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SINGLE NANOPARTICLE CAN PROCESS OPTICAL SIGNALS FOR COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL
PROBLEMS

March 10, 2022
Andrea Alù’s team at CUNY Advanced Science Research Center’s Photonics
Initiative makes a discovery about light interactions with nanoparticles—and
paves the way for optical computing advances.
Sally Cole Johnson
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(Image credit: Heedong Goh)


Scattered waves from a nanoscale object encode the solution of a complex
mathematical problem when interrogated by tailored input signals.

After years of tailoring interactions between nanoscale materials and light
waves, Andrea Alù, a professor of physics at The City University of New York
(CUNY), and his team are now applying their findings to light-based analog
computing.



“We’ve been working on metamaterials and metasurfaces that can apply
mathematical operations and solve complex mathematical problems on input light
signals,” says Alù. “The resulting operations are applied to the input signals
at the speed of light—and with essentially no energy requirements.”

The researchers showed it’s possible to nanostructure a single particle made of
silicon, with a size on the order of the wavelength of light, to process optical
signals and even solve a complex mathematical problem like an
integro-differential equation (see figure).



“This particle is interrogated by an incoming wave whose angular dependence
encodes the input signal we want to process, and scattering from the particle
encodes the solution of the complex mathematical problem at hand,” Alù explains.
“By simply observing the scattering around the particle, we can read out the
solution at the speed of light and with very low energy requirements.”

Alù’s team has been working on related topics, but until now had relied on
large-area devices many wavelengths in size, which pose challenges for both
implementation and integration within a more-complex optical system.



“We wondered if it’s possible to achieve a similar response with a compact
nanostructure, encoding the input and output signals into the angular pattern of
light waves exciting the nanostructure,” Alù says. “We found this is indeed
possible, and our optimized geometries show very good performance metrics.”


PROMISING IMPLICATIONS

Why is this so promising? “It offers a pathway for creating a new generation of
very energy-efficient, ultrafast, ultracompact nanoscale optical computers and
other nanophotonic technologies that can be used for classical and quantum
computations,” says Heedong Goh, a postdoctoral researcher working with Alù.

The very small size of these nanoscale optical computers “is particularly
appealing for scalability, because multiple nanostructures can be combined and
connected together through light scattering to realize complex nanoscale
computing networks,” adds Goh.

Alù finds the possibility of a single nanoparticle processing light for complex
mathematical problems inspiring. Their discovery opens up a range of
opportunities—including bringing nonlinearities into the picture, exploring even
more-complex mathematical operations, and studying collections of these
nanoparticles to potentially use nanophotonic systems leveraging these units as
minicomputers.



So far this work is limited to theory and numerical simulations; the researchers
are working on implementing these ideas in two platforms, one using photonic
nanostructures through near-field optical microscopy, and one working with sound
and 3D-printed geometries.

“I’m particularly intrigued by the prospect of demonstrating this operation
experimentally, and including nonlinearities and collections of these elements
to build complex computing systems,” says Alù.





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