the interplay between
packing, confinement and shape can be utilized to develop new materials
with novel properties.
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45. 45
Skye, R. S.; Teich, E. G.; Dshemuchadse, J. Tuning assembly structures
of hard shapes in confinement via interface curvature. Soft Matter 2022,
18, 6782– 6790, DOI: 10.1039/D2SM00545J
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
46. 46
Min, Y.; Akbulut, M.; Kristiansen, K.; Golan, Y.; Israelachvili, J. The
role of interparticle and external forces in nanoparticle assembly. Nat.
Mater. 2008, 7, 527– 538, DOI: 10.1038/nmat2206
45
The role of interparticle and external forces in nanoparticle assembly
Min, Younjin; Akbulut, Mustafa; Kristiansen, Kai; Golan, Yuval;
Israelachvili, Jacob
Nature Materials (2008), 7 (7), 527-538CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122.
(Nature Publishing Group)
A review. The past 20 years have witnessed simultaneous
multidisciplinary explosions in exptl. techniques for synthesizing new
materials, measuring and manipulating nanoscale structures,
understanding biol. processes at the nanoscale, and carrying out
large-scale computations of many-atom and complex macromol. systems.
These advances have led to the new disciplines of nanoscience and
nanoengineering. For reasons that are discussed here, most nanoparticles
do not 'self-assemble' into their thermodynamically lowest energy state,
and require an input of energy or external forces to 'direct' them into
particular structures or assemblies. We discuss why and how a
combination of self- and directed-assembly processes, involving
interparticle and externally applied forces, can be applied to produce
desired nanostructured materials.
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47. 47
Bishop, K. J.; Wilmer, C. E.; Soh, S.; Grzybowski, B. A. Nanoscale
forces and their uses in self-assembly. Small 2009, 5, 1600– 1630, DOI:
10.1002/smll.200900358
46
Nanoscale forces and their uses in self-assembly
Bishop, Kyle J. M.; Wilmer, Christopher E.; Soh, Siowling; Grzybowski,
Bartosz A.
Small (2009), 5 (14), 1600-1630CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
A review. The ability to assemble nanoscopic components into larger
structures and materials depends crucially on the ability to understand
in quant. detail and subsequently "engineer" the interparticle
interactions. This Review provides a crit. examn. of the various
interparticle forces (van der Waals, electrostatic, magnetic, mol., and
entropic) that can be used in nanoscale self-assembly. For each type of
interaction, the magnitude and the length scale are discussed, as well
as the scaling with particle size and interparticle distance. In all
cases, the discussion emphasizes characteristics unique to the
nanoscale. These theor. considerations are accompanied by examples of
recent exptl. systems, in which specific interaction types were used to
drive nanoscopic self-assembly. Overall, this Review aims to provide a
comprehensive yet easily accessible resource of nanoscale-specific
interparticle forces that can be implemented in models or simulations of
self-assembly processes at this scale.
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48. 48
Wang, Y.; Fedin, I.; Zhang, H.; Talapin, D. V. Direct optical
lithography of functional inorganic nanomaterials. Science 2017, 357,
385– 388, DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2958
47
Direct optical lithography of functional inorganic nanomaterials
Wang, Yuanyuan; Fedin, Igor; Zhang, Hao; Talapin, Dmitri V.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2017), 357 (6349),
385-388CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
The authors introduce a general chem. approach for photoresist-free,
direct optical lithog. of functional inorg. nanomaterials. The patterned
materials can be metals, semiconductors, oxides, magnetic, or rare earth
compns. No org. impurities are present in the patterned layers, which
helps achieve good electronic and optical properties. The cond., carrier
mobility, dielec., and luminescence properties of optically patterned
layers are on par with the properties of state-of-the-art
soln.-processed materials. The ability to directly pattern all-inorg.
layers by using a light exposure dose comparable with that of org.
photoresists provides an alternate route for thin-film device manufg.
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49. 49
Liu, S.-F.; Hou, Z.-W.; Lin, L.; Li, F.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X.-Z.; Zhang, H.;
Fang, H.-H.; Li, Z.; Sun, H.-B. 3D nanoprinting of semiconductor quantum
dots by photoexcitation-induced chemical bonding. Science 2022, 377,
1112– 1116, DOI: 10.1126/science.abo5345
48
3D nanoprinting of semiconductor quantum dots by photoexcitation-induced
chemical bonding
Liu, Shao-Feng; Hou, Zheng-Wei; Lin, Linhan; Li, Fu; Zhao, Yao; Li,
Xiao-Ze; Zhang, Hao; Fang, Hong-Hua; Li, Zhengcao; Sun, Hong-Bo
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 377 (6610),
1112-1116CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Three-dimensional (3D) laser nanoprinting allows maskless manufg. of
diverse nanostructures with nanoscale resoln. However, 3D manufg. of
inorg. nanostructures typically requires nanomaterial-polymer composites
and is limited by a photopolymn. mechanism, resulting in a redn. of
material purity and degrdn. of intrinsic properties. We developed a
polymn.-independent, laser direct writing technique called
photoexcitation-induced chem. bonding. Without any additives, the holes
excited inside semiconductor quantum dots are transferred to the
nanocrystal surface and improve their chem. reactivity, leading to
interparticle chem. bonding. As a proof of concept, we printed arbitrary
3D quantum dot architectures at a resoln. beyond the diffraction limit.
Our strategy will enable the manufg. of free-form quantum dot
optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting devices or photodetectors.
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50. 50
Zheng, J.; Chen, J.; Jin, Y.; Wen, Y.; Mu, Y.; Wu, C.; Wang, Y.; Tong,
P.; Li, Z.; Hou, X.; Tang, J. Photochromism from wavelength-selective
colloidal phase segregation. Nature 2023, 617, 499– 506, DOI:
10.1038/s41586-023-05873-4
49
Photochromism from wavelength-selective colloidal phase segregation
Zheng, Jing; Chen, Jingyuan; Jin, Yakang; Wen, Yan; Mu, Yijiang; Wu,
Changjin; Wang, Yufeng; Tong, Penger; Li, Zhigang; Hou, Xu; Tang, Jinyao
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2023), 617 (7961), 499-506CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:1476-4687. (Nature Portfolio)
Phase segregation is ubiquitously obsd. in immiscible mixts., such as
oil and water, in which the mixing entropy is overcome by the
segregation enthalpy. In monodispersed colloidal systems, however, the
colloidal-colloidal interactions are usually non-specific and
short-ranged, which leads to negligible segregation enthalpy. The
recently developed photoactive colloidal particles show long-range
phoretic interactions, which can be readily tuned with incident light,
suggesting an ideal model for studying phase behavior and structure
evolution kinetics. In this work, we design a simple spectral selective
active colloidal system, in which TiO2 colloidal species were coded with
spectral distinctive dyes to form a photochromic colloidal swarm. In
this system, the particle-particle interactions can be programmed by
combining incident light with various wavelengths and intensities to
enable controllable colloidal gelation and segregation. Furthermore, by
mixing the cyan, magenta and yellow colloids, a dynamic photochromic
colloidal swarm is formulated. On illumination of colored light, the
colloidal swarm adapts the appearance of incident light due to layered
phase segregation, presenting a facile approach towards colored
electronic paper and self-powered optical camouflage.
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51. 51
Pellicciotta, N.; Paoluzzi, M.; Buonomo, D.; Frangipane, G.; Angelani,
L.; Di Leonardo, R. Colloidal transport by light induced gradients of
active pressure. Nature. Communications 2023, 14, 4191, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-023-39974-5
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
52. 52
Kim, J.; Yun, H.; Lee, Y. J.; Lee, J.; Kim, S.-H.; Ku, K. H.; Kim, B. J.
Photoswitchable Surfactant-Driven Reversible Shape- and Color-Changing
Block Copolymer Particles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 13333– 13341,
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06377
51
Photoswitchable surfactant-driven reversible shape- and color-changing
block copolymer particles
Kim, Jinwoo; Yun, Hongseok; Lee, Young Jun; Lee, Junhyuk; Kim,
Shin-Hyun; Ku, Kang Hee; Kim, Bumjoon J.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2021), 143 (33),
13333-13341CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Polymer particles that switch their shape and color in response to light
are of great interest for the development of programmable smart
materials. Herein, we report block copolymer (BCP) particles with
reversible shapes and colors activated by irradn. with UV and visible
lights. This shape transformation of the BCP particles is achieved by a
spiropyran-dodecyltrimethylammoium bromide (SP-DTAB) surfactant that
changes its amphiphilicity upon photoisomerization. Under UV light (365
nm) irradn., the hydrophilic ring-opened merocyanine form of the SP-DTAB
surfactant affords the formation of spherical, onion-like BCP particles.
In contrast, when exposed to visible light, surfactants with the
ring-closed form yield prolate or oblate BCP ellipsoids with axially
stacked nanostructures. Importantly, the change in BCP particle morphol.
between spheres and ellipsoids is reversible over multiple UV and
visible light irradn. cycles. In addn., the shape- and color-switchable
BCP particles are integrated to form a composite hydrogel, demonstrating
their potential as high-resoln. displays with reversible patterning
capabilities.
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53. 53
Kundu, P. K.; Das, S.; Ahrens, J.; Klajn, R. Controlling the lifetimes
of dynamic nanoparticle aggregates by spiropyran functionalization.
Nanoscale 2016, 8, 19280– 19286, DOI: 10.1039/C6NR05959G
52
Controlling the lifetimes of dynamic nanoparticle aggregates by
spiropyran functionalization
Kundu, Pintu K.; Das, Sanjib; Ahrens, Johannes; Klajn, Rafal
Nanoscale (2016), 8 (46), 19280-19286CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372.
(Royal Society of Chemistry)
Novel light-responsive nanoparticles were synthesized by decorating the
surfaces of gold and silver nanoparticles with a nitrospiropyran mol.
photoswitch. Upon exposure to UV light in nonpolar solvents, these
nanoparticles self-assembled to afford spherical aggregates, which
disassembled rapidly when the UV stimulus was turned off. The sizes of
these aggregates depended on the nanoparticle concn., and their
lifetimes could be controlled by adjusting the surface concn. of
nitrospiropyran on the nanoparticles. The conformational flexibility of
nitrospiropyran, which was altered by modifying the structure of the
background ligand, had a profound impact on the self-assembly process.
By coating the nanoparticles with a spiropyran lacking the nitro group,
a conceptually different self-assembly system, relying on a reversible
proton transfer, was realized. The resulting particles spontaneously (in
the dark) assembled into aggregates that could be readily disassembled
upon exposure to blue light.
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54. 54
Han, F.; Yan, Z. Phase Transition and Self-Stabilization of
Light-Mediated Metal Nanoparticle Assemblies. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 6616–
6625, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08015
53
Phase Transition and Self-Stabilization of Light-Mediated Metal
Nanoparticle Assemblies
Han, Fei; Yan, Zijie
ACS Nano (2020), 14 (6), 6616-6625CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Light-mediated self-organization of nanoparticles (NPs) offers a route
to study mesoscale electrodynamics interactions in many-body systems.
Here we report the phase transition and self-stabilization of dynamic
assemblies with up to 101 plasmonic metal NPs in optical fields. The
spatial stability of self-organized NPs is strongly influenced by the
laser intensity and polarization state, where phase transition occurs
when the intensity increases and the polarization changes from linear to
circular. Well-organized NP arrays can form in a circularly polarized
laser beam, where the center of an array is less susceptible to thermal
fluctuations than the edge. Moreover, larger arrays are self-protected
from fluctuation-induced instability by incorporating more NP
constituents. The dynamics of NP arrays can be understood by
electrodynamic simulations coupled with thermal fluctuations and by
examg. their potential energy surfaces. This study clearly reveals the
spatial inhomogeneity of optical binding interactions in a
two-dimensional multiparticle system, which is important for building
large-scale optical matter assemblies with NPs.
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55. 55
Tong, X.; Wang, G.; Soldera, A.; Zhao, Y. How Can Azobenzene Block
Copolymer Vesicles Be Dissociated and Reformed by Light?. J. Phys. Chem.
B 2005, 109, 20281– 20287, DOI: 10.1021/jp0524274
54
How Can Azobenzene Block Copolymer Vesicles Be Dissociated and Reformed
by Light?
Tong, Xia; Wang, Guang; Soldera, Armand; Zhao, Yue
Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2005), 109 (43), 20281-20287CODEN:
JPCBFK; ISSN:1520-6106. (American Chemical Society)
The underlying mechanism of UV light-induced dissocn. and visible
light-induced reformation of vesicles formed by an azobenzene diblock
copolymer was investigated. These processes were studied in situ by
monitoring changes in optical transmittance of the vesicular soln. while
being exposed to UV or visible light irradn. The results indicate that
the UV-induced dissocn. of the vesicles results from their thermodn.
instability due to a shift of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance
arising from the trans-cis isomerization, while their reaggregation
takes place upon visible light irradn. that shifts the
hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance in the opposite direction after the
reverse cis-trans isomerization. The study suggests a specific design
principle for obtaining UV light-dissociable and visible
light-recoverable vesicles based on azobenzene block copolymers. On one
hand, the structure of azobenzene moiety used in the hydrophobic block
should have a small (near zero) dipole moment in the trans form and a
significantly higher dipole moment in the cis form, which ensures a
significant increase in polarity of the hydrophobic block under UV light
irradn. On the other hand, the hydrophilic block should be weakly
hydrophilic. The conjunction of the two conditions can make the
light-induced shift of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance important
enough to lead to the reversible change in vesicular aggregation.
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56. 56
Zhao, H.; Sen, S.; Udayabhaskararao, T.; Sawczyk, M.; Kučanda, K.;
Manna, D.; Kundu, P. K.; Lee, J.-W.; Král, P.; Klajn, R. Reversible
trapping and reaction acceleration within dynamically self-assembling
nanoflasks. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 82– 88, DOI:
10.1038/nnano.2015.256
55
Reversible trapping and reaction acceleration within dynamically
self-assembling nanoflasks
Zhao, Hui; Sen, Soumyo; Udayabhaskararao, T.; Sawczyk, Michal; Kucanda,
Kristina; Manna, Debasish; Kundu, Pintu K.; Lee, Ji-Woong; Kral, Petr;
Klajn, Rafal
Nature Nanotechnology (2016), 11 (1), 82-88CODEN: NNAABX;
ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)
The chem. behavior of mols. can be significantly modified by confinement
to vols. comparable to the dimensions of the mols. Although such
confined spaces can be found in various nanostructured materials, such
as zeolites, nanoporous org. frameworks and colloidal nanocrystal
assemblies, the slow diffusion of mols. in and out of these materials
has greatly hampered studying the effect of confinement on their
physicochem. properties. Here, we show that this diffusion limitation
can be overcome by reversibly creating and destroying confined
environments by means of UV and visible light irradn. We use colloidal
nanocrystals functionalized with light-responsive ligands that readily
self-assemble and trap various mols. from the surrounding bulk soln.
Once trapped, these mols. can undergo chem. reactions with increased
rates and with stereoselectivities significantly different from those in
bulk soln. Illumination with visible light disassembles these
nanoflasks, releasing the product in soln. and thereby establishes a
catalytic cycle. These dynamic nanoflasks can be useful for studying
chem. reactivities in confined environments and for synthesizing mols.
that are otherwise hard to achieve in bulk soln.
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57. 57
Singh, G.; Chan, H.; Baskin, A.; Gelman, E.; Repnin, N.; Král, P.;
Klajn, R. Self-assembly of magnetite nanocubes into helical
superstructures. Science 2014, 345, 1149– 1153, DOI:
10.1126/science.1254132
56
Self-assembly of magnetite nanocubes into helical superstructures
Singh, Gurvinder; Chan, Henry; Baskin, Artem; Gelman, Elijah; Repnin,
Nikita; Kral, Petr; Klajn, Rafal
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2014), 345 (6201),
1149-1153CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Organizing inorg. nanocrystals into complex architectures is challenging
and typically relies on preexisting templates, such as properly folded
DNA or polypeptide chains. We found that under carefully controlled
conditions, cubic nanocrystals of magnetite self-assemble into arrays of
helical superstructures in a template-free manner with >99% yield.
Computer simulations revealed that the formation of helixes is detd. by
the interplay of van der Waals and magnetic dipole-dipole interactions,
Zeeman coupling, and entropic forces and can be attributed to
spontaneous formation of chiral nanocube clusters. Neighboring helixes
within their densely packed ensembles tended to adopt the same
handedness to maximize packing, thus revealing a novel mechanism of
symmetry breaking and chirality amplification.
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58. 58
Al Harraq, A.; Lee, J. G.; Bharti, B. Magnetic field–driven assembly and
reconfiguration of multicomponent supraparticles. Science Advances 2020,
6 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5337
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
59. 59
Xu, W.; Ji, M.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, H.; Wang, L.; Peng, D.-L. Nickel
Colloidal Superparticles: Microemulsion-Based Self-Assembly Preparation
and Their Transition from Room-Temperature Superparamagnetism to
Ferromagnetism. J. Phys. Chem. C 2021, 125, 5880– 5889, DOI:
10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c11405
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
60. 60
Timonen, J. V. I.; Latikka, M.; Leibler, L.; Ras, R. H. A.; Ikkala, O.
Switchable Static and Dynamic Self-Assembly of Magnetic Droplets on
Superhydrophobic Surfaces. Science 2013, 341, 253– 257, DOI:
10.1126/science.1233775
59
Switchable Static and Dynamic Self-Assembly of Magnetic Droplets on
Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Timonen, Jaakko V. I.; Latikka, Mika; Leibler, Ludwik; Ras, Robin H. A.;
Ikkala, Olli
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2013), 341 (6143),
253-257CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Self-assembly is a process in which interacting bodies are autonomously
driven into ordered structures. Static structures such as crystals often
form through simple energy minimization, whereas dynamic ones require
continuous energy input to grow and sustain. Dynamic systems are
ubiquitous and biol. but proved challenging to understand and engineer.
Here, the authors bridge the gap from static to dynamic self-assembly by
introducing a model system based on ferrofluid droplets on
superhydrophobic surfaces. The droplets self-assemble under a static
external magnetic field into simple patterns that can be switched to
complicated dynamic dissipative structures by applying a time-varying
magnetic field. The transition between the static and dynamic patterns
involves kinetic trapping and shows complexity that can be directly
visualized.
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61. 61
Erb, R. M.; Son, H. S.; Samanta, B.; Rotello, V. M.; Yellen, B. B.
Magnetic assembly of colloidal superstructures with multipole symmetry.
Nature 2009, 457, 999– 1002, DOI: 10.1038/nature07766
60
Magnetic assembly of colloidal superstructures with multipole symmetry
Erb, Randall M.; Son, Hui S.; Samanta, Bappaditya; Rotello, Vincent M.;
Yellen, Benjamin B.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2009), 457 (7232), 999-1002CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
The assembly of complex structures out of simple colloidal building
blocks is of practical interest for building materials with unique
optical properties (for example photonic crystals and DNA biosensors)
and is of fundamental importance in improving the understanding of
self-assembly processes occurring on mol. to macroscopic length scales.
Here the authors demonstrate a self-assembly principle that is capable
of organizing a diverse set of colloidal particles into highly
reproducible, rotationally sym. arrangements. The structures are
assembled using the magnetostatic interaction between effectively
diamagnetic and paramagnetic particles within a magnetized ferrofluid.
The resulting multipolar geometries resemble electrostatic charge
configurations such as axial quadrupoles ('Saturn rings'), axial
octupoles ('flowers'), linear quadrupoles (poles) and mixed multipole
arrangements ('two tone'), which represent just a few examples of the
type of structure that can be built using this technique.
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62. 62
Santos, P. J.; Gabrys, P. A.; Zornberg, L. Z.; Lee, M. S.; Macfarlane,
R. J. Macroscopic materials assembled from nanoparticle superlattices.
Nature 2021, 591, 586– 591, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03355-z
61
Macroscopic materials assembled from nanoparticle superlattices
Santos, Peter J.; Gabrys, Paul A.; Zornberg, Leonardo Z.; Lee, Margaret
S.; Macfarlane, Robert J.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2021), 591 (7851), 586-591CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Research)
Nanoparticle assembly has been proposed as an ideal means to program the
hierarchical organization of a material by using a selection of
nanoscale components to build the entire material from the bottom up.
Multiscale structural control is highly desirable because chem. compn.,
nanoscale ordering, microstructure and macroscopic form all affect phys.
properties1,2. However, the chem. interactions that typically dictate
nanoparticle ordering3-5 do not inherently provide any means to
manipulate structure at larger length scales6-9. Nanoparticle-based
materials development therefore requires processing strategies to tailor
micro- and macrostructure without sacrificing their self-assembled
nanoscale arrangements. Here we demonstrate methods to rapidly assemble
gram-scale quantities of faceted nanoparticle superlattice crystallites
that can be further shaped into macroscopic objects in a manner
analogous to the sintering of bulk solids. The key advance of this
method is that the chem. interactions that govern nanoparticle assembly
remain active during the subsequent processing steps, which enables the
local nanoscale ordering of the particles to be preserved as the
macroscopic materials are formed. The nano- and microstructure of the
bulk solids can be tuned as a function of the size, chem. makeup and
crystallog. symmetry of the superlattice crystallites, and the micro-
and macrostructures can be controlled via subsequent processing steps.
This work therefore provides a versatile method to simultaneously
control structural organization across the mol. to macroscopic length
scales.
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63. 63
Liu, J.; Xiao, M.; Li, C.; Li, H.; Wu, Z.; Zhu, Q.; Tang, R.; Xu, A. B.;
He, L. Rugby-ball-like photonic crystal supraparticles with
non-close-packed structures and multiple magneto-optical responses.
Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2019, 7, 15042– 15048, DOI:
10.1039/C9TC05438C
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
64. 64
Shah, R. K.; Kim, J.; Weitz, D. A. Janus Supraparticles by Induced Phase
Separation of Nanoparticles in Droplets. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1949–
1953, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200803115
63
Janus Supraparticles by Induced Phase Separation of Nanoparticles in
Droplets
Shah, Rhutesh K.; Kim, Jin-Woong; Weitz, David A.
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2009), 21 (19), 1949-1953CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
The authors describe a versatile and robust technique to fabricate Janus
particles with a novel, highly anisotropic, and finely tunable internal
architecture. The authors generate microparticles with one side composed
of a hydrogel and the other side composed predominantly of aggregated
colloidal nanoparticles. The creation of Janus particles with such a
unique internal morphol. is facilitated by the induced phase sepn. of
colloidal nanoparticles in droplets. By using microfluidic devices, this
technique can be used to make extremely monodisperse particles; also,
this technique can also be combined with bulk emulsification methods,
such as membrane emulsification, to produce Janus particles in large
quantities for more com. viable applications. The authors demonstrate
the technique by forming Janus particles with polyacrylamide (PAAm) as
the hydrogel and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAm, microgels as the
nanoparticles. The thermosensitive nature of the PNIPAm microgels offers
a means of control for precisely tuning the relative vols. of the 2
phases. The functional dichotomy of the Janus particles can be further
enhanced by embedding different functional materials selectively into
any of the 2 sides of the particles.
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65. 65
Santos, P. J.; Macfarlane, R. J. Reinforcing Supramolecular Bonding with
Magnetic Dipole Interactions to Assemble Dynamic Nanoparticle
Superlattices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 1170– 1174, DOI:
10.1021/jacs.9b11476
64
Reinforcing Supramolecular Bonding with Magnetic Dipole Interactions to
Assemble Dynamic Nanoparticle Superlattices
Santos, Peter J.; MacFarlane, Robert J.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2020), 142 (3),
1170-1174CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Assembling superparamagnetic particles into ordered lattices is an
attractive means of generating new magnetically responsive materials,
and is commonly achieved by tailoring interparticle interactions as a
function of the ligand coating. However, the inherent linkage between
the collective magnetic behavior of particle arrays and the assembly
processes used to generate them complicates efforts to understand and
control material synthesis. Here, the authors use a synergistic
combination of a chem. force (hydrogen bonding) and magnetic dipole
coupling to assemble polymer-brush coated superparamagnetic Fe oxide
nanoparticles, where the relative strengths of these interactions can be
tuned to reinforce one another and stabilize the resulting superlattice
phases. The authors can precisely control both the dipole-dipole
coupling between nanoparticles and the strength of the ligand-ligand
interactions by modifying the interparticle spacing through changes to
the polymer spacer between the hydrogen bonding groups and the
nanoparticles' surface. This results in modulation of the materials'
blocking temp., as well as the stabilization of a unique superlattice
phase that only exists when magnetic coupling between particles is
present. Using magnetic interactions to affect nanoparticle assembly in
conjunction with ligand-mediated interparticle interactions expands the
potential for synthesizing predictable and controllable
nanoparticle-based magnetic composites.
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66. 66
Liu, W.; Kappl, M.; Steffen, W.; Butt, H.-J. Controlling supraparticle
shape and structure by tuning colloidal interactions. J. Colloid
Interface Sci. 2022, 607, 1661– 1670, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.035
65
Controlling supraparticle shape and structure by tuning colloidal
interactions
Liu, Wendong; Kappl, Michael; Steffen, Werner; Butt, Hans-Jurgen
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (2022), 607 (Part_2),
1661-1670CODEN: JCISA5; ISSN:0021-9797. (Elsevier B.V.)
Assembly of colloids in drying colloidal suspensions on superhydrophobic
surface is influenced by the colloidal interactions, which det. the
shape and interior structure of the assembled supraparticle. The
introduction of salt (electrolyte) into the assembly system is expected
to influence the colloid interactions and packing during the evapn.
process. Hence, both the outer shape and internal structure of
supraparticles should be controlled by varying salt concns. Suspensions
of electrostatically stabilized polystyrene particles with specified
salt concns. were chosen as model systems to conduct the evapn. on a
superhydrophobic surface. A systematic study was performed by regulating
the concn. and valency of salt. The morphol. and interior of
supraparticles were carefully characterized with electron scanning
microscopy, while the colloidal interaction was established using
colloidal probe at. force microscopy. Supraparticles displayed a
spherical-to-nonspherical shape change due to the addn. of salts. The
extent of crystn. depended on salt concn. These changes in shape and
structure were correlated with salt-dependent single colloid interaction
forces, which were not previously investigated in detail in radially
sym. evapn. geometry. Our findings are crucial for understanding
assembly behavior during the drying process and offer guidance for
prepg. complex supraparticles to meet specific applications requirement.
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67. 67
Tang, Y.; Gomez, L.; Lesage, A.; Marino, E.; Kodger, T. E.; Meijer,
J.-M.; Kolpakov, P.; Meng, J.; Zheng, K.; Gregorkiewicz, T.; Schall, P.
Highly Stable Perovskite Supercrystals via Oil-in-Oil Templating. Nano
Lett. 2020, 20, 5997– 6004, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02005
66
Highly Stable Perovskite Supercrystals via Oil-in-Oil Templating
Tang, Yingying; Gomez, Leyre; Lesage, Arnon; Marino, Emanuele; Kodger,
Thomas E.; Meijer, Janne-Mieke; Kolpakov, Paul; Meng, Jie; Zheng, Kaibo;
Gregorkiewicz, Tom; Schall, Peter
Nano Letters (2020), 20 (8), 5997-6004CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
The large-scale assembly control of spherical, cubic, and hexagonal
supercrystals (SCs) of inorg. perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) through
templating by oil-in-oil emulsions is reported. An interplay between the
roundness of the cubic NCs and the tension of the confining droplet
surface sets the superstructure morphol., and this interplay is
exploited to design dense hyperlattices of SCs. The SC films show
strongly enhanced stability for ≥2 mo without obvious structural degrdn.
and minor optical changes. The results on the controlled large-scale
assembly of perovskite NC superstructures provide new prospects for the
bottom-up prodn. of optoelectronic devices based on the microfluidic
prodn. of mesoscopic building blocks.
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68. 68
Forth, J.; Liu, X.; Hasnain, J.; Toor, A.; Miszta, K.; Shi, S.;
Geissler, P. L.; Emrick, T.; Helms, B. A.; Russell, T. P. Reconfigurable
Printed Liquids. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707603, DOI:
10.1002/adma.201707603
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
69. 69
Wang, T.; Zhuang, J.; Lynch, J.; Chen, O.; Wang, Z.; Wang, X.;
LaMontagne, D.; Wu, H.; Wang, Z.; Cao, Y. C. Self-Assembled Colloidal
Superparticles from Nanorods. Science 2012, 338, 358– 363, DOI:
10.1126/science.1224221
68
Self-Assembled Colloidal Superparticles from Nanorods
Wang, Tie; Zhuang, Jiaqi; Lynch, Jared; Chen, Ou; Wang, Zhongliang;
Wang, Xirui; LaMontagne, Derek; Wu, Huimeng; Wang, Zhongwu; Cao, Y.
Charles
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2012), 338 (6105),
358-363CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Colloidal superparticles are nanoparticle assemblies in the form of
colloidal particles. The assembly of nanoscopic objects into mesoscopic
or macroscopic complex architectures allows bottom-up fabrication of
functional materials. We report that the self-assembly of cadmium
selenide-cadmium sulfide (CdSe-CdS) core-shell semiconductor nanorods,
mediated by shape and structural anisotropy, produces mesoscopic
colloidal superparticles having multiple well-defined supercryst.
domains. Moreover, functionality-based anisotropic interactions between
these CdSe-CdS nanorods can be kinetically introduced during the
self-assembly and, in turn, yield single-domain, needle-like
superparticles with parallel alignment of constituent nanorods.
Unidirectional patterning of these mesoscopic needle-like superparticles
gives rise to the lateral alignment of CdSe-CdS nanorods into
macroscopic, uniform, freestanding polymer films that exhibit strong
photoluminescence with a striking anisotropy, enabling their use as
downconversion phosphors to create polarized light-emitting diodes.
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70. 70
Baranov, D.; Fiore, A.; van Huis, M.; Giannini, C.; Falqui, A.; Lafont,
U.; Zandbergen, H.; Zanella, M.; Cingolani, R.; Manna, L. Assembly of
Colloidal Semiconductor Nanorods in Solution by Depletion Attraction.
Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 743– 749, DOI: 10.1021/nl903946n
69
Assembly of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanorods in Solution by Depletion
Attraction
Baranov, Dmitry; Fiore, Angela; van Huis, Marijn; Giannini, Cinzia;
Falqui, Andrea; Lafont, Ugo; Zandbergen, Henny; Zanella, Marco;
Cingolani, Roberto; Manna, Liberato
Nano Letters (2010), 10 (2), 743-749CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Arranging anisotropic nanoparticles into ordered assemblies remains a
challenging quest requiring innovative and ingenuous approaches. The
variety of interactions present in colloidal solns. of nonspherical
inorg. nanocrystals can be exploited for this purpose. By tuning
depletion attraction forces between hydrophobic colloidal nanorods of
semiconductors, dispersed in an org. solvent, these could be assembled
into 2D monolayers of close-packed hexagonally ordered arrays directly
in soln. Once formed, these layers could be fished onto a substrate, and
sheets of vertically standing rods were fabricated, with no addnl.
external bias applied. Alternatively, the assemblies could be isolated
and redispersed in polar solvents, yielding suspensions of
micrometer-sized sheets which could be chem. treated directly in soln.
Depletion attraction forces were also effective in the shape-selective
sepn. of nanorods from binary mixts. of rods and spheres. The reported
procedures have the potential to enable powerful and cost-effective
fabrication approaches to materials and devices based on self-organized
anisotropic nanoparticles.
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71. 71
Marino, E.; Jiang, Z.; Kodger, T. E.; Murray, C. B.; Schall, P.
Controlled Assembly of CdSe Nanoplatelet Thin Films and Nanowires.
Langmuir 2023, 39, 12533– 12540, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00933
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
72. 72
Wang, D.; Hermes, M.; Kotni, R.; Wu, Y.; Tasios, N.; Liu, Y.; de Nijs,
B.; van der Wee, E. B.; Murray, C. B.; Dijkstra, M.; van Blaaderen, A.
Interplay between spherical confinement and particle shape on the
self-assembly of rounded cubes. Nature. Communications 2018, 9, 2228,
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04644-4
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
73. 73
Cherniukh, I.; Raino, G.; Stoferle, T.; Burian, M.; Travesset, A.;
Naumenko, D.; Amenitsch, H.; Erni, R.; Mahrt, R. F.; Bodnarchuk, M. I.;
Kovalenko, M. V. Perovskite-type superlattices from lead halide
perovskite nanocubes. Nature 2021, 593, 535– 542, DOI:
10.1038/s41586-021-03492-5
201
Perovskite-type superlattices from lead halide perovskite nanocubes
Cherniukh, Ihor; Raino, Gabriele; Stoferle, Thilo; Burian, Max;
Travesset, Alex; Naumenko, Denys; Amenitsch, Heinz; Erni, Rolf; Mahrt,
Rainer F.; Bodnarchuk, Maryna I.; Kovalenko, Maksym V.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2021), 593 (7860), 535-542CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Portfolio)
Perovskite-type (ABO3) binary and ternary nanocrystal superlattices,
created via the shape-directed co-assembly of steric-stabilized, highly
luminescent cubic CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (which occupy the B and/or O
lattice sites), spherical Fe3O4 or NaGdF4 nanocrystals (A sites) and
truncated-cuboid PbS nanocrystals (B sites), are presented. These ABO3
superlattices, as well as the binary NaCl and AlB2 superlattice
structures that the authors demonstrate, exhibit a high degree of
orientational ordering of the CsPbBr3 nanocubes. They also exhibit
superfluorescence - a collective emission that results in a burst of
photons with ultrafast radiative decay (22 ps) that could be tailored
for use in ultrabright (quantum) light sources. The work paves the way
for further exploration of complex, ordered and functionally useful
perovskite mesostructures.
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74. 74
Cherniukh, I.; Raino, G.; Sekh, T. V.; Zhu, C.; Shynkarenko, Y.; John,
R. A.; Kobiyama, E.; Mahrt, R. F.; Stoferle, T.; Erni, R.; Kovalenko, M.
V.; Bodnarchuk, M. I. Shape-Directed Co-Assembly of Lead Halide
Perovskite Nanocubes with Dielectric Nanodisks into Binary Nanocrystal
Superlattices. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 16488– 16500, DOI:
10.1021/acsnano.1c06047
202
Shape-Directed Co-Assembly of Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocubes with
Dielectric Nanodisks into Binary Nanocrystal Superlattices
Cherniukh, Ihor; Raino, Gabriele; Sekh, Taras V.; Zhu, Chenglian;
Shynkarenko, Yevhen; John, Rohit Abraham; Kobiyama, Etsuki; Mahrt,
Rainer F.; Stoferle, Thilo; Erni, Rolf; Kovalenko, Maksym V.;
Bodnarchuk, Maryna I.
ACS Nano (2021), 15 (10), 16488-16500CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Self-assembly of colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) holds great promise in the
multiscale engineering of solid-state materials, whereby atomically
engineered NC building blocks are arranged into long-range ordered
structures-superlattices (SLs)-with synergistic phys. and chem.
properties. Thus far, the reports have by far focused on
single-component and binary systems of spherical NCs, yielding SLs
isostructural with the known at. lattices. Far greater structural space,
beyond the realm of known lattices, is anticipated from combining NCs of
various shapes. Here, we report on the co-assembly of steric-stabilized
CsPbBr3 nanocubes (5.3 nm) with disk-shaped LaF3 NCs (9.2-28.4 nm in
diam., 1.6 nm in thickness) into binary SLs, yielding six columnar
structures with AB, AB2, AB4, and AB6 stoichiometry, not obsd. before
and in our ref. expts. with NC systems comprising spheres and disks.
This striking effect of the cubic shape is rationalized herein using
packing-d. calcns. Furthermore, in the systems with comparable
dimensions of nanocubes (8.6 nm) and nanodisks (6.5 nm, 9.0 nm, 12.5
nm), other, noncolumnar structures are obsd., such as ReO3-type SL,
featuring intimate intermixing and face-to-face alignment of disks and
cubes, face-centered cubic or simple cubic sublattice of nanocubes, and
two or three disks per one lattice site. Lamellar and ReO3-type SLs,
employing large 8.6 nm CsPbBr3 NCs, exhibit characteristic features of
the collective ultrafast light emission-superfluorescence-originating
from the coherent coupling of emission dipoles in the excited state.
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75. 75
Cherniukh, I.; Sekh, T. V.; Raino, G.; Ashton, O. J.; Burian, M.;
Travesset, A.; Athanasiou, M.; Manoli, A.; John, R. A.; Svyrydenko, M.;
Morad, V.; Shynkarenko, Y.; Montanarella, F.; Naumenko, D.; Amenitsch,
H.; Itskos, G.; Mahrt, R. F.; Stoferle, T.; Erni, R.; Kovalenko, M. V.;
Bodnarchuk, M. I. Structural Diversity in Multicomponent Nanocrystal
Superlattices Comprising Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocubes. ACS Nano
2022, 16, 7210– 7232, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10702
203
Structural Diversity in Multicomponent Nanocrystal Superlattices
Comprising Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocubes
Cherniukh, Ihor; Sekh, Taras V.; Raino, Gabriele; Ashton, Olivia J.;
Burian, Max; Travesset, Alex; Athanasiou, Modestos; Manoli, Andreas;
John, Rohit Abraham; Svyrydenko, Mariia; Morad, Viktoriia; Shynkarenko,
Yevhen; Montanarella, Federico; Naumenko, Denys; Amenitsch, Heinz;
Itskos, Grigorios; Mahrt, Rainer F.; Stoferle, Thilo; Erni, Rolf;
Kovalenko, Maksym V.; Bodnarchuk, Maryna I.
ACS Nano (2022), 16 (5), 7210-7232CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Nanocrystal (NC) self-assembly is a versatile platform for materials
engineering at the mesoscale. The NC shape anisotropy leads to
structures not obsd. with spherical NCs. This work presents a broad
structural diversity in multicomponent, long-range ordered superlattices
(SLs) comprising highly luminescent cubic CsPbBr3 NCs (and FAPbBr3 NCs)
coassembled with the spherical, truncated cuboid, and disk-shaped NC
building blocks. CsPbBr3 nanocubes combined with Fe3O4 or NaGdF4 spheres
and truncated cuboid PbS NCs form binary SLs of six structure types with
high packing d.; namely, AB2, quasi-ternary ABO3, and ABO6 types as well
as previously known NaCl, AlB2, and CuAu types. In these structures,
nanocubes preserve orientational coherence. Combining nanocubes with
large and thick NaGdF4 nanodisks results in the orthorhombic SL
resembling CaC2 structure with pairs of CsPbBr3 NCs on one lattice site.
Also, we implement two substrate-free methods of SL formation.
Oil-in-oil templated assembly results in the formation of binary
supraparticles. Self-assembly at the liq.-air interface from the drying
soln. cast over the glyceryl triacetate as subphase yields extended thin
films of SLs. Collective electronic states arise at low temps. from the
dense, periodic packing of NCs, obsd. as sharp red-shifted bands at 6 K
in the photoluminescence and absorption spectra and persisting up to 200
K.
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76. 76
van der Hoeven, J. E.S.; Gurunarayanan, H.; Bransen, M.; de Winter, D.A.
M.; de Jongh, P. E.; van Blaaderen, A. Silica-Coated Gold Nanorod
Supraparticles: A Tunable Platform for Surface Enhanced Raman
Spectroscopy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2200148, DOI:
10.1002/adfm.202200148
72
Silica-Coated Gold Nanorod Supraparticles: A Tunable Platform for
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
van der Hoeven, Jessi E. S.; Gurunarayanan, Harith; Bransen, Maarten; de
Winter, D. A. Matthijs; de Jongh, Petra E.; van Blaaderen, Alfons
Advanced Functional Materials (2022), 32 (27), 2200148CODEN: AFMDC6;
ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Plasmonic nanoparticle assemblies are promising functional materials for
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Gold nanorod (AuNR)
assemblies are of particular interest due to the large, shape-induced
local field enhancement and the tunable surface plasmon resonance of the
AuNRs. Designing the optimal assembly structure for SERS, however, is
challenging and requires a delicate balance between the interparticle
distance, porosity, and wetting of the assembly. Here, a new type of
functional assemblies-called supraparticles-fabricated through the
solvent-evapn. driven assembly of silica-coated gold nanorods into
spherical ensembles, in which the plasmonic coupling and the mass
transport is tuned through the thickness and porosity of the silica
shells are introduced. Etching of the AuNRs allowed fine-tuning of the
plasmonic response to the laser excitation wavelength. Using a
correlative SERS-electron microscopy approach, it is shown that all
supraparticles successfully amplified the Raman signal of the crystal
violet probe mols., and that the Raman signal strongly increased when
decreasing the silica shell thickness from 35 to 3 nm, provided that the
supraparticles have a sufficiently high porosity. The supraparticles
introduced in this work present a novel class of materials for sensing,
and open up a wide parameter space to optimize their performance.
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77. 77
Wang, D.; Hermes, M.; Najmr, S.; Tasios, N.; Grau-Carbonell, A.; Liu,
Y.; Bals, S.; Dijkstra, M.; Murray, C. B.; van Blaaderen, A. Structural
diversity in three-dimensional self-assembly of nanoplatelets by
spherical confinement. Nature. Communications 2022, 13, 6001, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-022-33616-y
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
78. 78
Cui, M.; Emrick, T.; Russell, T. P. Stabilizing Liquid Drops in
Nonequilibrium Shapes by the Interfacial Jamming of Nanoparticles.
Science 2013, 342, 460– 463, DOI: 10.1126/science.1242852
74
Stabilizing Liquid Drops in Nonequilibrium Shapes by the Interfacial
Jamming of Nanoparticles
Cui, Mengmeng; Emrick, Todd; Russell, Thomas P.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2013), 342 (6157),
460-463CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Nanoparticles assemble at the interface between two fluids into
disordered, liq.-like arrays where the nanoparticles can diffuse
laterally at the interface. Using nanoparticles dispersed in water and
amine end-capped polymers in oil, nanoparticle surfactants are generated
in situ at the interface overcoming the inherent weak forces governing
the interfacial adsorption of nanoparticles. When the shape of the liq.
domain is deformed by an external field, the surface area increases and
more nanoparticles adsorb to the interface. Upon releasing the field,
the interfacial area decreases, jamming the nanoparticle surfactants and
arresting further shape change. The jammed nanoparticles remain
disordered and liq.-like, enabling multiple, consecutive deformation and
jamming events. Further stabilization is realized by replacing
monofunctional ligands with difunctional versions that cross-link the
assemblies. The ability to generate and stabilize liqs. with a
prescribed shape poses opportunities for reactive liq. systems,
packaging, delivery, and storage.
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79. 79
Shi, S.; Liu, X.; Li, Y.; Wu, X.; Wang, D.; Forth, J.; Russell, T. P.
Liquid Letters. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705800, DOI:
10.1002/adma.201705800
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
80. 80
Xia, Y.; Nguyen, T. D.; Yang, M.; Lee, B.; Santos, A.; Podsiadlo, P.;
Tang, Z.; Glotzer, S. C.; Kotov, N. A. Self-assembly of self-limiting
monodisperse supraparticles from polydisperse nanoparticles. Nat.
Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 580– 587, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.121
76
Self-assembly of self-limiting monodisperse supraparticles from
polydisperse nanoparticles
Xia, Yunsheng; Nguyen, Trung Dac; Yang, Ming; Lee, Byeongdu; Santos,
Aaron; Podsiadlo, Paul; Tang, Zhiyong; Glotzer, Sharon C.; Kotov,
Nicholas A.
Nature Nanotechnology (2011), 6 (9), 580-587CODEN: NNAABX;
ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)
Nanoparticles are known to self-assemble into larger structures through
growth processes that typically occur continuously and depend on the
uniformity of the individual nanoparticles. Here, we show that inorg.
nanoparticles with non-uniform size distributions can spontaneously
assemble into uniformly sized supraparticles with core-shell
morphologies. This self-limiting growth process is governed by a balance
between electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals attraction, which is
aided by the broad polydispersity of the nanoparticles. The generic
nature of the interactions creates flexibility in the compn., size and
shape of the constituent nanoparticles, and leads to a large family of
self-assembled structures, including hierarchically organized colloidal
crystals.
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81. 81
Chen, O.; Riedemann, L.; Etoc, F.; Herrmann, H.; Coppey, M.; Barch, M.;
Farrar, C. T.; Zhao, J.; Bruns, O. T.; Wei, H.; Guo, P.; Cui, J.;
Jensen, R.; Chen, Y.; Harris, D. K.; Cordero, J. M.; Wang, Z.; Jasanoff,
A.; Fukumura, D.; Reimer, R.; Dahan, M.; Jain, R. K.; Bawendi, M. G.
Magneto-fluorescent core-shell supernanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5,
5093, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6093
77
Magneto-fluorescent core-shell supernanoparticles
Chen, Ou; Riedemann, Lars; Etoc, Fred; Herrmann, Hendrik; Coppey,
Mathieu; Barch, Mariya; Farrar, Christian T.; Zhao, Jing; Bruns, Oliver
T.; Wei, He; Guo, Peng; Cui, Jian; Jensen, Russ; Chen, Yue; Harris,
Daniel K.; Cordero, Jose M.; Wang, Zhongwu; Jasanoff, Alan; Fukumura,
Dai; Reimer, Rudolph; Dahan, Maxime; Jain, Rakesh K.; Bawendi, Moungi G.
Nature Communications (2014), 5 (), 5093CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723.
(Nature Publishing Group)
Magneto-fluorescent particles have been recognized as an emerging class
of materials that exhibit great potential in advanced applications.
However, synthesizing such magneto-fluorescent nanomaterials that
simultaneously exhibit uniform and tunable sizes, high magnetic content
loading, maximized fluorophore coverage at the surface and a versatile
surface functionality has proven challenging. Here we report a simple
approach for co-assembling magnetic nanoparticles with fluorescent
quantum dots to form colloidal magneto-fluorescent supernanoparticles.
Importantly, these supernanoparticles exhibit a superstructure
consisting of a close-packed magnetic nanoparticle 'core', which is
fully surrounded by a 'shell' of fluorescent quantum dots. A thin layer
of silica coating provides high colloidal stability and
biocompatibility, and a versatile surface functionality. We demonstrate
that after surface pegylation, these silica-coated magneto-fluorescent
supernanoparticles can be magnetically manipulated inside living cells
while being optically tracked. Moreover, our silica-coated
magneto-fluorescent supernanoparticles can also serve as an in vivo
multi-photon and magnetic resonance dual-modal imaging probe.
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82. 82
Lee, D.; Weitz, D. A. Double Emulsion-Templated Nanoparticle
Colloidosomes with Selective Permeability. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3498–
3503, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200800918
78
Double emulsion-templated nanoparticle colloidosomes with selective
permeability
Lee, Daeyeon; Weitz, David A.
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2008), 20 (18), 3498-3503CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Nanoparticle colloidosomes, shown in the SEM image, are generated by
using water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions as templates. Hydrophobic
silica nanoparticles that are dispersed in the oil phase stabilize the
double emulsions, and subsequently become the shell of the colloidosomes
upon removal of the org. solvent as shown in the figure.
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83. 83
Vasiliauskas, R.; Liu, D.; Cito, S.; Zhang, H.; Shahbazi, M.-A.;
Sikanen, T.; Mazutis, L.; Santos, H. A. Simple Microfluidic Approach to
Fabricate Monodisperse Hollow Microparticles for Multidrug Delivery. ACS
Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 14822– 14832, DOI:
10.1021/acsami.5b04824
79
Simple Microfluidic Approach to Fabricate Monodisperse Hollow
Microparticles for Multidrug Delivery
Vasiliauskas, Remigijus; Liu, Dongfei; Cito, Salvatore; Zhang, Hongbo;
Shahbazi, Mohammad-Ali; Sikanen, Tiina; Mazutis, Linas; Santos, Helder
A.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2015), 7 (27), 14822-14832CODEN:
AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
Herein, we report the prodn. of monodisperse hollow microparticles from
three different polymers, namely, pH-responsive acetylated dextran and
hypromellose acetate succinate and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic
acid), at varying polymer concns. using a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based
microfluidic device. Hollow microparticles formed during solvent
diffusion into the continuous phase when the polymer close to the
interface solidified, forming the shell. In the inner part of the
particle, phase sepn. induced solvent droplet formation, which dissolved
the shell, forming a hole and a hollow-core particle. Computational
simulations showed that, despite the presence of convective
recirculation around the droplet, the mass-transfer rate of the solvent
dissoln. from the droplet to the surrounding phase was dominated by
diffusion. To illustrate the potential use of hollow microparticles, we
simultaneously encapsulated two anticancer drugs and investigated their
loading and release profiles. In addn., by utilizing different polymer
shells and polymer concns., the release profiles of the model drugs
could be tailored according to specific demands and applications. The
high encapsulation efficiency, controlled drug release, unique hollow
microparticle structure, small particle size (<7 μm), and flexibility of
the polymer choice could make these microparticles advanced platforms
for pulmonary drug delivery.
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84. 84
Park, J.; Nie, Z.; Kumachev, A.; Abdelrahman, A.; Binks, B.; Stone, H.;
Kumacheva, E. A Microfluidic Approach to Chemically Driven Assembly of
Colloidal Particles at Gas–Liquid Interfaces. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
2009, 48, 5300– 5304, DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805204
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
85. 85
Duan, R.; Zhang, Z.; Xiao, L.; Zhao, X.; Thung, Y. T.; Ding, L.; Liu,
Z.; Yang, J.; Ta, V. D.; Sun, H. Ultralow-Threshold and High-Quality
Whispering-Gallery-Mode Lasing from Colloidal Core/Hybrid-Shell Quantum
Wells. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2108884, DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108884
81
Ultralow-Threshold and High-Quality Whispering-Gallery-Mode Lasing from
Colloidal Core/Hybrid-Shell Quantum Wells
Duan, Rui; Zhang, Zitong; Xiao, Lian; Zhao, Xiaoxu; Thung, Yi Tian;
Ding, Lu; Liu, Zheng; Yang, Jun; Ta, Van Duong; Sun, Handong
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2022), 34 (13), 2108884CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
The realization of efficient on-chip microlasers with scalable
fabrication, ultralow threshold, and stable single-frequency operation
is always desired for a wide range of miniaturized photonic systems.
Herein, an effective way to fabricate nanostructures-
whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) lasers by drop-casting CdSe/CdS@Cd1-xZnxS
core/buffer-shell@graded-shell nanoplatelets (NPLs) dispersion onto
silica microspheres is presented. Benefiting from the excellent gain
properties from the interface engineered core/hybrid shell NPLs and
high-quality factor WGM resonator from excellent optical field
confinement, the proposed room-temp. NPLs-WGM microlasers show a
record-low lasing threshold of 3.26μJ cm-2 under nanosecond laser
pumping among all colloidal NPLs-based lasing demonstrations. The
presence of sharp discrete transverse elec.- and magnetic-mode spikes,
the inversely proportional dependence of the free spectra range on
microsphere sizes and the polarization anisotropy of laser output
represent the first direct exptl. evidence for NPLs-WGM lasing nature,
which is verified theor. by the computed elec.-field distribution inside
the microcavity. Remarkably, a stable single-mode lasing output with an
ultralow lasing threshold of 3.84μJ cm-2 is achieved by the Vernier
effect through evanescent field coupling. The results highlight the
significance of interface engineering on the optimization of gain
properties of heterostructured nanomaterials and shed light on
developing future miniaturized tunable coherent light sources.
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86. 86
Yang, Z.; Altantzis, T.; Zanaga, D.; Bals, S.; Tendeloo, G. V.; Pileni,
M.-P. Supracrystalline Colloidal Eggs: Epitaxial Growth and Freestanding
Three-Dimensional Supracrystals in Nanoscaled Colloidosomes. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 3493– 3500, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13235
82
Supracrystalline Colloidal Eggs: Epitaxial Growth and Freestanding
Three-Dimensional Supracrystals in Nanoscaled Colloidosomes
Yang, Zhijie; Altantzis, Thomas; Zanaga, Daniele; Bals, Sara; Van
Tendeloo, Gustaaf; Pileni, Marie-Paule
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2016), 138 (10),
3493-3500CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Here, the authors report the design of a new system called "supracryst.
colloidal eggs" formed by controlled assembly of nanocrystals into
complex colloidal supracrystals through superlattice-matched epitaxial
overgrowth along the existing colloidosomes. Then, with this concept,
the authors extend the supracryst. growth to lattice-mismatched binary
nanocrystal superlattices, in order to reach anisotropic superlattice
growths, yielding freestanding binary nanocrystal supracrystals that
could not be produced previously.
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87. 87
Liu, W.; Midya, J.; Kappl, M.; Butt, H.-J.; Nikoubashman, A. Segregation
in Drying Binary Colloidal Droplets. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 4972– 4979,
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00459
83
Segregation in Drying Binary Colloidal Droplets
Liu, Wendong; Midya, Jiarul; Kappl, Michael; Butt, Hans-Juergen;
Nikoubashman, Arash
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (5), 4972-4979CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
When a colloidal suspension droplet evaps. from a solid surface, it
leaves a characteristic deposit in the contact region. These deposits
are common and important for many applications in printing, coating, or
washing. By the use of superamphiphobic surfaces as a substrate, the
contact area can be reduced so that evapn. is almost radially sym. While
drying, the droplets maintain a nearly perfect spherical shape. Here, we
exploit this phenomenon to fabricate supraparticles from bidisperse
colloidal aq. suspensions. The supraparticles have a core-shell morphol.
The outer region is predominantly occupied by small colloids, forming a
close-packed cryst. structure. Toward the center, the no. of large
colloids increases and they are packed amorphously. The extent of this
stratification decreases with decreasing the evapn. rate. Complementary
simulations indicate that evapn. leads to a local increase in d., which,
in turn, exerts stronger inward forces on the larger colloids. A
comparison between expts. and simulations suggest that hydrodynamic
interactions between the suspended colloids reduce the extent of
stratification. Our findings are relevant for the fabrication of
supraparticles for applications in the fields of chromatog., catalysis,
drug delivery, photonics, and a better understanding of spray-drying.
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88. 88
Utada, A. S.; Lorenceau, E.; Link, D. R.; Kaplan, P. D.; Stone, H. A.;
Weitz, D. A. Monodisperse Double Emulsions Generated from a
Microcapillary Device. Science 2005, 308, 537– 541, DOI:
10.1126/science.1109164
84
Monodisperse Double Emulsions Generated from a Microcapillary Device
Utada, A. S.; Lorenceau, E.; Link, D. R.; Kaplan, P. D.; Stone, H. A.;
Weitz, D. A.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2005), 308 (5721),
537-541CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Double emulsions are highly structured fluids consisting of emulsion
drops that contain smaller droplets inside. Although double emulsions
are potentially of com. value, traditional fabrication by means of two
emulsification steps leads to very ill-controlled structuring. Using a
microcapillary device, we fabricated double emulsions that contained a
single internal droplet in a core-shell geometry. We show that the
droplet size can be quant. predicted from the flow profiles of the
fluids. The double emulsions were used to generate encapsulation
structures by manipulating the properties of the fluid that makes up the
shell. The high degree of control afforded by this method and the
completely sep. fluid streams make this a flexible and promising
technique.
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89. 89
Kotov, N. A. The art of empty space. Science 2017, 358, 448– 448, DOI:
10.1126/science.aap8994
85
The art of empty space
Kotov, Nicholas A.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2017), 358 (6362), 448CODEN:
SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
There is no expanded citation for this reference.
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90. 90
Wooh, S.; Huesmann, H.; Tahir, M. N.; Paven, M.; Wichmann, K.; Vollmer,
D.; Tremel, W.; Papadopoulos, P.; Butt, H. Synthesis of Mesoporous
Supraparticles on Superamphiphobic Surfaces. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 7338–
7343, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503929
86
Synthesis of Mesoporous Supraparticles on Superamphiphobic Surfaces
Wooh, Sanghyuk; Huesmann, Hannah; Tahir, Muhammad Nawaz; Paven, Maxime;
Wichmann, Kristina; Vollmer, Doris; Tremel, Wolfgang; Papadopoulos,
Periklis; Butt, Hans-Juergen
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (45), 7338-7343CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
A generalized solvent-free fabrication process for mesoporous
supraparticles from nanoparticle (NP) dispersions on superamphiphobic
surface is reported. As a result of the strong liq. repellence of the
superamphiphobic surface, NP dispersion drops do not pin at the surface
during evapn. but the contact line recedes easily. This leads to the
formation of spherical mesoporous supraparticles, and the particles can
be removed easily from the superamphiphobic surfaces. Avoiding solvents
prevents the contamination of a continuous phase by side products and
org. auxiliaries such as templating surfactants, or stabilizers,
starting compds., etc. Particle size, compn., and architecture (e.g.,
heterogeneous particle and core/shell particle) can be varied by
choosing the drop vol., concn., type of NP, and sequence of deposition
and evapn. steps.
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91. 91
Liu, W.; Kappl, M.; Butt, H.-J. Tuning the Porosity of Supraparticles.
ACS Nano 2019, 13, 13949– 13956, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05673
87
Tuning the Porosity of Supraparticles
Liu, Wendong; Kappl, Michael; Butt, Hans-Juergen
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (12), 13949-13956CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Supraparticles consisting of nano- or microparticles have potential
applications as, for example, photonic crystals, drug carriers, or
heterogeneous catalysts. To avoid the use of solvent or processing liq.,
one can make supraparticles by evapg. droplets of aq. suspensions from
super-liq.-repellent surfaces. Herein, a method to adjust the porosity
of supraparticles is described; a high porosity is desired, for example,
in catalysis. To prep. highly porous TiO2 supraparticles, polymer
nanoparticles are co-dispersed in the suspension. Supraparticles are
formed through evapn. of aq. suspension droplets on superamphiphobic
surfaces followed by calcination of the sacrificial polymer particles.
The increase of porosity of up to 92% resulted in enhanced
photocatalytic activity while maintaining sufficient mech. stability.
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92. 92
Huang, J.-Y.; Xu, H.; Peretz, E.; Wu, D.-Y.; Ober, C. K.; Hanrath, T.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Hierarchical Porous Architectures. Chem.
Mater. 2019, 31, 10017– 10022, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02761
88
Three-Dimensional Printing of Hierarchical Porous Architectures
Huang, Jen-Yu; Xu, Hong; Peretz, Eliad; Wu, Dung-Yi; Ober, Christopher
K.; Hanrath, Tobias
Chemistry of Materials (2019), 31 (24), 10017-10022CODEN: CMATEX;
ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
Concurrent advances in the programmable synthesis of nanostructured
materials and additive three-dimensional (3D) manufg. have created a
rich and exciting opportunity space to fabricate novel materials and
devices. In particular, creating complex hierarchical device geometries
from mesoporous materials presents several scientifically interesting
and technol. relevant challenges. Here, we show how digital light
processing of photoresponsive building block defined by an oxozirconium
methacrylate cluster with 12 methacrylic acid ligands can be used to
enable the creation of complex superstructures characterized by
multilevel porous networks. Inspired by similarly complex 3D
hierarchical mesoporous structures ubiquitous in nature, we demonstrated
the fabrication of a 3D leaf as a proof of concept. This work
demonstrates how exciting opportunity space emerging at the intersection
of inorg. building blocks, mesoporous materials, and 3D digital light
processing opens new pathways to create functional hierarchical
superstructures and devices with complex geometries.
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93. 93
Patel, M.; Alvarez-Fernandez, A.; Fornerod, M. J.; Radhakrishnan, A. N.
P.; Taylor, A.; Ten Chua, S.; Vignolini, S.; Schmidt-Hansberg, B.; Iles,
A.; Guldin, S. Liquid Crystal-Templated Porous Microparticles via
Photopolymerization of Temperature-Induced Droplets in a Binary Liquid
Mixture. ACS Omega 2023, 8, 20404– 20411, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00490
89
Liquid Crystal-Templated Porous Microparticles via Photopolymerization
of Temperature-Induced Droplets in a Binary Liquid Mixture
Patel, Mehzabin; Alvarez-Fernandez, Alberto; Fornerod, Maximiliano Jara;
Radhakrishnan, Anand N. P.; Taylor, Alaric; Ten Chua, Singg; Vignolini,
Silvia; Schmidt-Hansberg, Benjamin; Iles, Alexander; Guldin, Stefan
ACS Omega (2023), 8 (23), 20404-20411CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343.
(American Chemical Society)
Porous polymeric microspheres are an emerging class of materials,
offering stimuli-responsive cargo uptake and release. Herein, we
describe a new approach to fabricate porous microspheres based on
temp.-induced droplet formation and light-induced polymn. Microparticles
were prepd. by exploiting the partial miscibility of a thermotropic liq.
crystal (LC) mixt. composed of 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB,
unreactive mesogens) with 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene
bis4-[3-(acryloyloxy)propoxy] benzoate (RM257, reactive mesogens) in
methanol (MeOH). Isotropic 5CB/RM257-rich droplets were generated by
cooling below the binodal curve (20°C), and the isotropic-to-nematic
transition occurred after cooling below 0°C. The resulting
5CB/RM257-rich droplets with radial configuration were subsequently
polymd. under UV light, resulting in nematic microparticles. Upon
heating the mixt., the 5CB mesogens underwent a nematic-isotropic
transition and eventually became homogeneous with MeOH, while the
polymd. RM257 preserved its radial configuration. Repeated cycles of
cooling and heating resulted in swelling and shrinking of the porous
microparticles. The use of a reversible materials templating approach to
obtain porous microparticles provides new insights into binary liq.
manipulation and potential for microparticle prodn.
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94. 94
Sultan, U.; Götz, A.; Schlumberger, C.; Drobek, D.; Bleyer, G.; Walter,
T.; Löwer, E.; Peuker, U. A.; Thommes, M.; Spiecker, E.; Apeleo Zubiri,
B.; Inayat, A.; Vogel, N. From Meso to Macro: Controlling Hierarchical
Porosity in Supraparticle Powders. Small 2023, 19, 2370200, DOI:
10.1002/smll.202370200
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
95. 95
Fujiwara, A.; Wang, J.; Hiraide, S.; Götz, A.; Miyahara, M. T.;
Hartmann, M.; Apeleo Zubiri, B.; Spiecker, E.; Vogel, N.; Watanabe, S.
Fast Gas-Adsorption Kinetics in Supraparticle-Based MOF Packings with
Hierarchical Porosity. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2305980, DOI:
10.1002/adma.202305980
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
96. 96
Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; Bleyer, G.; Goerlitzer, E. S. A.; Englisch, S.;
Przybilla, T.; Mbah, C. F.; Engel, M.; Spiecker, E.; Imaz, I.; Maspoch,
D.; Vogel, N. Coloration in Supraparticles Assembled from Polyhedral
Metal-Organic Framework Particles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61,
e202117455, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117455
92
Coloration in Supraparticles Assembled from Polyhedral Metal-Organic
Framework Particles
Wang, Junwei; Liu, Yang; Bleyer, Gudrun; Goerlitzer, Eric S. A.;
Englisch, Silvan; Przybilla, Thomas; Mbah, Chrameh Fru; Engel, Michael;
Spiecker, Erdmann; Imaz, Inhar; Maspoch, Daniel; Vogel, Nicolas
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2022), 61 (16),
e202117455CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA)
Supraparticles are spherical colloidal crystals prepd. by confined
self-assembly processes. A particularly appealing property of these
microscale structures is the structural color arising from interference
of light with their building blocks. Here, we assemble supraparticles
with high structural order that exhibit coloration from uniform,
polyhedral metal-org. framework (MOF) particles. We analyze the
structural coloration as a function of the size of these anisotropic
building blocks and their internal structure. We attribute the
angle-dependent coloration of the MOF supraparticles to the presence of
ordered, onion-like layers at the outermost regions. Surprisingly, even
though different shapes of the MOF particles have different propensities
to form these onion layers, all supraparticle dispersions show
well-visible macroscopic coloration, indicating that local ordering is
sufficient to generate interference effects.
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97. 97
Tang, L.; Vo, T.; Fan, X.; Vecchio, D.; Ma, T.; Lu, J.; Hou, H.;
Glotzer, S. C.; Kotov, N. A. Self-Assembly Mechanism of Complex
Corrugated Particles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 19655– 19667, DOI:
10.1021/jacs.1c05488
93
Self-Assembly Mechanism of Complex Corrugated Particles
Tang, Lanqin; Vo, Thi; Fan, Xiaoxing; Vecchio, Drew; Ma, Tao; Lu, Jun;
Hou, Harrison; Glotzer, Sharon C.; Kotov, Nicholas A.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2021), 143 (47),
19655-19667CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
A variety of inorg. nanoscale materials produce microscale particles
with highly corrugated geometries, but the mechanism of their formation
remains unknown. Here we found that uniformly sized CdS-based hedgehog
particles (HPs) self-assemble from polydisperse nanoparticles (NPs) with
diams. of 1.0-4.0 nm. The typical diams. of HPs and spikes are 1770 ±
180 and 28 ± 3 nm, resp. Depending on the temp., solvent, and reaction
times, the NPs self-assemble into nanorods, nanorod aggregates,
low-corrugation particles, and other HP-related particles with
complexity indexes ranging from 0 to 23.7. We show that "hedgehog",
other geometries, and topologies of highly corrugated particles
originate from the thermodn. preference of polydisperse NPs to attach to
the growing nanoscale cluster when electrostatic repulsion competes with
van der Waals attraction. Theor. models and simulations of the
self-assembly accounting for the competition of attractive and repulsive
interactions in electrolytes accurately describe particle morphol.,
growth stages, and the spectrum of obsd. products. When kinetic
parameters are included in the models, the formation of corrugated
particles with surfaces decorated by nanosheets, known as flower-like
particles, were theor. predicted and exptl. obsd. The generality of the
proposed mechanism was demonstrated for the formation of mixed HPs via a
combination of CdS and Co3O4 NPs. With unusually high dispersion
stability of HPs in unfavorable solvents including liq. CO2, mechanistic
insights into HP formation are essential for their structural adaptation
for applications from energy storage, catalysis, water treatment, and
others.
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98. 98
Elbert, K. C.; Vo, T.; Oh, D.; Bharti, H.; Glotzer, S. C.; Murray, C. B.
Evaporation-Driven Coassembly of Hierarchical, Multicomponent Networks.
ACS Nano 2022, 16, 4508– 4516, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10922
94
Evaporation-Driven Coassembly of Hierarchical, Multicomponent Networks
Elbert, Katherine C.; Vo, Thi; Oh, Deborah; Bharti, Harshit; Glotzer,
Sharon C.; Murray, Christopher B.
ACS Nano (2022), 16 (3), 4508-4516CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
Self-assembly is an increasingly popular approach to systematically
control the formation of complex, multicomponent materials with
structural features orders of magnitude larger than the constituent
colloidal nanocrystals. Common approaches often involve templating via
prefabricated patterns to control particle organization- or
programming-specific interactions between individual building blocks.
While effective, such fabrication methods suffer from major bottlenecks
due to the complexity required in mask creation for patterning or
surface modification techniques needed to program directed interactions
between particles. Here, we propose an alternative strategy that aims to
bypass such limitations. First, we design a ligand structure that can
bridge two distinct nanocrystal types. Then, by leveraging the solvent's
evaporative dynamics to drive particle organization, we direct a
cross-linked, multicomponent system of nanocrystals to organize
hierarchically into ordered, open-network structures with domain sizes
orders of magnitude larger than the constituent building blocks. We
employ simulation and theory to rationalize the driving forces governing
this evapn.-driven process, showing excellent agreement across theory,
simulations, and expts. These results suggest that evapn.-driven
organization can be a powerful approach to designing and fabricating
hierarchical, multifunctional materials.
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99. 99
Marino, E.; Vo, T.; Gonzalez, C.; Rosen, D. J.; Neuhaus, S. J.;
Sciortino, A.; Bharti, H.; Keller, A. W.; Kagan, C. R.; Cannas, M.;
Messina, F.; Glotzer, S. C.; Murray, C. B. Porous Magneto-Fluorescent
Superparticles by Rapid Emulsion Densification. Chem. Mater. 2024, DOI:
10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03209
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
100. 100
Zhang, F.; Liu, R.; Wei, Y.; Wei, J.; Yang, Z. Self-Assembled Open
Porous Nanoparticle Superstructures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 11662–
11669, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04784
95
Self-Assembled Open Porous Nanoparticle Superstructures
Zhang, Fenghua; Liu, Rongjuan; Wei, Yanze; Wei, Jingjing; Yang, Zhijie
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2021), 143 (30),
11662-11669CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)
Imparting porosity to inorg. nanoparticle assemblies to build up
self-assembled open porous nanoparticle superstructures represents one
of the most challenging issues and will reshape the property and
application scope of traditional inorg. nanoparticle solids. Herein, we
discovered how to engineer open pores into diverse ordered nanoparticle
superstructures via their inclusion-induced assembly within 1D
nanotubes, akin to the mol. host-guest complexation. The open porous
structure of self-assembled composites is generated from
nonclose-packing of nanoparticles in 1D confined space. Tuning the size
ratios of the tube-to-nanoparticle enables the structural modulation of
these porous nanoparticle superstructures, with symmetries such as C1,
zigzag, C2, C4, and C5. Moreover, when the internal surface of the
nanotubes is blocked by mol. additives, the nanoparticles would switch
their assembly pathway and self-assemble on the external surface of the
nanotubes without the formation of porous nanoparticle assemblies. We
also show that the open porous nanoparticle superstructures can be ideal
candidate for catalysis with accelerated reaction rates.
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101. 101
Zheng, J.; Guo, G.; Li, H.; Wang, L.; Wang, B.; Yu, H.; Yan, Y.; Yang,
D.; Dong, A. Elaborately Designed Micro–Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon
Spheres as Efficient Polysulfide Reservoir for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries.
ACS Energy Letters 2017, 2, 1105– 1114, DOI:
10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00230
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
102. 102
Guntern, Y. T.; Vávra, J.; Karve, V. V.; Varandili, S. B.; Segura
Lecina, O.; Gadiyar, C.; Buonsanti, R. Synthetic Tunability of Colloidal
Covalent Organic Framework/Nanocrystal Hybrids. Chem. Mater. 2021, 33,
2646– 2654, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00501
97
Synthetic Tunability of Colloidal Covalent Organic Framework/Nanocrystal
Hybrids
Guntern, Yannick T.; Vavra, Jan; Karve, Vikram V.; Varandili, Seyedeh
Behnaz; Segura Lecina, Ona; Gadiyar, Chethana; Buonsanti, Raffaella
Chemistry of Materials (2021), 33 (7), 2646-2654CODEN: CMATEX;
ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
The combination of porous reticular frameworks and nanocrystals (NCs)
offers a rich playground to design materials with functionalities, which
are beneficial for a large variety of applications. Achieving
compositional and structural tunability of these hybrid platforms is not
trivial, and new approaches driven by the understanding of their
formation mechanism are needed. Here, we present a synthetic route to
encapsulate NCs of various sizes, shapes, and compns. in the microporous
imine-linked covalent org. framework (COF) LZU1. The tunable NC@LZU1
core-shell hybrids are synthesized by combining colloidal chem. and
homogeneous microwave-assisted syntheses, an approach that allows
tailoring of the shell thickness while ensuring COF crystallinity in the
presence of the NCs. The uniform morphologies of these new composite
materials along with their colloidal nature enable insights into their
formation mechanism. Having learned that the COFs heterogeneously
nucleate on the NC seeds, we further expand the synthetic approach by
developing a step-by-step encapsulation strategy. Here, we gain control
over the spatial distribution of various NCs within multilayered
NC@LZU1@NC@LZU1 core-shell-core-shell hybrids and also form yolk-shell
nanostructures. The synthetic route is general and applicable to a broad
variety of NCs (with catalytic, magnetic, or optical properties), thus
revealing a new way to impart functionalities to COFs.
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103. 103
Bahng, J. H.; Yeom, B.; Wang, Y.; Tung, S. O.; Hoff, J. D.; Kotov, N.
Anomalous dispersions of ’hedgehog’ particles. Nature 2015, 517, 596–
599, DOI: 10.1038/nature14092
98
Anomalous dispersions of 'hedgehog' particles
Bahng, Joong Hwan; Yeom, Bongjun; Wang, Yichun; Tung, Siu On; Hoff, J.
Damon; Kotov, Nicholas
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2015), 517 (7536), 596-599CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
Hydrophobic particles in H2O and hydrophilic particles in oil aggregate,
but can form colloidal dispersions if their surfaces are chem.
camouflaged with surfactants, org. tethers, adsorbed polymers or other
particles that impart affinity for the solvent and increase
interparticle repulsion. A different strategy for modulating the
interaction between a solid and a liq. uses surface corrugation, which
gives rise to unique wetting behavior. This topog. effect can also be
used to disperse particles in a wide range of solvents without recourse
to chems. to camouflage the particles' surfaces: the authors produce
micrometre-sized particles that are coated with stiff, nanoscale spikes
and exhibit long-term colloidal stability in both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic media. These hedgehog particles do not interpenetrate each
other with their spikes, which markedly decreases the contact area
between the particles and, therefore, the attractive forces between
them. The trapping of air in aq. dispersions, solvent autoionization at
highly developed interfaces, and long-range electrostatic repulsion in
org. media also contribute to the colloidal stability of the particles.
The unusual dispersion behavior of the hedgehog particles, overturning
the notion that like dissolves like, might help to mitigate adverse
environmental effects of the use of surfactants and volatile org.
solvents, and deepens the understanding of interparticle interactions
and nanoscale colloidal chem.
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104. 104
Montjoy, D. G.; Hou, H.; Bahng, J. H.; Kotov, N. A. Omnidispersible
Microscale Colloids with Nanoscale Polymeric Spikes. Chem. Mater. 2020,
32, 9897– 9905, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02472
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
105. 105
Jiang, W. Emergence of complexity in hierarchically organized chiral
particles. Science 2020, 368, 642– 648, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7949
100
Emergence of complexity in hierarchically organized chiral particles
Jiang, Wenfeng; Qu, Zhi-bei; Kumar, Prashant; Vecchio, Drew; Wang,
Yuefei; Ma, Yu; Bahng, Joong Hwan; Bernardino, Kalil; Gomes, Weverson
R.; Colombari, Felippe M.; Lozada-Blanco, Asdrubal; Veksler, Michael;
Marino, Emanuele; Simon, Alex; Murray, Christopher; Muniz, Sergio
Ricardo; de Moura, Andre F.; Kotov, Nicholas A.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2020), 368 (6491),
642-648CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
The structural complexity of composite biomaterials and biomineralized
particles arises from the hierarchical ordering of inorg. building
blocks over multiple scales. Although empirical observations of complex
nanoassemblies are abundant, the physicochem. mechanisms leading to
their geometrical complexity are still puzzling, esp. for nonuniformly
sized components. We report the self-assembly of hierarchically
organized particles (HOPs) from polydisperse gold thiolate nanoplatelets
with cysteine surface ligands. Graph theory methods indicate that these
HOPs, which feature twisted spikes and other morphologies, display
higher complexity than their biol. counterparts. Their intricate
organization emerges from competing chirality-dependent assembly
restrictions that render assembly pathways primarily dependent on
nanoparticle symmetry rather than size. These findings and HOP phase
diagrams open a pathway to a large family of colloids with complex
architectures and unusual chiroptical and chem. properties.
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106. 106
Kumar, P. Photonically active bowtie nanoassemblies with chirality
continuum. Nature 2023, 615, 418– 424, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05733-1
101
Photonically active bowtie nanoassemblies with chirality continuum
Kumar, Prashant; Vo, Thi; Cha, Minjeong; Visheratina, Anastasia; Kim,
Ji-Young; Xu, Wenqian; Schwartz, Jonathan; Simon, Alexander; Katz,
Daniel; Nicu, Valentin Paul; Marino, Emanuele; Choi, Won Jin; Veksler,
Michael; Chen, Si; Murray, Christopher; Hovden, Robert; Glotzer, Sharon;
Kotov, Nicholas A.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2023), 615 (7952), 418-424CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:1476-4687. (Nature Portfolio)
Chirality is a geometrical property described by continuous math.
functions1-5. However, in chem. disciplines, chirality is often treated
as a binary left or right characteristic of mols. rather than a
continuity of chiral shapes. Although they are theor. possible, a family
of stable chem. structures with similar shapes and progressively
tuneable chirality is yet unknown. Here we show that nanostructured
microparticles with an anisotropic bowtie shape display chirality
continuum and can be made with widely tuneable twist angle, pitch,
width, thickness and length. The self-limited assembly of the bowties
enables high synthetic reproducibility, size monodispersity and
computational predictability of their geometries for different assembly
conditions6. The bowtie nanoassemblies show several strong CD peaks
originating from absorptive and scattering phenomena. Unlike classical
chiral mols., these particles show a continuum of chirality measures2
that correlate exponentially with the spectral positions of the CD
peaks. Bowtie particles with variable polarization rotation were used to
print photonically active metasurfaces with spectrally tuneable pos. or
neg. polarization signatures for light detection and ranging (LIDAR)
devices.
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107. 107
Zhu, B.; Guo, G.; Wu, G.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, A.; Hu, J.; Yang, D.
Preparation of dual layers N-doped Carbon@Mesoporous Carbon@Fe3O4
nanoparticle superlattice and its application in lithium-ion battery. J.
Alloys Compd. 2019, 775, 776– 783, DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.224
102
Preparation of dual layers N-doped Carbon@Mesoporous Carbon@Fe3O4
nanoparticle superlattice and its application in lithium-ion battery
Zhu, Baixu; Guo, Guannan; Wu, Guanhong; Zhang, Yi; Dong, Angang; Hu,
Jianhua; Yang, Dong
Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2019), 775 (), 776-783CODEN: JALCEU;
ISSN:0925-8388. (Elsevier B.V.)
Nanostructured Fe3O4, as a typical transition metal oxide material, has
been widely used as high capacity anode in lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
In order to further exerting its Li storage capacity, herein, we
reported a rationally designed dual carbon shells coated Fe3O4
nanoparticle (NP) superlattices with mesoporous carbon (MC) and N-doped
carbon (NC) as the dual shells. The inner mesoporous carbon shell could
effectively buffer the vol. change and promote the cond. of Fe3O4 NP
superlattices, and the outside N-doped carbon shell can ease the
structure pulverization. N-doped carbon@mesoporous carbon@Fe3O4 NP
superlattices (NC@MC@Fe3O4 NP superlattice) showed superior electrochem.
performance, including high specific capacity (838 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g
after 150 cycles), unique rate capacity (322 mAh/g at 5 A/g) and
ultrahigh cycling capacity (576 mAh/g at 2 A/g after 500 cycles).
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108. 108
Redl, F. X.; Cho, K.-S.; Murray, C. B.; O’Brien, S. Three-dimensional
binary superlattices of magnetic nanocrystals and semiconductor quantum
dots. Nature 2003, 423, 968– 971, DOI: 10.1038/nature01702
103
Three-dimensional binary superlattices of magnetic nanocrystals and
semiconductor quantum dots
Redl, F. X.; Cho, K.-S.; Murray, C. B.; O'Brien, S.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2003), 423 (6943), 968-971CODEN:
NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
Recent advances in strategies for synthesizing nanoparticles - such as
semiconductor quantum dots, magnets and noble-metal clusters - have
enabled the precise control of compn., size, shape, crystal structure,
and surface chem. The distinct properties of the resulting
nanometer-scale building blocks can be harnessed in assemblies with new
collective properties, which can be further engineered by controlling
interparticle spacing and by material processing. The study is motivated
by the emerging concept of metamaterials - materials with properties
arising from the controlled interaction of the different nanocrystals in
an assembly. Previous multi-component nanocrystal assemblies have
usually resulted in amorphous or short-range-ordered materials because
of non-directional forces or insufficient mobility during assembly.
Here, the authors report the self-assembly of PbSe semiconductor quantum
dots and Fe2O3 magnetic nanocrystals into precisely ordered
three-dimensional superlattices. The use of specific size ratios directs
the assembly of the magnetic and semiconducting nanoparticles into AB13
or AB2 superlattices with potentially tunable optical and magnetic
properties. This synthesis concept could ultimately enable the
fine-tuning of material responses to magnetic, elec., optical and mech.
stimuli.
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109. 109
Shevchenko, E. V.; Talapin, D. V.; Kotov, N. A.; O’Brien, S.; Murray, C.
B. Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices. Nature
2006, 439, 55– 59, DOI: 10.1038/nature04414
104
Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices
Shevchenko, Elena V.; Talapin, Dmitri V.; Kotov, Nicholas A.; O'Brien,
Stephen; Murray, Christopher B.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2006), 439 (7072), 55-59CODEN: NATUAS;
ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
Assembly of small building blocks such as atoms, mols. and nanoparticles
into macroscopic structures-i.e., 'bottom up' assembly-is a theme that
runs through chem., biol. and material science. Bacteria, macromols. and
nanoparticles can self-assemble, generating ordered structures with a
precision that challenges current lithog. techniques. The assembly of
nanoparticles of two different materials into a binary nanoparticle
superlattice (BNSL) can provide a general and inexpensive path to a
large variety of materials (metamaterials) with precisely controlled
chem. compn. and tight placement of the components. Maximization of the
nanoparticle packing d. is proposed as the driving force for BNSL
formation, and only a few BNSL structures were predicted to be
thermodynamically stable. Recently, colloidal crystals with
micrometre-scale lattice spacings were grown from oppositely charged
polymethyl methacrylate spheres. Here the authors demonstrate formation
of >15 different BNSL structures, using combinations of semiconducting,
metallic and magnetic nanoparticle building blocks. At least ten of
these colloidal cryst. structures were not reported previously. Elec.
charges on sterically stabilized nanoparticles det. BNSL stoichiometry;
addnl. contributions from entropic, van der Waals, steric and dipolar
forces stabilize the variety of BNSL structures.
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110. 110
Udayabhaskararao, T.; Altantzis, T.; Houben, L.; Coronado-Puchau, M.;
Langer, J.; Popovitz-Biro, R.; Liz-Marzán, L. M.; Vuković, L.; Král, P.;
Bals, S.; Klajn, R. Tunable porous nanoallotropes prepared by
post-assembly etching of binary nanoparticle superlattices. Science
2017, 358, 514– 518, DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6046
105
Tunable porous nanoallotropes prepared by post-assembly etching of
binary nanoparticle superlattices
Udayabhaskararao, Thumu; Altantzis, Thomas; Houben, Lothar;
Coronado-Puchau, Marc; Langer, Judith; Popovitz-Biro, Ronit; Liz-Marzan,
Luis M.; Vukovic, Lela; Kral, Petr; Bals, Sara; Klajn, Rafal
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2017), 358 (6362),
514-518CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the
Advancement of Science)
Self-assembly of inorg. nanoparticles has been used to prep. many
different colloidal crystals, but almost invariably with the restriction
that these particles must be densely packed. This work showed
non-close-packed nanoparticle arrays can be fabricated by selectively
removing one of two components comprising binary nanoparticle
superlattices. First, a variety of binary nanoparticle superlattices
were prepd. at an liq./air interface, including several previously
unknown arrangements. Mol. dynamics simulations showed the particular
role of the liq. in templating superlattice formation not achievable by
self-assembly in bulk soln. Second, upon stabilization, all these binary
superlattices could be transformed into distinct
nanoallotropes/nanoporous materials of the same chem. compn. but
differing in their nanoscale architectures.
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111. 111
Yao, L.; Wang, B.; Yang, Y.; Chen, X.; Hu, J.; Yang, D.; Dong, A. In
situ confined-synthesis of mesoporous FeS2@C superparticles and their
enhanced sodium-ion storage properties. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 1229–
1232, DOI: 10.1039/C8CC09718F
106
In situ confined-synthesis of mesoporous FeS2@C superparticles and their
enhanced sodium-ion storage properties
Yao, Luyin; Wang, Biwei; Yang, Yuchi; Chen, Xiao; Hu, Jianhua; Yang,
Dong; Dong, Angang
Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (2019), 55 (9),
1229-1232CODEN: CHCOFS; ISSN:1359-7345. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
Mesoporous FeS2@C superparticles chem. converted from Fe3O4 nanoparticle
superlattices were used as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries with
superior electrochem. performance. The partial etching of Fe3O4
nanoparticles creates appropriate void space, which is beneficial for
confining the growth of ultrasmall FeS2 nanoparticles during sulfidation
and for mitigating vol. change of active materials during cycling.
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112. 112
Han, D.; Yan, Y.; Wei, J.; Wang, B.; Li, T.; Guo, G.; Yang, D.; Xie, S.;
Dong, A. Fine-Tuning the Wall Thickness of Ordered Mesoporous Graphene
by Exploiting Ligand Exchange of Colloidal Nanocrystals. Frontiers in
Chemistry 2017, 5 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00117
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
113. 113
Saunders, A. E.; Shah, P. S.; Sigman, M. B.; Hanrath, T.; Hwang, H. S.;
Lim, K. T.; Johnston, K. P.; Korgel, B. A. Inverse Opal Nanocrystal
Superlattice Films. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1943– 1948, DOI:
10.1021/nl048846e
108
Inverse Opal Nanocrystal Superlattice Films
Saunders, Aaron E.; Shah, Parag S.; Sigman, Michael B., Jr.; Hanrath,
Tobias; Hwang, Ha Soo; Lim, Kwon T.; Johnston, Keith P.; Korgel, Brian
A.
Nano Letters (2004), 4 (10), 1943-1948CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
The authors describe the single-step self-organization of nanocrystal
superlattice films infused with spatially ordered arrays of
micrometer-size pores. In a humid atm., H2O droplets condense on the
surface of evapg. thin-film solns. of nanocrystals. Nanocrystals coated
with the appropriate ligands stabilize the H2O droplets, allowing them
to grow to uniform size and ultimately pack into very ordered arrays.
The droplets provide a temporary template that casts an ordered
macroporous nanocrystal film. This process could serve as a reliable
bottom-up self-assembly approach for fabricating two-dimensional
waveguides with tunable optical properties for single-chip integration
of photonic and electronic technologies.
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114. 114
Ohnuki, R.; Sakai, M.; Takeoka, Y.; Yoshioka, S. Optical
Characterization of the Photonic Ball as a Structurally Colored Pigment.
Langmuir 2020, 36, 5579– 5587, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00736
109
Optical Characterization of the Photonic Ball as a Structurally Colored
Pigment
Ohnuki, Ryosuke; Sakai, Miki; Takeoka, Yukikazu; Yoshioka, Shinya
Langmuir (2020), 36 (20), 5579-5587CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463.
(American Chemical Society)
A photonic ball is a spherical colloidal crystal. Because it can exhibit
vivid structural colors, many attempts have been made to apply it as a
structurally colored pigment. However, the optical properties of the
photonic ball are complicated because different crystal planes can be
involved in the coloration mechanism, depending on the size of the
constituent colloidal particles. In this paper, we report a comparative
study of photonic balls consisting of silica particles with sizes
ranging from 220 to 500 nm. We first analyze the reflectance spectra
acquired in a nearly backscattering geometry and confirm that Bragg
diffraction from different crystal planes causes several spectral peaks.
Second, the angular dependence of reflection is exptl. characterized and
theor. analyzed with appropriate models. These analyses and a comparison
with a planar colloidal crystal reveal that the spherical shape plays an
essential role in the minor iridescence of photonic balls. We finally
discuss a method to enhance color satn. by incorporating small
light-absorbing particles. We also discuss the iridescence of the
photonic ball under directional and ambient illumination conditions.
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115. 115
Clough, J. M.; Guimard, E.; Rivet, C.; Sprakel, J.; Kodger, T. E.
Photonic Paints: Structural Pigments Combined with Water-Based Polymeric
Film-Formers for Structurally Colored Coatings. Advanced Optical
Materials 2019, 7, 1900218, DOI: 10.1002/adom.201900218
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
116. 116
Parker, R. M.; Zhao, T. H.; Frka-Petesic, B.; Vignolini, S. Cellulose
photonic pigments. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3378, DOI:
10.1038/s41467-022-31079-9
111
Cellulose photonic pigments
Parker, Richard M.; Zhao, Tianheng H.; Frka-Petesic, Bruno; Vignolini,
Silvia
Nature Communications (2022), 13 (1), 3378CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723.
(Nature Portfolio)
When pursuing sustainable approaches to fabricate photonic structures,
nature can be used as a source of inspiration for both the
nanoarchitecture and the constituent materials. Although several
biomaterials have been promised as suitable candidates for photonic
materials and pigments, their fabrication processes have been limited to
the small to medium-scale prodn. of films. Here, by employing a
substrate-free process, structurally colored microparticles are produced
via the confined self-assembly of a cholesteric cellulose nanocrystal
(CNC) suspension within emulsified microdroplets. Upon drying, the
droplets undergo multiple buckling events, which allow for greater
contraction of the nanostructure than predicted for a spherical
geometry. This buckling, combined with a solvent or thermal
post-treatment, enables the prodn. of dispersions of vibrant red, green,
and blue cellulose photonic pigments. The hierarchical structure of
these pigments enables the deposition of coatings with angular
independent color, offering a consistent visual appearance across a wide
range of viewing angles.
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117. 117
Rastogi, V.; Melle, S.; Calderón, O. G.; García, A. A.; Marquez, M.;
Velev, O. D. Synthesis of Light-Diffracting Assemblies from Microspheres
and Nanoparticles in Droplets on a Superhydrophobic Surface. Adv. Mater.
2008, 20, 4263– 4268, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200703008
112
Synthesis of light-diffracting assemblies from microspheres and
nanoparticles in droplets on a superhydrophobic surface
Rastogi, Vinayak; Melle, Sonia; Calderon, Oscar G.; Garcia, Antonio A.;
Marquez, Manuel; Velev, Orlin D.
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2008), 20 (22), 4263-4268CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Aq. suspension droplets of monodisperse latex or latex and Au
nanoparticles mixts. assume a spherical shape on superhydrophobic
substrates. The drying sessile droplets serve as macroscopic templates
for assembling microspheres into closed-packed structures. Upon
illumination, the supraparticles display discrete colored rings because
of the periodic arrangement of latex particles in the surface layer. The
phys. origin of the colored patterns is explained.
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118. 118
Lim, C. H.; Kang, H.; Kim, S.-H. Colloidal Assembly in Leidenfrost Drops
for Noniridescent Structural Color Pigments. Langmuir 2014, 30, 8350–
8356, DOI: 10.1021/la502157p
113
Colloidal Assembly in Leidenfrost Drops for Noniridescent Structural
Color Pigments
Lim, Che Ho; Kang, Hyelim; Kim, Shin-Hyun
Langmuir (2014), 30 (28), 8350-8356CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463.
(American Chemical Society)
Photonic microgranules composed of glassy packing of silica particles
and small fraction of carbon black nanoparticles, which show pronounced
structural colors with low angle-dependency, are described. To prep.
isotropic random packing in each microgranule, a Leidenfrost drop, which
is a drop levitated by its own vapor on a hot surface, is employed as a
template for fast consolidation of silica particles. The drop randomly
migrates over the hot surface and rapidly shrinks, while maintaining its
spherical shape, thereby consolidating silica particles to granular
structures. Carbon black nanoparticles incorporated in the microgranules
suppress incoherent multiple scattering, thereby providing improved
color contrast. Therefore, photonic microgranules in a full visible
range can be prepd. by adjusting the size of silica particles with
insignificant whitening.
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119. 119
Wang, J.; Sultan, U.; Goerlitzer, E. S. A.; Mbah, C. F.; Engel, M.;
Vogel, N. Structural Color of Colloidal Clusters as a Tool to
Investigate Structure and Dynamics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30,
1907730, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201907730
114
Structural Color of Colloidal Clusters as a Tool to Investigate
Structure and Dynamics
Wang, Junwei; Sultan, Umair; Goerlitzer, Eric S. A.; Mbah, Chrameh Fru;
Engel, Michael; Vogel, Nicolas
Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (26), 1907730CODEN: AFMDC6;
ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Colloidal assemblies have applications as photonic crystals and
templates for functional porous materials. While there has been
significant progress in controlling colloidal assemblies into defined
structures, their 3D order remains difficult to characterize. Simple,
low-cost techniques are sought that characterize colloidal structures
and assist optimization of process parameters. Here, structural color is
presented to image the structure and dynamics of colloidal clusters
prepd. by a confined self-assembly process in emulsion droplets. It is
shown that characteristic anisotropic structural color motifs such as
circles, stripes, triangles, or bowties arise from the defined interior
grain geometry of such colloidal clusters. The optical detection of
these motifs reliably distinguishes icosahedral, decahedral, and
face-centered cubic colloidal clusters and thus enables a simple yet
precise characterization of their internal structure. In addn., the
rotational motion and dynamics of such micrometer-scale clusters
suspended in a liq. can be followed in real time via their anisotropic
coloration. Finally, monitoring the evolution of structural color
provides real-time information about the crystn. pathway within the
confining emulsion droplet. Together, this work demonstrates that
structural color is a simple and versatile tool to characterize the
structure and dynamic properties of colloidal clusters.
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120. 120
Areias, L. R. P.; Mariz, I.; Maçôas, E.; Farinha, J. P. S. Reflectance
Confocal Microscopy: A Powerful Tool for Large Scale Characterization of
Ordered/Disordered Morphology in Colloidal Photonic Structures. ACS Nano
2021, 15, 11779– 11788, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02813
115
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: A Powerful Tool for Large Scale
Characterization of Ordered/Disordered Morphology in Colloidal Photonic
Structures
Areias, Laurinda R. P.; Mariz, Ines; Macoas, Ermelinda; Farinha, Jose
Paulo S.
ACS Nano (2021), 15 (7), 11779-11788CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
The development of appropriate methods to correlate the structure and
optical properties of colloidal photonic structures is still a
challenge. Structural information is mostly obtained by electron, x-ray,
or optical microscopy methods and X-ray diffraction, while bulk
spectroscopic methods and low resoln. bright-field microscopy are used
for optical characterization. Here, the authors describe the use of
reflectance confocal microscopy as a simple and intuitive technique to
provide a direct correlation between the ordered/disordered structural
morphol. of colloidal crystals and glasses, and their corresponding
optical properties.
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121. 121
Hu, Z.; Bradshaw, N. P.; Vanthournout, B.; Forman, C.; Gnanasekaran, K.;
Thompson, M. P.; Smeets, P.; Dhinojwala, A.; Shawkey, M. D.; Hersam, M.
C.; Gianneschi, N. C. Non-Iridescent Structural Color Control via Inkjet
Printing of Self-Assembled Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles. Chem. Mater.
2021, 33, 6433– 6442, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01719
116
Non-Iridescent Structural Color Control via Inkjet Printing of
Self-Assembled Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles
Hu, Ziying; Bradshaw, Nathan P.; Vanthournout, Bram; Forman, Chris;
Gnanasekaran, Karthikeyan; Thompson, Matthew P.; Smeets, Paul;
Dhinojwala, Ali; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Hersam, Mark C.; Gianneschi,
Nathan C.
Chemistry of Materials (2021), 33 (16), 6433-6442CODEN: CMATEX;
ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
Melanin is a natural pigment with a high refractive index and strong
light absorption across the visible spectrum, making it an ideal
material for producing structural colors. Here, we report non-iridescent
structural color control via inkjet printing of self-assembled synthetic
melanin nanoparticles (SMNPs). Adding silica shells to SMNPs allows for
further tuning of both the hue and brightness of the resulting
structural colors. The peak wavelengths show a linear dependence with
the diam. of the nanoparticles, allowing correlation between ink compn.
and structural color using the Bragg-Snell law. Addnl., mixts. of SMNPs
of different sizes result in colors with peak wavelengths that vary
linearly with the mixing ratio in the ink, leading to diverse and
predictable colors from one type of material. The morphol. of the
self-assembled SMNP structures is further controlled by the
hydrophilicity of the substrate, providing another means for tailoring
the structure and properties. Since structural colors are less
susceptible to degrdn. than org. dyes, this work has implications for
emerging sensing, display, and security applications.
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122. 122
Kim, C.; Jung, K.; Yu, J. W.; Park, S.; Kim, S.-H.; Lee, W. B.; Hwang,
H.; Manoharan, V. N.; Moon, J. H. Controlled Assembly of Icosahedral
Colloidal Clusters for Structural Coloration. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32,
9704– 9712, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03391
117
Controlled Assembly of Icosahedral Colloidal Clusters for Structural
Coloration
Kim, Cheolho; Jung, Kinam; Yu, Ji Woong; Park, Sanghyuk; Kim, Shin-Hyun;
Lee, Won Bo; Hwang, Hyerim; Manoharan, Vinothan N.; Moon, Jun Hyuk
Chemistry of Materials (2020), 32 (22), 9704-9712CODEN: CMATEX;
ISSN:0897-4756. (American Chemical Society)
Icosahedral colloidal clusters are a new class of spherical colloidal
crystals. This cluster allows for potentially superior optical
properties in comparison to conventional onion-like colloidal supraballs
because of the quasi-crystal structure. However, the characterization of
the cluster as an optical material has until now not been achieved. Here
we successfully produce icosahedral clusters by assembling silica
particles using bulk water-in-oil emulsion droplets and systematically
characterize their optical properties. We exploit a water-satd. oil
phase to control droplet drying, thereby prepg. clusters at room temp.
In comparison to conventional onion-like supraballs with a similar size,
the icosahedral clusters exhibit relatively strong structural colors
with weak nonresonant scattering. Simulations prove that the cryst.
array inside the icosahedral cluster strengthens the collective specular
diffraction. To further improve color satn., the silica particles
constituting the cluster are coated with a thin-film carbon shell. The
carbon shell acts as a broad-band absorber and reduces incoherent
scattering with long optical paths, resulting in vibrant blue, green,
and red colors comparable to inorg. chem. pigments.
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123. 123
Magkiriadou, S.; Park, J.-G.; Kim, Y.-S.; Manoharan, V. N. Absence of
red structural color in photonic glasses, bird feathers, and certain
beetles. Phys. Rev. E 2014, 90, 062302 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.062302
118
Absence of red structural color in photonic glasses, bird feathers, and
certain beetles
Magkiriadou, Sofia; Park, Jin-Gyu; Kim, Young-Seok; Manoharan, Vinothan
N.
Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
(2014), 90 (6-A), 062302CODEN: PRESCM; ISSN:1539-3755. (American
Physical Society)
Colloidal glasses, bird feathers, and beetle scales can all show
structural colors arising from short-ranged spatial correlations between
scattering centers. Unlike the structural colors arising from Bragg
diffraction in ordered materials like opals, the colors of these
photonic glasses are independent of orientation, owing to their
disordered, isotropic microstructures. However, there are few examples
of photonic glasses with angle-independent red colors in nature, and
colloidal glasses with particle sizes chosen to yield structural colors
in the red show weak color satn. Using scattering theory, we show that
the absence of angle-independent red color can be explained by the
tendency of individual particles to backscatter light more strongly in
the blue. We discuss how the backscattering resonances of individual
particles arise from cavity-like modes and how they interact with the
structural resonances to prevent red. Finally, we use the model to
develop design rules for colloidal glasses with red, angle-independent
structural colors.
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124. 124
Jacucci, G.; Longbottom, B. W.; Parkins, C. C.; Bon, S. A. F.;
Vignolini, S. Anisotropic silica colloids for light scattering. Journal
of Materials Chemistry C 2021, 9, 2695– 2700, DOI: 10.1039/D1TC00072A
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
125. 125
Han, S. H.; Choi, Y. H.; Kim, S. Co-Assembly of Colloids and Eumelanin
Nanoparticles in Droplets for Structural Pigments with High Saturation.
Small 2022, 18, 2106048, DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106048
120
Co-Assembly of Colloids and Eumelanin Nanoparticles in Droplets for
Structural Pigments with High Saturation
Han, Sang Hoon; Choi, Ye Hun; Kim, Shin-Hyun
Small (2022), 18 (7), 2106048CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Colloidal crystals have been used to develop structural colors. However,
incoherent scattering causes the colors to turn whitish, reducing the
color satn. To overcome the problem, light-absorbing additives have been
incorporated. Although various additives have been used, most of them
are not compatible with a direct co-assembly with common colloids in aq.
suspensions. Here, the authors suggest eumelanin nanoparticles as a new
additive to enhance the color chroma. Eumelanin nanoparticles are
synthesized to have diams. of several nanometers by oxidative polymn. of
precursors in basic solns. The nanoparticles carry neg. charges and do
not weaken the electrostatic repulsion among same-charged polystyrene
particles when they are added to aq. suspensions. To prove the
effectiveness of eumelanin as a satn. enhancer, the authors produce
photonic balls through direct co-assembly of polystyrene and eumelanin
using water-in-oil emulsion droplets, while varying the wt. ratio of
eumelanin to polystyrene. The high crystallinity of colloidal crystals
is preserved for the ratio up to at least 1/50 as the eumelanin does not
perturb the crystn. The eumelanin effectively suppresses incoherent
scattering while maintaining the strength of structural resonance at an
optimum ratio, improving color chroma without compromising brightness.
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126. 126
Liu, G.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, G.; Li, Y.; Chai, L.; Fan, Q.; Shao, J.
Fabrication of patterned photonic crystals with brilliant structural
colors on fabric substrates using ink-jet printing technology. Materials
& Design 2017, 114, 10– 17, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.09.102
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
127. 127
Hong, W.; Yuan, Z.; Chen, X. Structural Color Materials for Optical
Anticounterfeiting. Small 2020, 16, 1907626, DOI:
10.1002/smll.201907626
122
Structural Color Materials for Optical Anticounterfeiting
Hong, Wei; Yuan, Zhongke; Chen, Xudong
Small (2020), 16 (16), 1907626CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
A review. The counterfeiting of goods is growing worldwide, affecting
practically any marketable item ranging from consumer goods to human
health. Anticounterfeiting is essential for authentication, currency,
and security. Anticounterfeiting tags based on structural color
materials have enjoyed worldwide and long-term com. success due to their
inexpensive prodn. and exceptional ease of percept. However,
conventional anticounterfeiting tags of holog. gratings can be readily
copied or imitated. Much progress has been made recently to overcome
this limitation by employing sufficient complexity and
stimuli-responsive ability into the structural color materials.
Moreover, traditional processing methods of structural color tags are
mainly based on photolithog. and nanoimprinting, while new processing
methods such as the inkless printing and additive manufg. have been
developed, enabling massive scale up fabrication of novel structural
color security engineering. This review presents recent breakthroughs in
structural color materials, and their applications in optical encryption
and anticounterfeiting are discussed in detail. Special attention is
given to the unique structures for optical anticounterfeiting techniques
and their optical aspects for encryption. Finally, emerging research
directions and current challenges in optical encryption technologies
using structural color materials is presented.
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128. 128
Shi, C.; Soltani, S.; Armani, A. M. Gold Nanorod Plasmonic Upconversion
Microlaser. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 5827– 5831, DOI: 10.1021/nl4024885
123
Gold Nanorod Plasmonic Upconversion Microlaser
Shi, Ce; Soltani, Soheil; Armani, Andrea M.
Nano Letters (2013), 13 (12), 5827-5831CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Plasmonic-photonic interactions have stimulated significant
interdisciplinary interest, leading to rapid innovations in solar design
and biosensors. However, the development of an optically pumped
plasmonic laser has failed to keep pace due to the difficulty of
integrating a plasmonic gain material with a suitable pump source. The
authors develop a method for coating high quality factor toroidal
optical cavities with Au nanorods, forming a photonic-plasmonic laser.
By leveraging the 2-photon upconversion capability of the nanorods,
lasing at 581 nm with a 20 μW threshold is demonstrated.
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129. 129
Kazes, M.; Lewis, D.; Ebenstein, Y.; Mokari, T.; Banin, U. Lasing from
Semiconductor Quantum Rods in a Cylindrical Microcavity. Adv. Mater.
2002, 14, 317– 321, DOI:
10.1002/1521-4095(20020219)14:4<317::AID-ADMA317>3.0.CO;2-U
124
Lasing from semiconductor quantum rods in a cylindrical microcavity
Kazes, Miri; Lewis, David Y.; Ebenstein, Yuval; Mokari, Taleb; Banin,
Uri
Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2002), 14 (4), 317-321CODEN:
ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH)
Lasing for CdSe/ZnS quantum rods in soln. was carried out using a
cylindrical microcavity, comprising an optical fiber within a glass
capillary tube, with nanosecond excitation from a commonly available
pump source. The quantum rods were grown using the well-developed
methods of colloidal nanocrystal synthesis employing high-temp.
pyrolysis of organometallic precursors in coordinating solvents. They
were overcoated by hexadecylamine and trioctylphosphine oxide. The
simple cylindrical microcavity setup used facilitated rapid and
efficient screening to identify the major detg. factors for the function
of colloidal nanostructures in laser applications. Lasing in a similar
configuration at room temp. was also obsd. for the spherical quantum
dots (QDs). While lasing for QDs was not polarized, for quantum rods a
linearly polarized laser signal directly related to their symmetry was
detected.
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130. 130
le Feber, B.; Prins, F.; De Leo, E.; Rabouw, F. T.; Norris, D. J.
Colloidal-Quantum-Dot Ring Lasers with Active Color Control. Nano Lett.
2018, 18, 1028– 1034, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04495
125
Colloidal-Quantum-Dot Ring Lasers with Active Color Control
Le Feber, Boris; Prins, Ferry; De Leo, Eva; Rabouw, Freddy T.; Norris,
David J.
Nano Letters (2018), 18 (2), 1028-1034CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
To improve the photophys. performance of colloidal quantum dots for
laser applications, sophisticated core/shell geometries have been
developed. Typically, a wider bandgap semiconductor is added as a shell
to enhance the gain from the quantum-dot core. This shell is designed to
electronically isolate the core, funnel excitons to it, and reduce
nonradiative Auger recombination. However, the shell could also
potentially provide a secondary source of gain, leading to further
versatility in these materials. Here we develop high-quality quantum-dot
ring lasers that not only exhibit lasing from both the core and the
shell but also the ability to switch between them. We fabricate ring
resonators (with quality factors up to ∼2500) consisting only of
CdSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell quantum dots using a simple
template-stripping process. We then examine lasing as a function of the
optical excitation power and ring radius. In resonators with quality
factors >1000, excitons in the CdSe cores lead to red lasing with
thresholds at ∼25 μJ/cm2. With increasing power, green lasing from the
CdS shell emerges (>100 μJ/cm2) and then the red lasing begins to
disappear (>250 μJ/cm2). We present a rate-equation model that can
explain this color switching as a competition between exciton
localization into the core and stimulated emission from excitons in the
shell. Moreover, by lowering the quality factor of the cavity we can
engineer the device to exhibit only green lasing. The mechanism
demonstrated here provides a potential route toward color-switchable
quantum-dot lasers.
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131. 131
Snee, P.; Chan, Y.; Nocera, D.; Bawendi, M. Whispering-Gallery-Mode
Lasing from a Semiconductor Nanocrystal/Microsphere Resonator Composite.
Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1131– 1136, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200401571
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
132. 132
Montanarella, F.; Urbonas, D.; Chadwick, L.; Moerman, P. G.; Baesjou, P.
J.; Mahrt, R. F.; van Blaaderen, A.; Stöferle, T.; Vanmaekelbergh, D.
Lasing Supraparticles Self-Assembled from Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2018,
12, 12788– 12794, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07896
127
Lasing Supraparticles Self-Assembled from Nanocrystals
Montanarella, Federico; Urbonas, Darius; Chadwick, Luke; Moerman, Pepijn
G.; Baesjou, Patrick J.; Mahrt, Rainer F.; van Blaaderen, Alfons;
Stoeferle, Thilo; Vanmaekelbergh, Daniel
ACS Nano (2018), 12 (12), 12788-12794CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851.
(American Chemical Society)
One of the most attractive com. applications of semiconductor
nanocrystals (NCs) is their use in lasers. Thanks to their high quantum
yield, tunable optical properties, photostability, and wet-chem.
processability, NCs have arisen as promising gain materials. Most of
these applications, however, rely on incorporation of NCs in lasing
cavities sep. produced using sophisticated fabrication methods and often
difficult to manipulate. Here, we present whispering gallery mode lasing
in supraparticles (SPs) of self-assembled NCs. The SPs composed of NCs
act as both lasing medium and cavity. Moreover, the synthesis of the
SPs, based on an in-flow microfluidic device, allows precise control of
the dimensions of the SPs, i.e. the size of the cavity, in the
micrometer range with polydispersity as low as several percent. The SPs
presented here show whispering gallery mode resonances with quality
factors up to 320. Whispering gallery mode lasing is evidenced by a
clear threshold behavior, coherent emission, and emission lifetime
shortening due to the stimulation process.
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133. 133
Neuhaus, S. J.; Marino, E.; Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R. Frequency
Stabilization and Optically Tunable Lasing in Colloidal Quantum Dot
Superparticles. Nano Lett. 2023, 23, 645– 651, DOI:
10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04498
128
Frequency Stabilization and Optically Tunable Lasing in Colloidal
Quantum Dot Superparticles
Neuhaus, Steven J.; Marino, Emanuele; Murray, Christopher B.; Kagan,
Cherie R.
Nano Letters (2023), 23 (2), 645-651CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Self-assembled superparticles composed of colloidal quantum dots
establish microsphere cavities that support optically pumped lasing from
whispering gallery modes. Here, the authors report on the time- and
excitation fluence-dependent lasing properties of CdSe/CdS quantum dot
superparticles. Spectra collected under const. photoexcitation reveal
that the lasing modes are not temporally stable but instead blue-shift
by >30 meV over 15 min. To counter this effect, the authors establish a
high-fluence light-soaking protocol that reduces this blue-shift by more
than an order of magnitude to 1.7 ± 0.5 meV, with champion
superparticles displaying mode blue-shifts of <0.5 meV. Increasing the
pump fluence allows for optically controlled, reversible, color-tunable
red-to-green lasing. Combining these two paradigms suggests that quantum
dot superparticles could serve in applications as low-cost, robust,
soln.-processable, tunable microlasers.
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134. 134
Wang, H.; Huff, T. B.; Zweifel, D. A.; He, W.; Low, P. S.; Wei, A.;
Cheng, J.-X. In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of
single gold nanorods. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102, 15752–
15756, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504892102
129
In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold
nanorods
Wang, Haifeng; Huff, Terry B.; Zweifel, Daniel A.; He, Wei; Low, Philip
S.; Wei, Alexander; Cheng, Ji-Xin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America (2005), 102 (44), 15752-15756CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424.
(National Academy of Sciences)
Gold nanorods excited at 830 nm on a far-field laser-scanning microscope
produced strong two-photon luminescence (TPL) intensities, with a cos4
dependence on the incident polarization. The TPL excitation spectrum can
be superimposed onto the longitudinal plasmon band, indicating a
plasmon-enhanced two-photon absorption cross section. The TPL signal
from a single nanorod is 58 times that of the two-photon fluorescence
signal from a single rhodamine mol. The application of gold nanorods as
TPL imaging agents is demonstrated by in vivo imaging of single nanorods
flowing in mouse ear blood vessels.
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135. 135
Ahn, N.; Livache, C.; Pinchetti, V.; Klimov, V. I. Colloidal
Semiconductor Nanocrystal Lasers and Laser Diodes. Chem. Rev. 2023, 123,
8251– 8296, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00865
130
Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystal Lasers and Laser Diodes
Ahn, Namyoung; Livache, Clement; Pinchetti, Valerio; Klimov, Victor I.
Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2023), 123 (13),
8251-8296CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)
A review. Lasers and optical amplifiers based on soln.-processable
materials have been long-desired devices for their compatibility with
virtually any substrate, scalability, and ease of integration with
on-chip photonics and electronics. These devices have been pursued
across a wide range of materials including polymers, small mols.,
perovskites, and chem. prepd. colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. The
latter materials are esp. attractive for implementing optical-gain media
as in addn. to being compatible with inexpensive and easily scalable
chem. techniques, they offer multiple advantages derived from a
zero-dimensional character of their electronic states. These include a
size-tunable emission wavelength, low optical gain thresholds, and weak
sensitivity of lasing characteristics to variations in temp. Here we
review the status of colloidal nanocrystal lasing devices, most recent
advances in this field, outstanding challenges, and the ongoing progress
toward technol. viable devices including colloidal nanocrystal laser
diodes.
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136. 136
Dreyer, A.; Feld, A.; Kornowski, A.; Yilmaz, E. D.; Noei, H.; Meyer, A.;
Krekeler, T.; Jiao, C.; Stierle, A.; Abetz, V.; Weller, H.; Schneider,
G. A. Organically linked iron oxide nanoparticle supercrystals with
exceptional isotropic mechanical properties. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 522–
528, DOI: 10.1038/nmat4553
131
Organically linked iron oxide nanoparticle supercrystals with
exceptional isotropic mechanical properties
Dreyer, Axel; Feld, Artur; Kornowski, Andreas; Yilmaz, Ezgi D.; Noei,
Heshmat; Meyer, Andreas; Krekeler, Tobias; Jiao, Chengge; Stierle,
Andreas; Abetz, Volker; Weller, Horst; Schneider, Gerold A.
Nature Materials (2016), 15 (5), 522-528CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122.
(Nature Publishing Group)
The authors show self-assembly of nearly spherical iron oxide
nanoparticles in supercrystals linked together by a thermally induced
crosslinking reaction of oleic acid mols. leads to a nanocomposite with
exceptional bending modulus of 114 GPa, hardness of up to 4 GPa and
strength of up to 630 MPa. By using a nanomech. model, the authors detd.
that these exceptional mech. properties are dominated by the covalent
backbone of the linked org. mols. Oleic acid has been broadly used as
nanoparticle ligand, our crosslinking approach should be applicable to a
large variety of nanoparticle systems.
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137. 137
Wang, Z.; Singaravelu, A. S. S.; Dai, R.; Nian, Q.; Chawla, N.; Wang, R.
Y. Ligand Crosslinking Boosts Thermal Transport in Colloidal Nanocrystal
Solids. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 9556– 9563, DOI:
10.1002/anie.201916760
132
Ligand Crosslinking Boosts Thermal Transport in Colloidal Nanocrystal
Solids
Wang, Zhongyong; Singaravelu, Arun Sundar S.; Dai, Rui; Nian, Qiong;
Chawla, Nikhilesh; Wang, Robert Y.
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2020), 59 (24),
9556-9563CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA)
The ongoing interest in colloidal nanocrystal solids for electronic and
photonic devices necessitates that their thermal-transport properties be
well understood because heat dissipation frequently limits performance
in these devices. Unfortunately, colloidal nanocrystal solids generally
possess very low thermal conductivities. This very low thermal cond.
primarily results from the weak van der Waals interaction between the
ligands of adjacent nanocrystals. We overcome this thermal-transport
bottleneck by crosslinking the ligands to exchange a weak van der Waals
interaction with a strong covalent bond. We obtain thermal
conductivities of up to 1.7 Wm-1 K-1 that exceed prior reported values
by a factor of 4. This improvement is significant because the entire
range of prior reported values themselves only span a factor of 4 (i.e.,
0.1-0.4 Wm-1 K-1). We complement our thermal-cond. measurements with
mech. nanoindentation measurements that demonstrate ligand crosslinking
increases Young's modulus and sound velocity. This increase in sound
velocity is a key bridge between mech. and thermal properties because
sound velocity and thermal cond. are linearly proportional according to
kinetic theory. Control expts. with non-crosslinkable ligands, as well
as transport modeling, further confirm that ligand crosslinking boosts
thermal transport.
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138. 138
Li, Y.; Abolmaali, F.; Allen, K. W.; Limberopoulos, N. I.; Urbas, A.;
Rakovich, Y.; Maslov, A. V.; Astratov, V. N. Whispering gallery mode
hybridization in photonic molecules. Laser & Photonics Reviews 2017, 11,
1600278, DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201600278
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
139. 139
Marino, E.; Bharti, H.; Xu, J.; Kagan, C. R.; Murray, C. B. Nanocrystal
Superparticles with Whispering-Gallery Modes Tunable through Chemical
and Optical Triggers. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 4765– 4773, DOI:
10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01011
134
Nanocrystal Superparticles with Whispering-Gallery Modes Tunable through
Chemical and Optical Triggers
Marino, Emanuele; Bharti, Harshit; Xu, Jun; Kagan, Cherie R.; Murray,
Christopher B.
Nano Letters (2022), 22 (12), 4765-4773CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984.
(American Chemical Society)
Whispering-gallery microresonators have the potential to become the
building blocks for optical circuits. However, encoding information in
an optical signal requires on-demand tuning of optical resonances.
Tuning is achieved by modifying the cavity length or the refractive
index of the microresonator. Due to their solid, nondeformable
structure, conventional microresonators based on bulk materials are
inherently difficult to tune. Irreversibly tunable optical
microresonators were fabricated by using semiconductor nanocrystals.
These nanocrystals are 1st assembled into colloidal spherical
superparticles featuring whispering-gallery modes. Exposing the
superparticles to shorter ligands changes the nanocrystal surface chem.,
decreasing the cavity length of the microresonator by 20% and increasing
the refractive index by 8.2%. Illuminating the superparticles with UV
light initiates nanocrystal photooxidn., providing an orthogonal channel
to decrease the refractive index of the microresonator in a continuous
fashion. Through these approaches, the authors demonstrate optical
microresonators tunable by several times their free spectral range.
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140. 140
Pang, S.; Beckham, R. E.; Meissner, K. E. Quantum dot-embedded
microspheres for remote refractive index sensing. Appl. Phys. Lett.
2008, 92, 221108, DOI: 10.1063/1.2937209
135
Quantum dot-embedded microspheres for remote refractive index sensing
Pang, Shuo; Beckham, Richard E.; Meissner, Kenith E.
Applied Physics Letters (2008), 92 (22), 221108/1-221108/3CODEN: APPLAB;
ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)
A refractometric sensor based on quantum dot-embedded polystyrene
microspheres is presented. Optical resonances within a microsphere,
known as whispering-gallery modes (WGMs), produce narrow spectral peaks.
For sensing applications, spectral shifts of these peaks are sensitive
to changes in the local refractive index. Two-photon excited
luminescence from the quantum dots couples into several WGMs within the
microresonator. By optimizing the detection area, the spectral
visibility of the WGMs is improved. The spectral shifts are measured as
the surrounding index of the refraction changes. The exptl. sensitivity
is ∼5 times greater than that predicted by the Mie theory. (c) 2008
American Institute of Physics.
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141. 141
Clough, J. M.; van der Gucht, J.; Kodger, T. E.; Sprakel, J.
Cephalopod-Inspired High Dynamic Range Mechano-Imaging in Polymeric
Materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2002716, DOI:
10.1002/adfm.202002716
136
Cephalopod-Inspired High Dynamic Range Mechano-Imaging in Polymeric
Materials
Clough, Jess M.; van der Gucht, Jasper; Kodger, Thomas E.; Sprakel,
Joris
Advanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (38), 2002716CODEN: AFMDC6;
ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Cephalopods, such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses, use an array of
responsive absorptive and photonic dermal structures to achieve rapid
and reversible color changes for spectacular camouflage and signaling
displays. Challenges remain in designing synthetic soft materials with
similar multiple and dynamic responsivity for the development of optical
sensors for the sensitive detection of mech. stresses and strains. Here,
a high dynamic range mechano-imaging (HDR-MI) polymeric material
integrating phys. and chem. mechanochromism is designed hmeproviding a
continuous optical read-out of strain upon mech. deformation. By
combining a colloidal photonic array with a mech. responsive dye, the
material architecture significantly improves the mechanochromic
sensitivity, which is moreover readily tuned, and expands the range of
detectable strains and stresses at both microscopic and nanoscopic
length scales. This multi-functional material is highlighted by creating
detailed HDR mechanographs of membrane deformation and around defects
using a low-cost hyperspectral camera, which is found to be in excellent
agreement with the results of finite element simulations. This
multi-scale approach to mechano-sensing and -imaging provides a platform
to develop mechanochromic composites with high sensitivity and high
dynamic mech. range.
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