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* United Nations Security Council Resolution 678
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 678 EXPLAINED
Number:678Organ:SCDate:29
NovemberYear:1990Meeting:2,963Code:S/RES/678Document:https://undocs.org/S/RES/678(1990)For:12Abstention:1Against:2Subject:Iraq–KuwaitResult:Adopted
United Nations Security Council Resolution 678, adopted on 29 November 1990,
after reaffirming resolutions 660, 661, 662, 664, 665, 666, 667, 669, 670, 674
and 677 (all 1990), the council noted that despite all the United Nations
efforts, Iraq continued to defy the Security Council.
DETAILS
The United Nations Security Council, invoking Chapter VII of the United Nations
Charter, offered Iraq one final chance to implement Resolution 660 (1990) which
demanded that Iraq withdraw its forces unconditionally from Kuwait to the
positions in which they were located on 1 August 1990, the day before the
invasion of Kuwait began.
On 29 November 1990, the Security Council passed Resolution 678 which gave Iraq
until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait and empowered states to use "all
necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline. The Resolution
requested Member States to keep the council informed on their decisions. This
was the legal authorization for the Gulf War, as Iraq did not withdraw by the
deadline.[1]
Cuba's position was nuanced as it had voted for or abstained on previous
resolutions relating to the Iraqi invasion, but did not support Resolution 678
because of its authorization of "all necessary means."[2]
Resolution 678 was adopted by 12 votes with two opposing (Cuba and Yemen) and
one abstention from the People's Republic of China. The authority granted to
Member States in this case contrasts with the disputed legality of U.S. actions
in the invasion of Iraq of 2003.
STICKS AND CARROTS
The United States government strenuously lobbied governments represented on the
UN Security Council, including the Soviet Union, China, Malaysia and Yemen, to
support a resolution authorizing UN members states to use "all necessary means"
for removing Iraqi forces from Kuwait.[3] China, which had usually vetoed such
resolutions authorizing action against a state, abstained in exchange for a
promise from the US government that sanctions would be eased,[4] and that the
Chinese foreign minister would be received in the White House.[5] Various
members of the council were rewarded with economic incentives as a result of
their 'yes' vote, and those who initially opposed the resolution were
discouraged from voting 'no' with the idea of economic penalties, particularly
by the United States.[6] The US successfully obtained a commitment from the
Saudi government to provide $1 billion to the Soviets in aid through the
winter.[7]
After Yemen voted against the resolution, the US, World Bank and International
Monetary Fund halted aid programs to Yemen, and Saudi Arabia expelled Yemeni
workers.[8] Following the US government's fruitless effort to persuade the
Yemeni government to support the resolution, US diplomats bluntly informed
Yemeni officials "That was the most expensive no vote you ever cast"—referring
to ceasing more than $70 million of US government foreign aid to Yemen.[9]
CRITICISM
International law experts, such as Professor Burns H. Weston, have argued that
the UN security council resolution set a "dubious precedent" by backing away
from the "peaceful and humanitarian purposes and principles" enshrined in the
United Nations Charter, a cornerstone of international law. It did this by
failing to vest in the UN the responsibility and the accountability for the
military force that was deployed to the region but instead allowing the United
States to manage world policy essentially in a unilateral manner.[10]
SEE ALSO
* Gulf War
* Iraq–Kuwait relations
* List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 601 to 700 (1987–1991)
EXTERNAL LINKS
* * Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. Book: Murphy, Sean D.. Humanitarian intervention: the United Nations in an
evolving world order. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996. 185.
978-0-8122-3382-7.
2. Book: Domínguez, Jorge I. . Cuban Studies 26, Volume 26. University of
Pittsburgh Press. 1996. 104. 978-0-8229-3954-2.
3. [Global Policy Forum]
4. Book: Benewick, Robert. Wingrove, Paul . China in the 1990s. UBC Press.
1999. 2. 240. 978-0-7748-0671-8.
5. [New York Times]
6. Book: Simons, Geoffrey Leslie. The scourging of Iraq: sanctions, law, and
natural justice. Palgrave Macmillan. 1998. 2. 197–198. 978-0-312-21519-4.
7. [New York Times]
8. Book: Simons, Geoff. Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam. Palgrave Macmillan. 1996.
2. 358. 978-0-312-16052-4.
9. [New York Times]
10. Weston, B. (1991), "Security Council Resolution 678 and Persian Gulf
Decision Making: Precarious Legitimacy," American Journal of International
Law, 85(3), 516–535. doi:10.2307/2203110
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses
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