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HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | DEFENDING HUMAN RIGHTS WORLDWIDE
April 25, 2024
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VAAGN MNATSAKANIAN: “In the first days of the war, we had no idea that such a
tragedy could take place.”
TETIANA BURAK: “That’s why a lot of people didn’t evacuate.”
MYKHAILO PURYSHEV, MARIUPOL RESIDENT AND HUMANITARIAN VOLUNTEER: “With the onset
of the war, everyone’s life changed. Everything changed.”
VOICE IN VIDEO: “Stay back!”
This is the story of Russia’s assault on Mariupol.
A strategic port city in southeastern Ukraine.
These are the interviews, videos, photos, and 3D models that Human Rights Watch,
SITU Research, and Truth Hounds used to reconstruct the struggles residents
faced as Russian forces took over the city.
This is Mariupol after Russian forces occupied the city. Russia’s full-scale
military invasion of Ukraine began on February 24, 2022, as its forces attacked
Ukrainian positions defending Mariupol.
The city was pounded by explosive weapons for weeks.
Much of Mariupol was seriously damaged in the Russian assault. Human Rights
Watch and SITU Research conducted a detailed damage assessment of the
destruction. While satellite imagery shows damage to rooftops, our modeling
reveals more. We used over 850 videos and photos of buildings that we found
online and verified, in addition to satellite imagery, to capture the extent of
the devastation in the city center. Buildings with damage are seen here in red.
Our analysis shows that 93% of the 477 high-rise apartment buildings in this
area were damaged. Some of this imagery could help prove war crimes. Our focus
was Mariupol’s main avenue, Myru or “Peace” Avenue, and the immediate
surrounding area, the city center, which includes cultural hubs, hospitals,
schools, and universities.
And this is Mariupol before.
DMYTRO KULYK: “It’s [was] a town with about half a million inhabitants.”
HALYNA MOROKHOVSKA: “Recently, it had blossomed. We had new parks. The city
center was well-developed.”
NATALIIA TKACHENKO: “In general, the city was becoming modern and vibrant.
For Russian forces, Mariupol was a strategic prize. It would give them control
of one of Ukraine’s largest ports and a land corridor between occupied Crimea to
the west and areas Russia had been controlling in Donbas, to the northeast.
As the attack on the city began, tens of thousands of civilians huddled in
shelters and basements to escape Russian bombing and shelling. Many people we
spoke to relocated to the city center, which they believed to be safe.
DENYS SHEVTSOV: “Most people moved in all directions. To a bomb shelter, to a
basement. Some stayed in their apartments. But we believe it isn’t safe to stay
in the apartment... We are in the basement now. This is our makeshift bomb
shelter. These are the conditions we live in. About 40 people live here with us,
about 15 children.”
DENYS SHEVTSOV: “This morning, our yard was heavily shelled. Basically, all the
cars were destroyed, and the windows.”
Russian forces used a variety of explosive weapons in Mariupol including aerial
bombs and ground-launched artillery, such as projectiles and rockets. The use of
these weapons in populated areas is the greatest threat to civilians in
contemporary armed conflicts and heightens the risk of unlawfully indiscriminate
attacks.
HALYNA MOROKHOVSKA: “An aerial bomb hit the dormitory. My face was torn up. I
had cuts everywhere. My arm, chest, stomach, legs.”
VOICE IN VIDEO: “It’s coming from that side.”
VOICE #2 IN VIDEO: Come into the entryway...
DMYTRO KULYK: “Dead bodies became an ordinary sight for me. We were told that
seven people died that one day. Two children and five adults.
Under the laws of war, parties have an obligation to do everything feasible to
minimize harm to civilians.
These are the maternity and pediatric units of a hospital that Russian forces
bombed on March 9.
At least three people were killed, including a pregnant woman and her baby, who
was stillborn after the attack. Seventeen people were injured. In this case,
witnesses told us that there were no Ukrainian military personnel, vehicles, or
installations close by at the time. A deliberate strike on a hospital not being
used to carry out attacks harmful to the enemy, is a war crime.
Humanitarian volunteer Mykhailo Puryshev was about 400 meters from the hospital
by Pryazovskysi State Technical University.
MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “Everyone is very, very afraid. Everyone is very afraid. You
hear that, don’t you? The rumbling. It’s Mariupol... “
MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “I heard an airplane approaching… And I shouted “Airplanes!”
and we all ran... “
MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: Fucking hell! Go down!
MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “When I went outside, I saw the full horror of what had
happened.”
VOICE IN VIDEO: “Was it a mine?”
MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “No, an airstrike most likely.”
VOICE IN VIDEO: “Grandma...”
MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “Drag her, drag her!”
At least two people were killed on the spot. Witnesses said there were no
military targets at the university. An attack that is not directed at a specific
military objective is a laws-of-war violation and a possible war crime.
Numerous images posted on social media and given to us by witnesses helped us
assess the damage to parts of the university campus. The fighting damaged vital
infrastructure, knocking out the city’s electricity grid, which in turn cut
essential services.
DENYS SHEVTSOV: “So, we’re left without gas, without water, without power. We
are absolutely isolated from civilization. No internet, no updates. Nothing.”
DMYTRO KULYK: ‘’If you want to wash your hands, this is the only way. So we pick
up snow, put it in a bucket. Then we put the bucket on an open fire and boil the
water.”
DENYS SHEVTSOV: “Here is our field stove. We live like in the Stone Age in
caves. This is what I call really living it up during the war. Bacon, pasta. And
shells are flying overhead. As long as they don’t make barbecue out of us.”
DENYS SHEVTSOV: “The city was destroyed. And every day, the city was getting
destroyed more and more.”
DMYTRO KULYK: “I am telling you, day after day, these explosions became more
frequent. Every day, they got louder and more hellish.”
We used satellite imagery, photos, and videos to track damage across Mariupol.
We found 86 out of 89 schools and universities were damaged, and all the city’s
19 hospital campuses. The damage to these facilities devastated health care and
education across the city.
VAAGN MNATSAKANIAN: “Every day we thought about when we could leave. But we
realized that the city was completely closed off and there was no way to
leave.”
In the first two weeks of March, multiple attempts to provide safe passage out
of the city failed in the face of Russian obstruction. Arbitrary restrictions on
the evacuation of civilians or the delivery of aid would amount to a violation
of the laws of war and possible war crimes.
In early March, hundreds of people had gathered at the Donetsk Academic Regional
Drama Theater, for shelter and in the hope of getting safe passage out of
Mariupol.
Nataliia Tkachenko arrived on March 12 after an attack destroyed her home.
NATALIIA TKACHENKO: “They gave us a bit of food. A soup in the afternoon, a cup
of boiled water in the morning and evening. It was something. At home there was
no water, no food, nothing. It was dark, there was no electricity. It was
impossible to use the toilets. There was no water. Nobody was cleaning them. It
was a nightmare. No one was walking around the theater. Only kids were running
around because kids will be kids. They were playing and laughing.”
At least 500 people were sheltering at the theater on March 16. Giant Cyrillic
letters spelling “children” were painted on the ground in front and at the back
of the theater. These words were clearly visible on satellite imagery.
Nataliia was bringing water inside, by the main entrance.
NATALIIA TKACHENKO: “And at that moment, the bomb struck. The shockwave hit us.
Everything was flying around. Cement got in my mouth, eyes, everywhere. Shards
of wood and glass. I couldn’t hear anything except the humming, the cracking.”
Satellite imagery, videos, and photographs of the theater show that the central
part of the roof and the northern and southern walls were destroyed. At least 15
people were killed and the total number has not been determined. Given the
absence of a military target at the theater, it appears that Russian forces
deliberately attacked civilians, which would amount to a war crime.
Those responsible for war crimes in Mariupol should be held to account. By
reviewing official Russian government statements, social media posts, and
obituaries of Russian soldiers, we identified 17 military units that took part
in the 2022 siege of Mariupol.
Considering the extent of the military operation, the highest levels of Russian
command likely knew the situation in the city and were involved in the planning,
execution, and coordination of the actions of the Russian and Russia-affiliated
forces.
Those responsible for the conduct of Russian forces during the siege of Mariupol
include President Vladimir Putin, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces,
Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu, and Chief of the General Staff of the Armed
Forces, Valery Gerasimov, among others.
As the battle for the city raged, food and other basic supplies ran low.
VOICE IN VIDEO: Wait. Step back a little.
MIKHAILO PURYSHEV: You may crush others! Please!
MIKHAILO PURYSHEV: “The worst problem was probably not with food or heat, but
with medication. And people were just dying because there was none. The people
who suffered the most were older people and children.”
Thousands were killed in attacks. Others died from health complications due to
lack of medicine and clean water.
MIKHAILO PURYSHEV: “Mariupol is a big, big, big, big cemetery. There were a lot
of people left under the rubble. So it remains to be seen how many people died
there.”
TETIANA BURAK: “We were horrified at what we saw because there were burnt
multi-story houses and bodies in the streets.”
HALYNA MOROKHOVSKA: “It was impossible to count them because people were buried
under the debris, on the roads.”
Many were buried in a makeshift trench grave in the Old City Cemetery.
VAAGN MNATSAKANIAN: “We filled one trench [with bodies] completely. There were
about 200 bodies.”
These bodies from the trench grave and many other makeshift graves across the
city were exhumed and reburied in the city's cemeteries when Russian forces took
over. We estimated the minimum number of people killed by fighting or who died
of poor conditions. To do so, we counted graves in two types of burial sites. In
some cases, we counted individual graves visible in high resolution satellite
imagery. We also estimated the number of bodies buried in trench-type graves. We
verified footage at two cemeteries which allowed us to count the plaques, sticks
with a small wooden panel, in a given area. We then used this sample size to
extrapolate to other parts of the cemeteries. In five cemeteries in and around
Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023, we estimated at least 10,284 new
burials.
We do not know how many of these people were civilians. Considering average
annual death rates in Mariupol, we calculated more than 8,000 people would not
have died were it not for the attack on the city. This is likely a significant
underestimation of the total number of dead, as many graves contained multiple
bodies and the remains of others were likely buried in the rubble and taken away
during demolition efforts.
With the city still under Russian occupation and much of the physical evidence
destroyed, the full death toll may never be known.
DENYS SHEVSTOV: “Look around. What is going on, what’s happening in our
Mariupol. It’s completely destroyed. Completely gone, just disappeared. Just
nothing. Just ruins.”
With attacks by Russian forces continuing, tens of thousands of residents found
their way out of the city at great personal risk beginning in mid-March.
DENYS SHEVSTOV: “We were hoping war suddenly will stop and finally we realized
this is not going to happen, we decided to run away. We hope we will be fine but
overall, it’s been horrible, just horrible.”
By mid May 2022, Russian forces had full control of the city.
The bombs might have stopped now but the city’s tragedy is far from over.
The psychological effects of the fighting, displacement, and the losses that
Mariupol’s residents experienced will reverberate for years to come.
DMYTRO KULYK: “Mariupol is a city that has become hell.”
TETIANA BURAK: “People should know what is happening.”
VAAGN MNATSAKANIAN: “We realized that no matter how much we want our pre-war
life, our city, our friends, our loved ones, our apartments, we won’t get them
back”
This footage is from October 2022. Since occupying the city, Russian forces are
demolishing buildings and constructing new ones. Russia is also replacing
Ukrainian culture with its own.
For justice to be done, the survivors of Mariupol need reparations for their
losses. The loss of their homes, their loved ones, their livelihoods, and the
impact on their mental health.
Russian officials and military commanders credibly implicated in war crimes
committed in the city need to be brought to justice.
NATALIIA TKACHENKO: “When I got to Ukrainian territory, my first words were,
“These people should be punished!””
END
Play Video
Read a text description of this video
VOICEOVER:
Do you have a car?
If so, then parts of your car could be made with forced labor from China.
Let's explain how.
The first thing you need to know is that factories in China make the most cars
in the world.
Major brands such as General Motors, Tesla, BYD, Toyota, and Volkswagen
manufacture and sell cars in China.
Factories in China are also increasingly exporting cars and car parts to global
markets.
So where does the forced labor come in?
Well, almost 10 percent of the world’s aluminum, a key material for car making,
is produced in the Xinjiang region of China.
Xinjiang is home to the Uyghurs, a predominantly Muslim Turkic ethnic group
whose culture and language are different from China’s majority Han population.
The Chinese government has long repressed Uyghurs and in recent years committed
crimes against humanity in Xinjiang.
The government’s abuses include:
* An estimated one million arbitrary detentions.
* an intrusive mass surveillance system
* (and) cultural and religious persecution
The Chinese government has also subjected Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim
communities to forced labor, both in detention centers and through labor
transfer programs.
Labor transfers relocate Uyghurs from their homes in rural areas to urban areas
to work in factories.
Teams of government officials go door-to-door to identify candidates for
transfers.
Human Rights Watch and other organizations analyzed hundreds of Chinese
government and company documents available online, and found links between
Xinjiang’s aluminum producers and labor transfers.
Uyghurs fear detention or other sanctions if they refuse the transfers, so
there’s little choice but to accept the jobs and relocate.
Labor transfer workers frequently face ideological indoctrination and limits on
their freedom of movement.
So how could aluminum produced by forced labor end up in your car?
Aluminum from Xinjiang is exported to other regions of China, where it is melted
down again, enabling it to enter global supply chains undetected.
And maybe into the car that you use.
Car companies are aware of the Chinese government’s repression of Uyghurs and
the risk of forced labor in their supply chain.
But some carmakers have succumbed to Chinese government pressure to apply weaker
human rights and responsible sourcing standards in their operations in China.
Consumers should not have to buy or drive vehicles with links to grave abuses in
Xinjiang.
So, what can be done?
When looking to buy a new car, consumers should ask manufacturers how they
protect against links to human rights abuses, including forced labor in
Xinjiang.
Car companies should require their suppliers, in China and elsewhere, to prove
the source of raw materials and show they are free from human rights
violations.
Countries should require companies to disclose their supply chains and prohibit
the import of products containing parts or materials produced by forced labor.
The cars we drive shouldn’t be made with forced labor.
Türkiye: Justice for Earthquake Victims
The Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine
China: Carmakers Implicated in Uyghur Forced Labor
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March 28, 2024 Interview
INTERVIEW: HOW MICHIGAN LAW BLOCKS YOUTH’S ABORTION ACCESS
* ARMS
Ukraine
April 18, 2024
News Release
Explosive Weapons’ Dire Impact on Cultural Heritage
April 4, 2024 Commentary
US CLUSTER MUNITION TRANSFERS RAISE HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS
Published In Humanitarian Disarmament
April 4, 2024 Report
GAZA: ISRAELI STRIKE KILLING 106 CIVILIANS AN APPARENT WAR CRIME
* CHILDREN'S RIGHTS
Africa
April 25, 2024
Dispatches
Africa’s High Teenage Pregnancy Rate Demands Strong Response
Allan Ngari
Advocacy Director, Africa
Elin Martínez
Senior Researcher, Children's Rights Division
April 18, 2024 Dispatches
LANDMARK COURT RULING UPHOLDS RIGHT TO HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
April 11, 2024 News Release
THAILAND: HALT FORCED RETURNS TO MYANMAR
* CRISIS AND CONFLICT
Africa
April 12, 2024
News Release
Sudan: One Year of Atrocities Requires New Global Approach
April 9, 2024 News Release
MYANMAR: MILITARY FORCIBLY RECRUITING ROHINGYA
April 9, 2024 Report
GAZA: ISRAEL’S IMPOSED STARVATION DEADLY FOR CHILDREN
* DISABILITY RIGHTS
Europe/Central Asia
April 4, 2024
Dispatches
UN Body Calls on UK to End Detention of People with Disabilities
Karolina Kozik
Assistant Researcher, Disability Rights Division
March 21, 2024 News Release
CANADA: ALL 10 PROVINCES TO END IMMIGRATION DETENTION IN JAILS
March 19, 2024 Dispatches
TWO INDIGENOUS BOYS IN AUSTRALIA DIE FOLLOWING YOUTH DETENTION
* ECONOMIC JUSTICE AND RIGHTS
European Union
April 24, 2024
News Release
EU Parliament Approves Supply Chain Law
April 15, 2024 Letter
LETTER TO THE WORLD BANK AND IMF EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON FAILINGS TO PROMOTE
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY
April 11, 2024 Report
GLOBAL FAILURES ON HEALTHCARE FUNDING
* ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Americas
April 22, 2024
Dispatches
On Earth Day, a Homage to a Beloved Forest Defender
Maria Laura Canineu
Deputy Director, Environment and Human Rights
April 18, 2024 Dispatches
LANDMARK COURT RULING UPHOLDS RIGHT TO HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
April 18, 2024 Dispatches
UN PLASTICS TREATY SHOULD MANDATE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTH
* FREE SPEECH
Middle East/North Africa
April 24, 2024
News Release
Iran: Popular Rapper Sentenced to Death for Dissent
April 24, 2024 Dispatches
INDIAN AUTHORITIES STOP AUSTRALIAN JOURNALIST FROM COVERING ELECTIONS
April 22, 2024 Report
IRAN: SECURITY FORCES RAPE, TORTURE, DETAINEES
* HEALTH
Asia
April 22, 2024
Commentary
In Sickness and in Debt: The Right to Health
Saroop Ijaz
Senior Counsel, Asia Division
Published in: The News International
April 18, 2024 Dispatches
LANDMARK COURT RULING UPHOLDS RIGHT TO HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
April 11, 2024 Report
GLOBAL FAILURES ON HEALTHCARE FUNDING
* LGBT RIGHTS
Americas
April 24, 2024
Dispatches
Dominica High Court Decriminalizes Same-Sex Conduct
Cristian González Cabrera
Senior Researcher, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program
April 24, 2024 Dispatches
JAPAN’S TRANSGENDER LAW REVISIONS SHOULD BE GROUNDED IN AUTONOMY
April 12, 2024 Dispatches
BELARUS CALLS LGBT LIVES ‘PORNOGRAPHY’
* REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS
Middle East/North Africa
April 25, 2024
News Release
Lebanon: Stepped-Up Repression of Syrians
April 24, 2024 Dispatches
EU MISSES OPPORTUNITY ON FRONTEX TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY
April 23, 2024 Dispatches
UK’S HARMFUL RWANDA BILL TO BECOME LAW
* RIGHTS OF OLDER PEOPLE
Africa
February 1, 2024
Commentary
Why a Basic Income Grant Would Benefit Everyone
Bridget Sleap
Senior Researcher, Rights of Older People
Published in: Mail & Guardian
December 10, 2023 Dispatches
75 YEARS SINCE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION, UN STILL FAILING OLDER PEOPLE
November 10, 2023 Dispatches
OLDER PEOPLE NOT SPARED IN HOSTILITIES IN ISRAEL/PALESTINE
* INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE
March 19, 2024
Dispatches
ICC Reporting Key to Catalyze National Justice
Maria Elena Vignoli
Senior Counsel, International Justice Program
March 15, 2024 Dispatches
PROSECUTION SEEKS CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY CHARGES IN GUINEA MASSACRE TRIAL
February 26, 2024 News Release
ISRAEL NOT COMPLYING WITH WORLD COURT ORDER IN GENOCIDE CASE
* TECHNOLOGY AND RIGHTS
Europe/Central Asia
April 10, 2024
Dispatches
Greek Court Deems Surveillance Powers Unconstitutional
Eva Cossé
Senior Researcher for Europe
April 8, 2024 News Release
INDIA: TECHNOLOGY USE SHOULDN’T UNDERMINE FREE, FAIR ELECTIONS
April 8, 2024 Q & A
INDIA’S GENERAL ELECTIONS, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN RIGHTS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
* TERRORISM / COUNTERTERRORISM
Africa
April 25, 2024
Report
Burkina Faso: Army Massacres 223 Villagers
April 9, 2024 Dispatches
INDIAN COURT, FINDING LACK OF EVIDENCE, GRANTS BAIL TO ACTIVIST
March 29, 2024 News Release
RUSSIA: SHAMEFUL PRIDE IN TORTURE OF TERRORISM SUSPECTS
* TORTURE
Middle East/North Africa
April 25, 2024
News Release
Lebanon: Stepped-Up Repression of Syrians
April 22, 2024 Report
IRAN: SECURITY FORCES RAPE, TORTURE, DETAINEES
April 15, 2024 News Release
TAJIKISTAN: EU STATES, TÜRKIYE SHOULD NOT RETURN DISSIDENTS
* UNITED NATIONS
Asia
April 8, 2024
Dispatches
UN Rights Council Boosts Scrutiny of North Korea
Lina Yoon
Senior Researcher, Asia Division
April 4, 2024 Dispatches
UN SHOWS CONFLICTING APPROACHES TO MYANMAR CRISIS
April 4, 2024 Dispatches
CHILD RIGHTS ABUSES GO UNCHALLENGED DUE TO UN FUNDING CRISIS
* WOMEN'S RIGHTS
Europe/Central Asia
April 23, 2024
News Release
Kazakhstan: New Law to Protect Women Improved, but Incomplete
April 18, 2024 Dispatches
ARMENIA STRENGTHENS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE LAW
April 15, 2024 Dispatches
JUSTA LIBERTAD: A MOVEMENT TO DECRIMINALIZE ABORTION IN ECUADOR
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