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<h1><a href="/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-loss-miscarriage/symptoms-causes/syc-20354298" data-di-id="di-id-42286b2f-5d84b7c5">Miscarriage</a></h1>
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<h2>Overview</h2><!--googleon: all-->
<p>Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week. About 10 to 20 percent of known pregnancies end in miscarriage. But the actual number is likely higher because many miscarriages occur very early in pregnancy —
before you might even know about a pregnancy.</p>
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<p>The term "miscarriage" might suggest that something went wrong in the carrying of the pregnancy. But this is rarely true. Most miscarriages occur because the fetus isn't developing as expected.</p>
<p>Miscarriage is a relatively common experience — but that doesn't make it any easier. Take a step toward emotional healing by understanding what can cause a miscarriage, what increases the risk and what medical care might be needed.</p>
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<h2>Symptoms</h2>
<p>Most miscarriages occur before the 12th week of pregnancy.</p>
<p>Signs and symptoms of a miscarriage might include:</p>
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<li>Vaginal spotting or bleeding</li>
<li>Pain or cramping in your abdomen or lower back</li>
<li>Fluid or tissue passing from your vagina</li>
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<p>If you have passed fetal tissue from your vagina, place it in a clean container and bring it to your health care provider's office or the hospital for analysis.</p>
<p>Most women who have vaginal spotting or bleeding in the first trimester go on to have successful pregnancies.</p>
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<h2>Causes</h2>
<h3>Problems with the genes or chromosomes</h3>
<p>Most miscarriages occur because the fetus isn't developing as expected. About 50 percent of miscarriages are associated with extra or missing chromosomes. Most often, chromosome problems result from errors that occur by chance as the
embryo divides and grows — not problems inherited from the parents.</p>
<p>Chromosome problems might lead to:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Blighted ovum.</strong> Blighted ovum occurs when no embryo forms.</li>
<li><strong>Intrauterine fetal demise.</strong> In this situation, an embryo forms but stops developing and dies before any symptoms of pregnancy loss occur.</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Molar pregnancy and partial molar pregnancy.</strong> With a molar pregnancy, both sets of chromosomes come from the father. A molar pregnancy is associated with abnormal growth of the placenta; there is usually no fetal
development.</p>
<p>A partial molar pregnancy occurs when the mother's chromosomes remain, but the father provides two sets of chromosomes. A partial molar pregnancy is usually associated with abnormalities of the placenta, and an abnormal fetus.</p>
<p>Molar and partial molar pregnancies are not viable pregnancies. Molar and partial molar pregnancies can sometimes be associated with cancerous changes of the placenta.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Maternal health conditions</h3>
<p>In a few cases, a mother's health condition might lead to miscarriage. Examples include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Uncontrolled diabetes</li>
<li>Infections</li>
<li>Hormonal problems</li>
<li>Uterus or cervix problems</li>
<li>Thyroid disease</li>
</ul>
<h3>What does NOT cause miscarriage</h3>
<p>Routine activities such as these don't provoke a miscarriage:</p>
<ul>
<li>Exercise, including high-intensity activities such as jogging and cycling.</li>
<li>Sexual intercourse.</li>
<li>Working, provided you're not exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation. Talk with your doctor if you are concerned about work-related risks.</li>
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<h2>Risk factors</h2>
<p>Various factors increase the risk of miscarriage, including:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Age.</strong> Women older than age 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage than do younger women. At age 35, you have about a 20 percent risk. At age 40, the risk is about 40 percent. And at age 45, it's about 80 percent.</li>
<li><strong>Previous miscarriages.</strong> Women who have had two or more consecutive miscarriages are at higher risk of miscarriage.</li>
<li><strong>Chronic conditions.</strong> Women who have a chronic condition, such as uncontrolled diabetes, have a higher risk of miscarriage.</li>
<li><strong>Uterine or cervical problems.</strong> Certain uterine conditions or weak cervical tissues (incompetent cervix) might increase the risk of miscarriage.</li>
<li><strong>Smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs.</strong> Women who smoke during pregnancy have a greater risk of miscarriage than do nonsmokers. Heavy alcohol use and illicit drug use also increase the risk of miscarriage.</li>
<li><strong>Weight.</strong> Being underweight or being overweight has been linked with an increased risk of miscarriage.</li>
<li><strong>Invasive prenatal tests.</strong> Some invasive prenatal genetic tests, such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, carry a slight risk of miscarriage.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Complications</h2>
<p>Some women who miscarry develop an infection in the uterus. This is also called a septic miscarriage. Signs and symptoms of this infection include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Chills</li>
<li>Lower abdominal tenderness</li>
<li>Foul-smelling vaginal discharge</li>
</ul>
<h2>Prevention</h2>
<p>Often, there's nothing you can do to prevent a miscarriage. Simply focus on taking good care of yourself and your baby:</p>
<ul>
<li>Seek regular prenatal care.</li>
<li>Avoid known miscarriage risk factors — such as smoking, drinking alcohol and illicit drug use.</li>
<li>Take a daily multivitamin.</li>
<li>Limit your caffeine intake. A recent study found that drinking more than two caffeinated beverages a day appeared to be associated with a higher risk of miscarriage.</li>
</ul>
<p>If you have a chronic condition, work with your health care team to keep it under control.</p>
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<ol>
<li>Tulandi T, et al. Spontaneous abortion: Risk factors, etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic evaluation. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Strand EA. Increasing the management options for early pregnancy loss: The economics of miscarriage. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2015;212:125.</li>
<li>Robinson GA. Pregnancy loss. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2014;28:169.</li>
<li>Ferri FF. Spontaneous miscarriage. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2016. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Rink BD, et al. Recurrent pregnancy loss. In: Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2014. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/nice_guidelines/65-s2.0-QS69. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Marx JA, et al., eds. Acute complications of pregnancy. In: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2014. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Tulandi T, et al. Definition and etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Tulandi T, et al. Evaluation of couples with recurrent pregnancy loss. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Septic abortion. Merck Manual Professional Version. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/septic-abortion. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Tulandi T, et al. Spontaneous abortion: Management. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Pregnancy loss. American Family Physician. 2012;85:905.</li>
<li>What is recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)? American Society for Reproductive Medicine. https://www.asrm.org/uploadedFiles/ASRM_Content/Resources/Patient_Resources/Fact_Sheets_and_Info_Booklets/recurrent_preg_loss.pdf. Accessed May
15, 2016.</li>
<li>Huffman CS, et al. Couples and miscarriage: The influence of gender and reproductive factors on the impact of miscarriage. Women's Health Issues, 2015;25:570.</li>
<li>Para A, et al. Exercise and pregnancy loss. American Family Physician. 2015;91:437. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Moscrop A. Can sex during pregnancy cause a miscarriage? A concise history of not knowing. British Journal of General Practice. 2012;62:e308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310038/. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Risk factors for miscarriage from a prevention perspective: A nationwide follow-up study. BJOG: An international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2014;121:1375. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/medline/2-s2.0-24548778.
Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Louis GMB, et al. Lifestyle and pregnancy loss in a cohort of women recruited before conception: The LIFE study. Fertility and Sterility. In press. Accessed May 15, 2016.</li>
<li>Early pregnancy loss. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/early-pregnancy-loss. Accessed Aug. 4, 2021.</li>
<li>ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 200: Early pregnancy loss. November 2018. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2018;132:e197.</li>
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MISCARRIAGE
Sectionsfor Miscarriage
* Symptoms & causes
* Diagnosis & treatment
* Doctors & departments
Print
OVERVIEW
Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week. About
10 to 20 percent of known pregnancies end in miscarriage. But the actual number
is likely higher because many miscarriages occur very early in pregnancy —
before you might even know about a pregnancy.
The term "miscarriage" might suggest that something went wrong in the carrying
of the pregnancy. But this is rarely true. Most miscarriages occur because the
fetus isn't developing as expected.
Miscarriage is a relatively common experience — but that doesn't make it any
easier. Take a step toward emotional healing by understanding what can cause a
miscarriage, what increases the risk and what medical care might be needed.
PRODUCTS & SERVICES
* Book: Your Guide to Miscarriage and Pregnancy Loss
SYMPTOMS
Most miscarriages occur before the 12th week of pregnancy.
Signs and symptoms of a miscarriage might include:
* Vaginal spotting or bleeding
* Pain or cramping in your abdomen or lower back
* Fluid or tissue passing from your vagina
If you have passed fetal tissue from your vagina, place it in a clean container
and bring it to your health care provider's office or the hospital for analysis.
Most women who have vaginal spotting or bleeding in the first trimester go on to
have successful pregnancies.
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CAUSES
PROBLEMS WITH THE GENES OR CHROMOSOMES
Most miscarriages occur because the fetus isn't developing as expected. About 50
percent of miscarriages are associated with extra or missing chromosomes. Most
often, chromosome problems result from errors that occur by chance as the embryo
divides and grows — not problems inherited from the parents.
Chromosome problems might lead to:
* Blighted ovum. Blighted ovum occurs when no embryo forms.
* Intrauterine fetal demise. In this situation, an embryo forms but stops
developing and dies before any symptoms of pregnancy loss occur.
* Molar pregnancy and partial molar pregnancy. With a molar pregnancy, both
sets of chromosomes come from the father. A molar pregnancy is associated
with abnormal growth of the placenta; there is usually no fetal development.
A partial molar pregnancy occurs when the mother's chromosomes remain, but
the father provides two sets of chromosomes. A partial molar pregnancy is
usually associated with abnormalities of the placenta, and an abnormal fetus.
Molar and partial molar pregnancies are not viable pregnancies. Molar and
partial molar pregnancies can sometimes be associated with cancerous changes
of the placenta.
MATERNAL HEALTH CONDITIONS
In a few cases, a mother's health condition might lead to miscarriage. Examples
include:
* Uncontrolled diabetes
* Infections
* Hormonal problems
* Uterus or cervix problems
* Thyroid disease
WHAT DOES NOT CAUSE MISCARRIAGE
Routine activities such as these don't provoke a miscarriage:
* Exercise, including high-intensity activities such as jogging and cycling.
* Sexual intercourse.
* Working, provided you're not exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation. Talk
with your doctor if you are concerned about work-related risks.
MORE INFORMATION
* Blighted ovum: What causes it?
RISK FACTORS
Various factors increase the risk of miscarriage, including:
* Age. Women older than age 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage than do
younger women. At age 35, you have about a 20 percent risk. At age 40, the
risk is about 40 percent. And at age 45, it's about 80 percent.
* Previous miscarriages. Women who have had two or more consecutive
miscarriages are at higher risk of miscarriage.
* Chronic conditions. Women who have a chronic condition, such as uncontrolled
diabetes, have a higher risk of miscarriage.
* Uterine or cervical problems. Certain uterine conditions or weak cervical
tissues (incompetent cervix) might increase the risk of miscarriage.
* Smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. Women who smoke during pregnancy have a
greater risk of miscarriage than do nonsmokers. Heavy alcohol use and illicit
drug use also increase the risk of miscarriage.
* Weight. Being underweight or being overweight has been linked with an
increased risk of miscarriage.
* Invasive prenatal tests. Some invasive prenatal genetic tests, such as
chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, carry a slight risk of
miscarriage.
COMPLICATIONS
Some women who miscarry develop an infection in the uterus. This is also called
a septic miscarriage. Signs and symptoms of this infection include:
* Fever
* Chills
* Lower abdominal tenderness
* Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
PREVENTION
Often, there's nothing you can do to prevent a miscarriage. Simply focus on
taking good care of yourself and your baby:
* Seek regular prenatal care.
* Avoid known miscarriage risk factors — such as smoking, drinking alcohol and
illicit drug use.
* Take a daily multivitamin.
* Limit your caffeine intake. A recent study found that drinking more than two
caffeinated beverages a day appeared to be associated with a higher risk of
miscarriage.
If you have a chronic condition, work with your health care team to keep it
under control.
By Mayo Clinic Staff
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic
Diagnosis & treatment
Oct. 16, 2021
Print
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Show references
1. Tulandi T, et al. Spontaneous abortion: Risk factors, etiology, clinical
manifestations, and diagnostic evaluation. http://www.uptodate.com/home.
Accessed May 15, 2016.
2. Strand EA. Increasing the management options for early pregnancy loss: The
economics of miscarriage. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
2015;212:125.
3. Robinson GA. Pregnancy loss. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics
& Gynaecology, 2014;28:169.
4. Ferri FF. Spontaneous miscarriage. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016.
Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2016. http://www.clinicalkey.com.
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5. Rink BD, et al. Recurrent pregnancy loss. In: Creasy and Resnik's
Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, Pa.:
Saunders Elsevier; 2014. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 15, 2016.
6. Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. National Institute for Health and Care
Excellence (NICE).
https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/nice_guidelines/65-s2.0-QS69.
Accessed May 15, 2016.
7. Marx JA, et al., eds. Acute complications of pregnancy. In: Rosen's
Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia,
Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2014. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 15,
2016.
8. Tulandi T, et al. Definition and etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss.
http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 15, 2016.
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http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 15, 2016.
10. Septic abortion. Merck Manual Professional Version.
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Accessed May 15, 2016.
11. Tulandi T, et al. Spontaneous abortion: Management.
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Accessed May 15, 2016.
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reproductive factors on the impact of miscarriage. Women's Health Issues,
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