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Стр. 1
United States Maritime Policy At The Crossroads Lawrence Juda. The UNCTAD Liner
Code United States Maritime Policy at the Crossroads Lawrence Juda ROUTLEDGE The
UNCTAD Liner Code Westview Replica Editions The concept of. Front Cover.
Стр.
United States Maritime Policy At The Crossroads Lawrence Juda. The UNCTAD Liner
Code Westview Replica Editions The concept of Westview Replica Editions is.
Стр.
... even smaller quantities as needed. Thus, we can produce Replica Editions
quickly and can keep even very specialized books in print as long as there is a
demand for them. About the Book and Author The UNCTAD Liner Code: United.
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code: United States Maritime Policy at the Crossroads Lawrence
Juda World shipping—vital to international trade—is now going through a period
of radical change. The UNCTAD Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences is an ...
Стр.
United States Maritime Policy At The Crossroads Lawrence Juda. The UNCTAD Liner
Code : United States Maritime Policy at the Crossroads Lawrence Juda Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1983 by Westview
Press ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code”: p. Bibliography: p. 1. UNCTAD Liner Code. 2. Shipping
conferences. 3. Maritime law--United States. I. UNCTAD Liner Code. 1983. II.
Title. III. Title: U.N.C.T.A.D. Liner Code. K4212.A41983J8 1983 341.7'5668 ISBN
13 ...
Стр.
United States Maritime Policy At The Crossroads Lawrence Juda. To Alice , Emily
, and Adam Contents List of Tables Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION 1 THE UNCTAD
CODE.
Стр.
... UNCTAD CODE OF CONDUCT FOR LINER CONFERENCES The Liner Conference System
Conference Membership Participation in the Carriage of Liner Cargoes Freight
Rates Conference Decision Making and Consultation Dispute Settlement Summary
and ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code The Brussels Package American Reaction to the Brussels
Package Summary and Conclusions Notes 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS An
American Approach to the Ratification of the Liner Code Notes APPENDICES 1
The ...
Стр.
... (UNCTAD Liner Code) provide an incentive for American policy makers to put
their maritime house in order. The UNCTAD Liner Code, adopted in 1974 and to
come into force in October 1983, is the culmination of a number of ongoing ...
Стр.
United States Maritime Policy At The Crossroads Lawrence Juda. 1. The. UNCTAD.
Code. of. Conduct. for. Liner. Conferences. Transportation in international
trade is overwhelmingly dominated by ... UNCTAD CODE OF CONDUCT FOR LINER
CONFERENCES.
Стр.
... UNCTAD I, and it saw in UNCTAD a much needed support mechanism. Accordingly,
the Group of 77 forced the institutionalization of UNCTAD, turning it into a
permanent part of the United Nations system.[6] From its inception UNCTAD has
been ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD from its inception . Intimately related to the general desire for
consultation is the substantive concern over freight rates . A small difference
in shipping cost , other things being equal , can translate into a significant
drop ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD auspices.[16] At the third session of UNCTAD in the spring of 1972
the developing states, over the objections of the developed states, called upon
the United Nations General Assembly to convene a conference for the purpose
of ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code is a complex convention whose requirements are not perfectly
clear. Accordingly, the precise trade and shipping implications cannot be
discerned. At the close of the diplomatic meeting which adopted the UNCTAD Liner
Code ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code have already been attempted . [ 25 ] As a whole they express the
feeling widely held in the United States that cargo sharing measures tend to
prevent the exploitation of comparative advantage which , from a traditional ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD proceedings indicates that developing state criticism of liner
conference membership practice has not centered upon the closed nature of such
confer-enees but rather upon the frequent inability of their shipping lines to
become ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code is perhaps most famous (or notorious) for its 40-40-20 formula
on cargo allocation. In essence, under the Code national shipping lines of each
of two trading states have a right to carriage of up to 40 percent of liner ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD , the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD )
, and the European Economic Community , Sturmey's interpretation was totally
rejected as being invalid and inconsistent with both the legislative history of
the ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code also adopted a resolution , albeit non - binding in nature ,
which resolves that shippers should not be deprived by the Liner Code of the
option of utilizing non - conference lines so long as those lines adhere to
the ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code would seem to allow for such a development.[50] Either
group of national shipping lines in a conference may require the introduction of
pooling arrangements to operate in conformity with the above discussed cargo ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code , in a provision which has been little noted to date , has an
interesting and potentially significant stipulation that permits the national
shipping lines of a region which belong to a conference to " redistribute
among ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code provisions also treat the subject of promotional freight rates ,
surcharges , and currency fluctuations . [ 59 ] Finally , the Code provides that
any benefits resulting from the rationalization of liner services are to be ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD , and the New International Economic Order , ” 35 International
Organization 493-516 ( Summer 1981 ) . For an introduction to world shipping see
Bernhard Abrahamsson , International Ocean Shipping ( Boulder ! Westview
Press ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD under document number TD / 195 ( 12 February 1976 ) . On shipping in
the development context see Alexander Yeats , shipping and Development Policy :
An Integrated Assessment ( New York : Praeger , 1981 ) . 6. The legal basis
of ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code ” and this usage is employed in the present work . 19.
UNCTAD , United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on a Code of Conduct for
Liner Conferences , supra , note 13 , p . 85 . 20. L.G. Hudson , " Prospects
for ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD-11 (1968) in the Field of shipping and Invisibles (New Delhi: S.
Chand and Co., 1969). 31. UNCTAD Liner Code, article 1(1). 32. Ibid. 33. UNCTAD
Liner Code, article 1(5). 34. UNCTAD Liner Code, article 1(4). 35. France and
the ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code, article 2(13). 52. UNCTAD Liner Code, article 2(14). 53.
See, for example, the statement of C. William Neuhauser, Executive Secretary,
National Maritime Council, House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 1981, supra, note 3, p. viii. 58.
UNCTAD Liner Code, article 12(a) 59. UNCTAD Liner Code, article 14. 60. UNCTAD
Liner Code, article 19(2) 61. UNCTAD Liner Code, article 6. 62. UNCTAD Liner
Code ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Shipping Committee. A new entrant into the shipping policy process is
the Office of the Special Trade Representative, created by the Trade Act of
1974. [17] This office, headed by a Cabinet level official with rank of
ambassador ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD, the United States has traditionally opposed the concept of cargo
reservation or cargo sharing on the grounds that it is in violation of the free
market system which, when allowed to operate, allocates resources in the
most ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code and to cargo sharing generally. In the very same letter,
though, the President urged more careful adherence to United States cargo
preference legislation relating to government impelled cargoes.[67] The
Carter ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code directly . When asked if the State Department had asked
MARAD for a trade by trade analysis of the effect of the Liner Code , Nemirow
responded that to his knowledge State had not . House Committee on Merchant
Marine ...
Стр.
... International Shipping , " 16 Virginia Journal of International Law 865-901
at 899. The U.S.-U.S.S.R. bilateral agreement is found in TIAS 7513 . See annex
III of that agreement . 3 United States Abstention from the UNCTAD Liner Code
The.
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code The UNCTAD Liner Code Convention provides that all states
are entitled to become contracting parties . [ 1 ] As a sovereign state the
United States has the option of acceding or refusing to accede to that
convention ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code cross-traders may find that the amount of cargo available to
them will be substantially reduced or that they may even be forced out of
particular conference trades completely. This concern has been expressed often
by ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code the Philippine Maritime Authority is to issue regulations
to effectuate a cargo sharing system reserving at least 80 percent of the export
and import liner trade not covered by earlier decrees relating to government ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code proposed by the European Economic Community.[29] As a
consequence of the controversy generated by the proposed agreement, the FMC on
April 14, 1983 ordered a formal investigation and hearing prior to a decision
to ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences, marketing of space and
solicitation of cargo by SITRAM shall be directed toward increasing the total
cargoes carried by United States and Ivory Coast carriers with regard to the
dictates of ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code of Liner Conduct.”[45] Any substantive agreement following from
this discussion agreement would bring the fundamental questions raised by
Nigerian maritime policy and the Liner Code back before the FMC. Venezuela. In
1973 the ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code-type provision of bilateral cargo”, that is, with 40
percent each for United States and Venezuelan flag ships, the remaining 20
percent for cross-traders. The United States government rejected the offer of
such an ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code but, nonetheless, it will not be immune from the
consequences of its application by those states which are party to the Code.
Possible impacts include the dumping of excess liner tonnage into the United
States trades ...
Стр.
... ( UNCTAD ) Oversight , ” 97th Congress , first session , p.208 . 7. These
statistics derived from MARAD , United states Oceanborne Foreign Trade Routes ,
( August 1981 ) and marad , Containerized Cargo Statistics - Calendar Year
1979 ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code Delay Fosters Asian Cargo-Reservation Moves,” Seatrade,
June 1982, pp. 27,29; Shipping and Trade News, June 18, 1982. 58. Seatrade,
March 1983, p.135. 59.41 Stat. 988, Section 19. 60. P.L. 93-618. 61. Ibid.,
Section ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD and, other things being equal, the Reagan Administration would not
wish to legitimize a product of that forum. In addition to doubts about the
substantive merits of the Liner Code, there are those who believe that
acceptance of ...
Стр.
... ( UNCTAD ) Oversight , " 96th Congress , first session , pp . 155-158 ;
testimony of Robert Leggett , President Joint Maritime Congress , House
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries , Subcommittee on Merchant Marine , “
Omnibus ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code as they have had some concrete experience with bilaterals and
feel that such agreements can meet their needs. Fundamentally, American disdain
for the UNCTAD Liner Code is rooted in the perception that it would prevent
the ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code or through the use of bilaterals. Thus, a continuation of the
present United States dominance even in a number of these trades may not be
lightly assumed. An examination of the top 10 United States liner trade.
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code by the United States with the reservation contained in the
Brussels package (to be discussed later) which would disapply the cargo
allocation clauses of the Code among reciprocating OECD states would thus leave
a very large ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD. Linear. Code. At the diplomatic conference adopting the Liner Code
the states composing the European Economic Community and the western states in
general were split as to the acceptability of the Code in its final form. The
vote ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code, officials of the United States government must consider
accession to the Code subject to ... UNCTAD Liner Code, article 1(1). 7. UNCTAD
Liner Code, article 1(3). 8. UNCTAD Liner Code, article 1(5). The Code ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences: Time for a United States
Response,” 22 Harvard International Law Journal 355-377 (Spring 1981) at 372.
59. See, for example, the remarks of James R. Atwood, Deputy Assistant Secretary
for ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code by the United States would forestall the adoption and
implementation of a still less competitive regime . The countries of western
Europe , on the one hand , and the United States , on the other , have adopted
wholly ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code. Moreover, with bilateralism there may be other conditions
attached to the trade which go beyond the standards outlined by the UNCTAD Liner
Code such as the sharing of a liner trade rather than conference cargoes
which ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code would maximize that influence and, especially if combined
with the influence of the other states of the OECD, could allow the western
states to play a very important role in the evolution of the UNCTAD Liner
Code ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code. Notes. 1. During the 14 years of 1968-1981 the United
States balance of trade was positive only in 1970 and 1975. Since 1977 the
smallest United States annual trade deficit was in excess of $36 billion
(1980) ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD to make arrangements for the resumption of the Conference of
Plenipotentiaries accordingly; 5. Affirms that the large number of paragraphs
agreed unanimously and contained in the draft code of conduct for liner
conferences ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD : Global Political Economy and the CMEA . " 37 International
Organization 121–142 ( Winter 1983 ) . Dabrowski , K. " Comments on the
Mechanisms of the World Shipping Market . " 8 Maritime Policy and Management
85-98 ( 1981 ) ...
Стр.
... International Law 221–255 ( 1979 ) . Juda , L. “ World Shipping , UNCTAD ,
and the New International Economic Order . " 35 International Organization
493–516 ( Summer 1981 ) . Kanoor , P. The fairplay Book af Shipping
Abbreviations .
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences : Reservations , Restrictions ,
Reactions and U.S. Alternatives . ” 13 Law and Policy in International Business
223-280 ( 1981 ) . Lawrence , S.A. International Sea Transport : The Years ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences . Washington , D.C .: National
Maritime Council , 1982 . Neff , S.C. " The UN Code of Conduct for Liner
Conferences . " 14 Journal of World Trade Law 398–423 ( September - October 1980
) ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD - I ( 1964 ) and UNCTAD - II ( 1968 ) in the Field of shipping and
Invisibles . New Delhi : S. Chand and Co. , 1969 . singh , N. Maritime Flag and
International Law . Leyden : A.W. Sijthoff 1978 . Sletmo , G.K. " The Impact of
US ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD's Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences . " 4 Marine Policy 271-289 (
October 1980 ) . Yeats , A. Shipping and Development Policy : An Integrated
Assessment . New York : Praeger , 1981 . Yeats , A. Trade Barriers Facing ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code , participation in carriage of trade Cargo Preference Act
of 1954 , 49-53 Carnation Co. v . Pacific Westbound Conference , 40 Carter ,
Pres . July 1979 policy statement of , 53 , 72 , 95 CENSA . See Council of
European ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code , basic principles , 8–22 conference membership , 11-12 ,
136-138 consultation requirements , 9 ... ( UNCTAD ) , 4 , 14 , 15 Committee on
Shippinq , 4 , 8 , 15 , 35 See also UNCTAD Liner Code United Nations General ...
Стр.
... UNCTAD Liner Code, basic principles, 8–22 conference membership, 11–12,
136–138 consultation requirements, 9, 20–21 ... (UNCTAD), 4, 14, 15 Committee on
Shippinq, 4, 8, 15, 35 See also UNCTAD Liner Code United Nations General ...
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THE UNCTAD LINER CODE: UNITED STATES MARITIME POLICY AT THE CROSSROADS

Авторы: Lawrence Juda
 

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