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Research Article


CAUSAL LINKAGES BETWEEN PATENTING ABROAD AND PROMOTING FDI THROUGH THE PRISM OF
SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

Bachar MoussaDepartment of Economics, Laboratory of Economic Analysis and
Policy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki,
GreeceCorrespondencevmoussa@econ.auth.gr
View further author information
&
Nikos C. VarsakelisDepartment of Economics, Laboratory of Economic Analysis and
Policy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceView further
author information
Published online: 20 Jun 2024
 * Cite this article
 * https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2024.2368684
 * CrossMark


 

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ABSTRACT

This paper presents a combination between social network analysis (SNA) and
Granger causality tests for 34 members of the OECD in the period 2005–2018. We
examine the possible causal linkages which have not been considered adequately
so far, between outward-inward FDI and patenting abroad networks for promoting
FDI. We demonstrate that linking frequency of patenting abroad and FDI
participation increased, and that the bi-directional causal relationship between
patentees and official foreign direct investment (OFDI) is strongly
heterogeneous with some positive effects. This indicates causality from
international patenting to FDI and not vice versa. Hence, the number of patents
registered by foreigners helps FDI investors to conduct investments.

KEYWORDS:

 * FDI
 * granger causality
 * international patenting
 * network analysis

JEL CLASSIFICATION:

 * F10
 * F14
 * F21
 * F23
 * O33
 * O34
 * C13
 * C23




DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).


NOTES

1. Reporting type: Count by filing office and applicant’s origin. Indicator : 1
- Total patent applications (direct and PCT national phase entries)
https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/IpsStatsResultvalue.

2. OECD (Citation2019a). Inward FDI flows by partner country (indicator).
(Accessed on 08 March 2020), from

https://data.oecd.org/fdi/inward-fdi-flows-by-partner-country.htm#indicator-chart.

OECD (Citation2019a). Outward FDI flows by partner country (indicator).
(Accessed on 08 March 2020), from

https://data.oecd.org/fdi/outward-fdi-flows-by-partner-country.htm#indicator-chart.

3. A weighted network is a network where the ties among nodes have weights
assigned to them (Wasserman and Faust Citation1994).

In directed networks, each edge has a direction, pointing from one node to
another (here, from the exporting country to the importing country).

4. One example to illustrate an undirected network is by thinking on a subway
system map. In a subway map two stations have an undirected connection, which
means that the subway can have each one either as a point of origin or as a
destination. Conversely, if the subway system was directed the subway could only
go from one station to the other, not doing the same way back.

5. The density gives the actual connections relative to the potential
connections in a network. A potential connection (PC) is a connection that could
potentially exist between two nodes – regardless of whether or not it actually
does. PC=n∗n−1n

6. https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en.

7. VAR: Describes the evolution of a set of k variables, called endogenous
variables, over time. Each period of time is numbered, t = 1,…,T. The variables
are collected in a vector, yt, which is of length k. The vector is modeled as a
linear function of its previous value. The vector’s components are referred to
as yi,t, meaning the observation at time t of the i th variable (example, a
5th-order VAR).

8. As of May 2021 there are 38 members of the OECD.

9. Values are significant at 5(10) % level of significance.

10. The residual for each observation is the difference between predicted values
of y (dependent variable) and observed values of y. Residual = actual y
value − predicted y value.

Organization for Econamic Co-operation and Development. 2019a“Inward FDI Flows
by Partner Country (Indicator).” Accessed March 8, 2020.
https://data.oecd.org/fdi/inward-fdi-flows-by-partner-country.htm#indicator-chart(open
in a new window).
 (Open in a new window)Google Scholar
Organization for Econamic Co-operation and Development. 2019a“Inward FDI Flows
by Partner Country (Indicator).” Accessed March 8, 2020.
https://data.oecd.org/fdi/inward-fdi-flows-by-partner-country.htm#indicator-chart(open
in a new window).
 (Open in a new window)Google Scholar
Wasserman, S., and K. Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and
Applications, 112. USA: Cambridge University Press.
 (Open in a new window)Google Scholar


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION


FUNDING

This work was co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social
Fund) through the Operational Program, Human Resources Development, Education
and Lifelong Learning, in the framework of the Support of Postgraduate
Researchers—B cycle (MIS 5033021) implemented by the State Scholarships
Foundation (IKY), contract number: 2019–050-0503–1886.


NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

BACHAR MOUSSA

Bachar Moussa is Postdoctoral Holder, Associate and Coordinator of the Black Sea
and Eastern Mediterranean Academic Network (BSEMAN) at the Faculty of Economic
and Political Sciences in Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh). Greece.

NIKOS C. VARSAKELIS

Nikos C Varsakelis is Professor of Industrial Policy and former Vice-Rector of
Finance of Department of Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh).
Greece.


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systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct
any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery
of content and ads and in your interaction with them.

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DELIVER AND PRESENT ADVERTISING AND CONTENT 541 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS SPECIAL
PURPOSE

Always Active

Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to
ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to
facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.

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MATCH AND COMBINE DATA FROM OTHER DATA SOURCES 379 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS FEATURE

Always Active

Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with
other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for
instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card
in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in
this notice.

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LINK DIFFERENT DEVICES 336 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS FEATURE

Always Active

In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be
considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your
household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both
your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet
connection on both devices).

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IDENTIFY DEVICES BASED ON INFORMATION TRANSMITTED AUTOMATICALLY 508 PARTNERS CAN
USE THIS FEATURE

Always Active

Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it
automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of
your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the
purposes exposed in this notice.

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SAVE AND COMMUNICATE PRIVACY CHOICES 344 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS SPECIAL PURPOSE

Always Active

The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice
are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals
(such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this
service and those entities to respect such choices.

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