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MAIN MENU

 * Instructions
 * Welcome
 * Acknowledgements
 * 1. Introduction
 * 2. Properties of Sunlight
 * 3. Semiconductors & Junctions
 * 4. Solar Cell Operation
 * 5. Design of Silicon Cells
 * 6. Manufacturing Si Cells
 * 7. Modules and Arrays
 * 8. Characterization
 * 9. Material Properties
 * 10. Batteries
 * 11. Appendices
 * Korean Version PDF
 * Equations
 * Interactive Graphs
 * References

 * Instructions
 * Welcome
 * Acknowledgements
 * 1. Introduction
   * Introduction
   * Solar Energy
   * The Greenhouse Effect
 * 2. Properties of Sunlight
   * 2.1. Basics of Light
   * Properties of Light
   * Energy of Photon
   * Photon Flux
   * Spectral Irradiance
   * Radiant Power Density
   * 2.2. Blackbody Radiation
   * 2.3. Solar Radiation
   * The Sun
   * Solar Radiation in Space
   * 2.4. Terrestrial Solar Radiation
   * Solar Radiation Outside the Earth's Atmosphere
   * Atmospheric Effects
   * Air Mass
   * Motion of the Sun
   * Solar Time
   * Declination Angle
   * Elevation Angle
   * Azimuth Angle
   * The Sun's Position
   * Sun Position Calculator
   * Sun's Position to High Accuracy
   * Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface
   * Arbitrary Orientation and Tilt
   * 2.5. Solar Radiation Data
   * Calculation of Solar Insolation
   * Measurement of Solar Radiation
   * Analysis of Solar Irradiance Data Sets
   * Typical Meteorological Year Data (TMY)
   * Making Use of TMY Data
   * Average Solar Radiation
   * Isoflux Contour Plots
   * Sunshine Hour Data
   * Cloud Cover Data
   * Satellite Irradiance
 * 3. Semiconductors & Junctions
   * Introduction
   * 3.1. Basics
   * Semiconductor Materials
   * Semiconductor Structure
   * Conduction in Semiconductors
   * Band Gap
   * Intrinsic Carrier Concentration
   * Doping
   * Equilibrium Carrier Concentration
   * 3.2. Generation
   * Absorption of Light
   * Absorption Coefficient
   * Absorption Depth
   * Generation Rate
   * 3.3. Recombination
   * Types of Recombination
   * Minority-Carrier Lifetime
   * Diffusion Length
   * Surface Recombination
   * 3.4. Carrier Transport
   * Movement of Carriers in Semiconductors
   * Diffusion
   * Drift
   * 3.5. P-n Junctions
   * Formation of a PN-Junction
   * P-N Junction Diodes
   * Bias of PN Junctions
   * Diode Equation
   * 3.6. Diode Equations for PV
   * Ideal Diode Equation Derivation
   * Basic Equations
   * Applying the Basic Equations to a PN Junction
   * Solving for Depletion Region
   * Solving for Quasi Neutral Regions
   * Finding Total Current
   * Eg1: Wide Base Diode
   * Eg2: Narrow Base Diode
   * Summary
 * 4. Solar Cell Operation
   * 4.1. Ideal Solar Cells
   * Solar Cell Structure
   * Light Generated Current
   * Collection Probability
   * Quantum Efficiency
   * Spectral Response
   * The Photovoltaic Effect
   * 4.2. Solar Cell Parameters
   * IV Curve
   * Short-Circuit Current
   * Open-Circuit Voltage
   * Fill Factor
   * Efficiency
   * Detailed Balance
   * Tandem Cells
   * 4.3. Resistive Effects
   * Characteristic Resistance
   * Effect of Parasitic Resistances
   * Series Resistance
   * Shunt Resistance
   * Impact of Both Series and Shunt Resistance
   * 4.4. Other Effects
   * Effect of Temperature
   * Effect of Light Intensity
   * Ideality Factor
 * 5. Design of Silicon Cells
   * Solar Cell Design Principles
   * 5.1. Optical Properties
   * Optical Losses
   * Anti-Reflection Coatings
   * AR Coating Color
   * DLARC
   * Surface Texturing
   * Material Thickness
   * Light Trapping
   * Lambertian Rear Reflectors
   * 5.2. Reducing Recombination
   * Recombination Losses
   * Current Losses Due to Recombination
   * Voltage Losses due to Recombination
   * Surface Recombination
   * 5.3. Top Contact Design
   * Series Resistance
   * Base Resistance
   * Sheet Resistivity
   * Emitter Resistance
   * Contact Resistance
   * Finger Resistance
   * Optimization of Finger Spacing
   * Metal Grid Pattern
   * 5.4. Solar Cell Structure
   * Silicon Solar Cell Parameters
   * Efficiency and Solar Cell Cost
 * 6. Manufacturing Si Cells
   * First Photovoltaic devices
   * Early Silicon Cells
   * 6.1. Silicon Wаfers & Substrates
   * Refining Silicon
   * Types Of Silicon
   * Single Crystalline Silicon
   * Czochralski Silicon
   * Float Zone Silicon
   * Multi Crystalline Silicon
   * Wafer Slicing
   * Other Wafering Techniques
   * 6.2. Processing Technologies
   * Solid State Diffusion
   * 6.3. Cell Fabrication Technologies
   * Screen Printed Solar Cells
   * Buried Contact Solar Cells
   * High Efficiency Solar Cells
   * Rear Contact Solar Cells
   * 6.4. Solar Cell Production Line
   * Source Material
   * Growing Ingots
   * Sawing the Ingot into Bricks
   * Wafer Slicing
   * Texturing
   * Emitter Diffusion
   * Edge Isolation
   * Anti Reflection Coatings
   * Screen Print Front
   * Screen Print Rear Aluminium
   * Screen Print Rear Silver
   * Firing
   * Testing
   * Module
 * 7. Modules and Arrays
   * Introduction
   * 7.1. Module Design
   * Module Structure
   * Module Materials
   * Packing Density
   * 7.2. Interconnection Effects
   * Module Circuit Design
   * Mismatch Effects
   * Mismatch for Cells Connected in Series
   * Shading
   * Hot Spot Heating
   * Bypass Diodes
   * Mismatch for Cells Connected in Parallel
   * Mismatch Effects in Arrays
   * 7.3. Temperature Effects
   * PV Module Temperature
   * Heat Generation in PV Modules
   * Heat Loss in PV Modules
   * Nominal Operating Cell Temperature
   * Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stresses
   * 7.4. Other Considerations
   * Electrical and Mechanical Insulation
   * 7.5. Lifetime of PV Modules
   * Degradation and Failure Modes
   * 7.6. Module Measurement
   * Module Measurement without Load
   * Module Measurement with Load
 * 8. Characterization
   * Introduction
   * 8.1 Measurement of Solar Cell Efficiency
   * Illumination Sources
   * Temperature Control
   * Electronics
   * Probing
   * 8.2. Other IV Measurements
   * Dark IV Measurements
   * Jsc-Voc
   * 8.3. IV Characterization
   * SunsVoc
   * Measurement of Series Resistance
   * Double Diode Model
   * Measuring Ideality Factor
   * 8.4. Optical Characterization
   * Reflectance
   * Spectral Response
   * Laser Beam Induced Current
   * 8.5. Lifetime
   * Bulk Lifetime
   * Surface Recombination
   * Transient Measurements
   * Quasi-Steady-State Lifetime Measurements
   * General Lifetime Measurements
   * Effect of Trapping on Lifetime Measurements
   * 8.6. Luminescence
   * Electroluminescence
   * 8.7. Simulation
   * Introduction to Simulation
   * PC1D
   * Tandem Calculations
   * 2D Modeling
   * SEM and EBIC
   * Four Point Probe Resistivity Measurements
 * 9. Material Properties
   * General Properties of Silicon
   * Optical Properties of Silicon
   * Bi2S3
   * CZTSSe Theory and Fabrication
   * CdS
   * CdSe
   * CuInSe2
   * CuO
   * CuS
   * FeS2
   * Mg2Si
   * MnS
   * SnS
   * TiS2
   * ZnSe
 * 10. Batteries
   * Storage in PV Systems
   * 10.2 Battery Basics
   * Oxidation/Reduction Reaction
   * Electrochemical Potential
   * Nernst Equation
   * Basic Battery Operation
   * Ideal battery capacity
   * 10.3 Battery Non-equilibrium
   * 10.4. Battery Characteristics
   * Battery Efficiency
   * Battery Capacity
   * Battery Charging and Discharging Parameters
   * Battery Lifetime and Maintenance
   * Battery Voltage
   * Other Electrical Battery Parameters
   * Summary and Comparison of Battery Characteristics
   * 10.5. Lead Acid Batteries
   * Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries
   * Operation of Lead Acid Batteries
   * 10.6. Other Battery Types
   * 10.7 Function and Use of Storage
 * 11. Appendices
   * Solar Cell Efficiency Records
   * Standard Solar Spectra
   * Periodic Table
   * Units and Conversions
   * Physical Constants
   * Equations for Photovoltaics
   * Equations in TEX
   * Graphs with Sliders
 * Korean Version PDF
 * Equations
 * Interactive Graphs
 * References


WELCOME TO THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EDUCATION NETWORK


A COLLECTION OF RESOURCES FOR THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EDUCATOR.

As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace,
increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the
practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics. As a truly interdisciplinary
field, young professionals must be fluent with the science, engineering, policy,
and market dimensions of this technology, in the context of a growing renewable
energy economy

The best way to contact the authors is to leave a comment. You will need to
create an account but I can then reply to you and it will be seen by others. If
you really must send me an email it’s: sgbowden@asu.edu.

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Welcome1. Introduction