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Malware
EARTH LUSCA USES KTLVDOOR BACKDOOR FOR MULTIPLATFORM INTRUSION
While monitoring Earth Lusca, we discovered the threat group’s use of KTLVdoor,
a highly obfuscated multiplatform backdoor, as part of a large-scale attack
campaign.
By: Cedric Pernet, Jaromir Horejsi September 04, 2024 Read time: 6 min (1736
words)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY
* During our monitoring of the Chinese-speaking threat actor Earth Lusca, we
discovered a new multiplatform backdoor written in Golang, named KTLVdoor,
which has both Microsoft Windows and Linux versions.
* KTLVdoor is a highly obfuscated malware that masquerades as different system
utilities, allowing attackers to carry out a variety of tasks including file
manipulation, command execution, and remote port scanning.
* The malware's configuration and communication involve sophisticated
encryption and obfuscation techniques to hinder malware analysis.
* The scale of the attack campaign is significant, with over 50 C&C servers
found hosted at a China-based company; it remains unclear whether the entire
infrastructure is exclusive to Earth Lusca or shared with other threat
actors.
We discovered a new multiplatform backdoor written in Golang that we named
KTLVdoor while monitoring Earth Lusca, a Chinese-speaking threat actor we had
previously covered. Our investigation also uncovered both Microsoft Windows and
Linux versions of this new malware family.
This previously unreported malware is more complex than the usual tools used by
the threat actor. It is highly obfuscated and is being spread in the wild
impersonating various system utilities names or similar tools, such as sshd,
java, sqlite, bash, edr-agent, and more. The backdoor (agent) is usually
distributed as a dynamic library (DLL, SO). The malware features enable the
attackers to fully control the environment: run commands, manipulate files,
provide system and network information, using proxies, download/upload files,
scan remote ports and more.
The scale of the attack campaign is surprising, as we were able to find more
than 50 C&C servers, all hosted at Alibaba in China, communicating with variants
of the malware family. While some of those malware samples are tied to Earth
Lusca with high confidence, we cannot be sure that the whole infrastructure is
used solely by this threat actor. The infrastructure might be shared with other
Chinese-speaking threat actors.
We could only find one target of the operation for the moment, a trading company
based in China. It is not the first time a Chinese-speaking threat actor has
targeted a Chinese company; groups like Iron Tiger and Void Arachne have
likewise used tools aimed specifically at Chinese-language speakers.
KTLVDOOR MALWARE ANALYSIS
HIGHLY OBFUSCATED
Most of the samples discovered in this campaign are obfuscated: embedded strings
are not directly readable, symbols are stripped and most of the functions and
packages were renamed to random Base64-like looking strings, in an obvious
effort from the developers to slow down the malware analysis (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Obfuscated function names as shown in decompiler
CONFIGURATION
The first step is the initialization of the agent’s configuration parameters.
The initialization values are XOR-encrypted and Base64-encoded in the agent’s
binary (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Example of the decrypted configuration
The configuration’s file format is a custom TLV-like (length-type-length-value)
format. The “KTLV” marker is usually prepended with four-byte length of the
structure and behaves like a marker of the beginning of the structure. Then, a
list of parameters and their values follows. From Figure 3, you can notice a
“proto” parameter, which is five bytes long (notice 05 followed by proto string,
followed by type 02 ( = string ), followed by length 04 ( = 4 bytes ), followed
by string http, which is the protocol parameter value.
Figure 3. Parameter proto, type string (02), value http, as stored in
configuration file
Figure 4. Parameter sleep, type long long (08), value 0x7530 = 30 000
milliseconds = 30 seconds, as stored in configuration file
The supported type formats are shown in Table 1:
Value Type 01 structure/iteration (followed by KTLV marker) 02 string 03 boolean
(1byte) 08 long long (8 bytes) 09 integer (4 bytes) 0B byte (1 byte)
Table 1. Supported value type formats
The configuration file may contain the following parameters, as shown in Table
2:
Parameter name Type Description/comment listen string active mode (default) /
passive mode connect string Encrypted C&C servers duplex boolean Simplex or
duplex delivery conn_timeout long long max_read_limit long long
conn_max_retry long long proxy string proto string http, tcp, dns, icmp
domain string host string secret string To decrypt value(s) of “connect” tls
boolean Enabled or disabled stls boolean Enabled or disabled sleep long long
jitter long long Sleep time variation silent boolean long_connection_boundary
long long short_connection_wait_time long long client_id string Hardcoded
GUID of target external_channel_enabled boolean Should get external IP or not
external_type string auth_param struct Contains “http_header” and “uri”
http_header string uri string Request’s URL path debug boolean Enabled or
disabled
Table 2. Supported configuration parameters
The configuration is processed, and the internal configuration structure
(Config) is updated. Part of the Config structure is the HostInfo structure,
which also contains additional parameters about the currently infected machine
(Table 3). These structures are updated based on the current machine
environment.
Parameter name Type Description/comment Session string Randomly generated GUID
during each run RealIP string Obtained from ipconfig / ifconfig Username string
Hostname string ProcessName string Executable string PID uint32 Process
ID ParentProcessName string PPID uint32 Parent process ID Arch string 32 or 64
bit OS string OS name Platform string OS name + version Disks string List of
available disks DiskDetails string List of available disks + their sizes Uptime
string Feature string MachineGuid from HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Cryptography
Protocol string Value from the config Proxy string Value from the config Domain
string Value from the config Host string Value from the config TLSEnable boolean
Value from the config STLSEnable boolean Value from the config ExternalIP string
External IP address obtained via http://myip.ipip.net; only if
external_channel_enabled set SleepTime uint64 Value from the config Jitter
uint64 Value from the config ReConnectTime uint64 Value from the config Env
string Environment variables ClientID string Value from the config IsAdmin
boolean True or false Mode string Active or passive
Table 3. HostInfo parameters
CONNECTION SETTINGS
The C&C server(s) are stored in the “connect” value. The value is
AES-GCM-encrypted and Base64-encoded. The AES-GCM method uses a standard
prepended 12-byte nonce and appended 16-byte tag. The AES-GCM key is derived
from a “secret” value by computing the MD5 hash of it and using key padding
(extending the key size) to 32-bytes by appending 16 zeroes (0x00 bytes) to it.
KTLVDOOR MALWARE COMMUNICATION
After the initialization steps are completed, the agent starts a communication
loop with the C&C server. The communication is done by sending and receiving
messages, which are GZIP-compressed and AES-GCM-encrypted. Based on the
configuration settings, the message delivery can be either in simplex mode (one
device on channel can only send, another device on the channel can only receive)
or in duplex mode (both devices can simultaneously send and receive messages).
Each message contains a message header followed by the message data (msg).
Field name Field type Field value sender String Session ID or admin receiver
String Session ID or admin token String route String task_id uint64
task_status uint8 task_type uint64 sub_task_type uint64
Table 4. Message header fields
Figure 5. Message with OS info sent to the C&C server
Notice that the sender of this outgoing message (from the infected machine to
the C&C server) has the session ID of the currently infected machine. The
receiver is “admin”, which is the C&C server. In the case of the incoming
message (from the C&C server to the infected machine), the “sender” is “admin”
and the “receiver” is the session ID. In the case of sending the HostInfo
message to the C&C server, notice that the parameter name “msg” (containing
message content) followed by “KTLV” marker (Figure 5), which contains all the
fields from HostInfo structure (Table 4).
RECEIVING TASK
The agent implements several handlers for processing received tasks from the C&C
server (Table 5).
Handler Subtasks Parameters Description Breakchain shell
flag
cmd
abs_path Start terminal
Run command
Wait three seconds
Kill terminal (SIGKILL) Exit Exit process FileDownload file_path
section_size Read file
Upload it to C&C FileMD5 file_path Read file
Compute MD5 hash FileManager 01 - list all files
02 - Create dir
03 - Create file
04 - Delete file
05 - Copy file
06 - Rename
07 - Write file
08 - Read file
09 - Change access permissions dirName
OR
file_path
OR
dst_path
src_path
OR
file_path
file_content
OR
mode File and directory operations FileUpload file_path
file_contents
position Write data from server to file on victim machine GC Run garbage
collection InteractiveShell send
data
OR
start
OR
stop
OR
recv NetStat 01 - list connections PortScan gateway
ips
ports
Process 01 - list
02 - kill pid RefreshHostInfo Run cmdn! Run command Sleep sleep_time
jitter TimeStomp src_path
dst_path
time TaskCache 01 - list of tasks
02 - delete task
03 - clear task cache task_id
SoInject 04 - inject to library plugin_task_type
tmp_payload_cache
params Run shellcode, Linux platform ReflectDllInject Run shellcode, Windows
platform Socks 01 – start handler
02 – get task
04 – data via TCP
05 – close TCP
06 – data via UDP
08 – connect to address via UDP seq
addr
username
password
OR
task_id
OR
seq
data
Socks proxy
Table 5. Handlers for processing tasks from C&C server
PortScan implements many scanning methods, including:
* ScanTCP
* ScanRDP
* ScanWinRM
* ScanSmb2
* RdpWithNTLM
* DialTLS
* DialTCP
* ScanPing
* ScanPing
* ScanMssql
* ScanBanner
* ScanWeb
CONCLUSION
We have been able to tie samples of KTLVdoor to the threat actor Earth Lusca
with high confidence. However, we were not able to tie several other samples of
this malware family to this threat actor. In addition, the size of the
infrastructure we have been able to discover is very unusual. Seeing that all
C&C servers were on IP addresses from China-based provider Alibaba, we wonder if
the whole appearance of this new malware and the C&C server could not be some
early stage of testing new tooling.
This new tool is used by Earth Lusca, but it might also be shared with other
Chinese-speaking threat actors. While a lot of details on this campaign are not
yet known, we will keep monitoring this activity and possibly give updates about
it at a later time.
TREND SOLUTIONS
Organizations looking to defend themselves from sophisticated attacks can
consider powerful security technologies such as Trend Vision One™, which allows
security teams to continuously identify attack surfaces, including both known
and unknown, plus managed and unmanaged cyber assets. Vision One™ offers
multilayered protection and behavior detection, helping block malicious tools
and services before they can inflict damage on user machines and systems.
INDICATORS OF COMPROMISE (IOCS)
The full list of IOCs can be found here.
Tags
Malware | Articles, News, Reports | Research
AUTHORS
* Cedric Pernet
Sr. Threat Researcher
* Jaromir Horejsi
Threat Researcher
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