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OUTLINE

 1. Abstract
 2. Keywords
 3. Methods
 4. Results
 5. Discussion
 6. Acknowledgements
 7. References

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CITED BY (43)




FIGURES (2)

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 2. TableTable 2
 3. TableTable 3




INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE

Volume 1, Issue 4, Autumn 1998, Pages 155-162

ORIGINAL RESEARCH
EFFECTS OF THERAPEUTIC TOUCH IN REDUCING PAIN AND ANXIETY IN AN ELDERLY
POPULATION

Author links open overlay panelYu-ShenLinaBsnaMsnPHDaAnn GillTaylorMS, EDD,
RNaPersonEnvelopeFaana
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-2190(98)00036-5Get rights and content





ABSTRACT

Background: Studies have revealed the high prevalence of chronic pain among the
elderly. Anxiety is frequently associated with pain. This study investigated the
efficacy of therapeutic touch (TT) in reducing chronic musculoskeletal pain and
anxiety in an elderly population. Effects of TT were tested on three outcome
variables: pain, anxiety, salivary cortisol. Methods: A pre–posttest,
single-blind, randomized three-group design was used to compare effectiveness of
TT to mimic touch (MT, a placebo), and standard care (SC). Ninety-five
participants were recruited from seven facilities (retirement communities,
nursing homes, adult day care and community senior centers), stratified by
facility and randomized into one of three groups. Participants in TT group
received a 20-min TT intervention; MT group participants received 20 min of
mimic touch. Interventions were administered at the same time on 3 consecutive
days at the participant’s facility. SC participants received only standard care.
Pain was measured by an 11-point numeric rating scale. State anxiety was
measured with Form Y-1 of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Salivary cortisol
was analyzed using radioimmunoassay. Analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis
Test were used for data analysis. Results: Ninety subjects completed the
protocol. Pain reduction in TT group was significantly reduced (p < .001) when
compared with control groups, effect size of 0.92. Anxiety in TT group was also
significantly reduced (p < .01), effect size of 0.35. Salivary cortisol levels
showed little change.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that TT is effective in reducing
self-reported pain and anxiety in an elderly population. Physiological responses
to TT need further study.

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KEYWORDS

alternative medicine
therapeutic touch
pain
anxiety
cortisol
elderly
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CITED BY (43)


 * EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC TOUCH ON SLEEP QUALITY AND ANXIETY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH
   CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
   
   2021, Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice
   Show abstractNavigate Down
   
   The purpose is to determine the effect of therapeutic touch (TT) on the sleep
   quality and anxiety of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD)
   disease.
   
   103 patients were randomized in to the two groups: the experimental group,
   and the control group. In this randomized control study, the patients with
   COPD in the experimental group were given TT for 10 min between 18:00 and
   20:00, one session every day for three consecutive days.
   
   When the experimental group was compared to control group following the
   intervention, the decrease in the levels of anxiety (p < 0.001) and increase
   in the sleep quality (p < 0.001) were found to be significant.
   
   As a result of the study, it was determined that TT reduced anxiety level and
   improved sleep quality in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary
   disease. The Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT04842903.


 * EFFECT OF EXPRESSIVE TOUCHING ON LABOUR PAIN AND MATERNAL SATISFACTION: A
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   2019, Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice
   
   


 * THE EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC TOUCH ON BACK PAIN IN ADULTS ON A NEUROLOGICAL
   UNIT: AN EXPERIMENTAL PILOT STUDY
   
   2019, Pain Management Nursing
   Citation Excerpt :
   
   A study with 90 elderly residents from seven different facilities reported
   the effect of Therapeutic Touch in relieving chronic musculoskeletal pain.
   Pain intensity was measured with the numeric rating scale before and after
   the Therapeutic Touch treatment, and the mean difference was 5.93 (standard
   deviation [SD] ± 2.63) compared with the mimic Therapeutic Touch group (1.83,
   SD ± 2.55) with a significant major effect size of .92 (p < .001) (Lin &
   Taylor, 1998). Another randomized controlled study (McCormack, 2009)
   investigated the effect of Therapeutic Touch in 90 elderly postoperative
   participants receiving occupational therapy after total knee or hip
   replacement.
   
   Show abstractNavigate Down
   
   Chronic back pain affects many aspects of everyday life and is a common
   reason for medical visits, leading to high direct and indirect health care
   costs. Innovative and cost-effective nonpharmacologic pain management methods
   should be promoted to ensure adequate treatment.
   
   The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the pain-relieving effect of
   Therapeutic Touch in adult neurologic patients with back pain.
   
   A pretest–post-test randomized controlled trial.
   
   A university hospital in Austria.
   
   Patients with back pain diagnosis (N = 29) on hospital admission.
   
   A pilot study was conducted for 3 months. The control group (n = 14) received
   the pharmacologic pain management recommended by the World Health
   Organization; patients in the intervention group (n = 15) received
   additionally four Therapeutic Touch treatments on 4 consecutive days. The
   Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale were used
   as outcome measures to evaluate activity domains affected by back pain and
   pain intensity.
   
   Pain improvement was found in the intervention group according to the mean
   score of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (day 1: 72.53, standard
   deviation [SD] ± 14.10; day 4: 39.47, SD ± 8.77; p < .001). The Numerical
   Pain Rating Scale score averaged 4.33 points (SD ± 2.09) on the first day and
   2.47 points (SD ± 1.12) on the fourth day. The long-term effect of
   Therapeutic Touch was significant and indicated a major effect (Pillai's
   trace = .641, F(3.12) = 7.1, p = .005, ηp2 = .641).
   
   Therapeutic Touch seems to be a noninvasive nursing intervention for back
   pain management to provide more professional patient care.


 * IS ENERGY HEALING AN EFFECTIVE NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY FOR IMPROVING
   SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC ILLNESSES? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
   
   2016, Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice
   Citation Excerpt :
   
   Healers that were not restricted in their practice were utilised in 20
   studies of which 9 generated significant results
   [29,31,32,35,37,39,43,49,53,56]. Directed healing towards a specific health
   outcome or well-being was used in 18 studies of which nine demonstrated a
   significant result [28,31,32,37–39,45,48,49]. Verbal communication prior to
   energy healing at a distance [35,53] or contact energy healing
   [28,29,32,37,48] took place between healer and recipient in six studies with
   significant outcomes, however, verbal communication was not used during the
   intervention period in seven studies with significant results
   [12,31,38,39,43,45,49,56].
   
   Show abstractNavigate Down
   
   Emerging evidence suggests that some people living with non-communicable
   diseases (NCDs) have integrated energy healing into their self-management
   strategy, however little is known about its efficacy.
   
   To identify energy healing interventions that impacted positively on the
   symptom management outcomes for patients living in the community with various
   NCDs.
   
   A systematic review of energy healing interventions for the management of
   non-communicable disease related symptoms, conducted between 01 January 2000
   and 21 April 2015, published in an English peer-reviewed journal. This review
   conforms to the PRISMA statement.
   
   Twenty seven studies were identified that evaluated various energy healing
   interventions involving 3159 participants. Thirteen of the energy healing
   trials generated statistically significant outcomes.
   
   Energy healing has demonstrated some improvement in illness symptoms, however
   high level evidence consistently demonstrating efficacy is lacking. Further
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 * HUMAN BIOFIELD THERAPY DOES NOT AFFECT TUMOR SIZE BUT MODULATES IMMUNE
   RESPONSES IN A MOUSE MODEL FOR BREAST CANCER
   
   2016, Journal of Integrative Medicine
   Show abstractNavigate Down
   
   To assess the effect of human biofield therapy, an integrative medicine
   modality, on the development of tumors and metastasis, and immune function in
   a mouse breast cancer model.
   
   Mice were injected with 66cl4 mammary carcinoma cells. In study one, mice
   received biofield therapy after cell injection. In study two, mice were
   treated by the biofield practitioner only prior to cell injection. Both
   studies had two control groups of mock biofield treatments and
   phosphate-buffered saline injection. Mice were weighed and tumor volume was
   determined. Blood samples were collected and 32 serum cytokine/chemokine
   markers were measured. Spleens/popliteal lymph nodes were isolated and
   dissociated for fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of immune
   cells or metastasis assays in cell culture.
   
   No significant differences were found in weight, tumor size or metastasis.
   Significant effects were found in the immune responses in study one but no
   additional effects were found in study two. In study one, human biofield
   treatment significantly reduced percentage of CD4+CD44loCD25+ and percentage
   of CD8+ cells, elevated by cancer in the lymph nodes, to control levels
   determined by FACS analysis. In the spleen, only CD11b+ macrophages were
   increased with cancer, and human biofield therapy significantly reduced them.
   Of 11 cytokines elevated by cancer, only interferon-γ, interleukin-1,
   monokine induced by interferon-γ, interleukin-2 and macrophage inflammatory
   protein-2 were significantly reduced to control levels with human biofield
   therapy.
   
   Human biofield therapy had no significant effect on tumor size or metastasis
   but produced significant effects on immune responses apparent in the
   down-regulation of specific lymphocytes and serum cytokines in a mouse breast
   cancer model.


 * EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPLEMENTING THE REIKI METHOD TO REDUCE THE WEANING FAILURE.
   A CLINICAL TRIAL
   
   2016, Enfermeria Intensiva
   Show abstractNavigate Down
   
   El ingreso en cuidados intensivos (UCI) supone para el paciente un momento
   difícil y estresante, con la aplicación de diferentes técnicas, como la
   intubación y la retirada del soporte ventilatorio o «destete» que puede
   fracasar debido a la ansiedad.
   
   Determinar si el reiki es útil para disminuir el fracaso en el destete; así
   como para disminuir el número de días de ventilación mecánica (VM), días de
   estancia en la UCI, cantidad de sedantes, aminas y antipsicóticos.
   
   Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. ÿmbito: UCI de un hospital universitario de
   nivel iii. Población: pacientes de UCI conectados a VM más de 48 h, con el
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   del 95%.
   
   El porcentaje de fracasos en el destete ha sido de un 9% en el GI y un 9,5%
   en el GP (p = 0,42). Los días de VM 8,85 GI y 9,66 GP (p = 0,53). La media de
   sedantes: 1.078 mg GI y 1.491 mg GP. La media de mg de haloperidol fue menor
   en el GI (5,30 mg vs. 16,.81 mg GP); p = 0,03; IC del 95%, ⿿21,9, ⿿1,13.
   
   El reiki disminuye la agitación de los pacientes. Objetivamos una disminución
   de días de ventilación mecánica, días de estancia, menor dosis de fármacos
   sedantes y una discreta disminución del fracaso en el GI. No encontramos
   significación estadística en la variable principal.
   
   Admission to intensive care unit (ICU) is a difficult and stressful time for
   the patient, with the application of different techniques, such as intubation
   and ventilation support withdrawal or ⿿weaning⿿, which may fail due to
   anxiety.
   
   To determine whether Reiki is useful in reducing weaning failure, as well as
   reducing the number of days of mechanical ventilation (MV), length of stay in
   ICU, amount of sedatives, amines, and antipsychotics.
   
   Randomized clinical trial. Scope: ICU of a Level III University Hospital.
   Population: ICU patients connected to Mechanical Ventilation for more than
   48 hours, with a signed informed consent. Patients in a terminal condition or
   potential organ donors were excluded. Sample: 256 patients divided into two
   groups: intervention group (GI) and placebo (GP). The intervention involves
   the application of Reiki, and a simulated technique within the placebo group.
   An analysis was made of the absolute and relative frequencies, with a
   significance level of P<.05, 95% CI
   
   The percentage of failures at weaning was 9% in GI and 9.5% in GP (P=.42).
   The mean number of days on MV was 8.85 days for GI and 9.66 for the GP
   (P=.53). The mean dose of sedatives: GI 1078 mg and 1491 mg GP. The dose of
   Haloperidol was lower in the GI (5.30 mg vs 16.81 mg GP) (P=.03, 95% CI;
   -21.9 to -1.13).
   
   Reiki reduces the agitation of patients. A decrease was objectively observed
   in the number of days of Mechanical Ventilation, length of stay, lower doses
   of sedatives, and a slight decrease in the weaning failure in the GI. No
   statistically significant difference was found in the main variable.

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