bigthink.com Open in urlscan Pro
172.67.14.204  Public Scan

Form analysis
3 forms found in the DOM

GET /

<form role="search" style="background-color: var(--header-bg); display: none;" method="get"
  class="z-[201] dark:z-[201] dark:!bg-black self-center absolute hidden sm:left-[100px] sm:w-[130px] md:left-[110px] lg:left-[120px] xl:left-[140px] left-0 w-full md:w-[180px] top-[62px] sm:top-[25px] px-5 py-5 sm:p-0 sm:inline-block" action="/"
  :class="{'hidden': !search_open}" x-show="search_open" @click.outside="if (search_open) search_open = !search_open" data-hs-cf-bound="true">
  <label class="sr-only" id="search__label" for="search__input">Search for:</label>
  <input type="search" placeholder="SEARCH" aria-labelledby="search__label" value="" tabindex="0" name="s" x-ref="search__input" id="search__input" class="w-full border-0 font-utility-subnav-cta dark:bg-black dark:text-white-90">
</form>

<form data-hs-cf-bound="true">
  <div>
    <div class="nf-before-form-content"><nf-section>
        <div class="nf-form-fields-required">Fields marked with an <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span> are required</div>
      </nf-section></div>
    <div class="nf-form-content bt-plus-newsletter-inline"><nf-rows-wrap>
        <div class="nf-row">
          <nf-cells>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 100%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-64-container" class="nf-field-container email-container  label-hidden ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-64-wrap" class="field-wrap email-wrap" data-field-id="64">
                        <div class="nf-field-label">
                          <label for="nf-field-64" id="nf-label-field-64" class=""> Email <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span>
                          </label>
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="email" value="" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" id="nf-field-64" name="email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Email" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby="nf-error-64" aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-64"
                            aria-required="true" required="">
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-64" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
          </nf-cells>
        </div>
        <div class="nf-row">
          <nf-cells>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 100%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-65-container" class="nf-field-container submit-container  label-hidden  textbox-container">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-65-wrap" class="field-wrap submit-wrap textbox-wrap" data-field-id="65">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input id="nf-field-65" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element " type="submit" value="Subscribe">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-65" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
          </nf-cells>
        </div>
        <div class="nf-row">
          <nf-cells>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-66-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-hidden ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-66-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="66">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-66" name="nf-field-66" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="f677bafb82">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-66" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-67-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-hidden ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-67-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="67">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-67" name="nf-field-67" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="subscribe">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-67" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-68-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-hidden ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-68-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="68">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-68" name="nf-field-68" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="Bigthink.com signup form: SWAB article inline">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-68" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-69-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-hidden ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-69-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="69">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-69" name="nf-field-69" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="00da5342b8">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-69" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-145-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-hidden ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-145-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="145">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-145" name="nf-field-145" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/isaac-newton-oldest-question/">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-145" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
          </nf-cells>
        </div>
        <div class="nf-row">
          <nf-cells>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 50%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-124-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-hidden ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-124-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="124">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-124" name="nf-field-124" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="0">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-124" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 50%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-125-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-hidden ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-125-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="125">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-125" name="nf-field-125" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="5">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-125" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
          </nf-cells>
        </div>
      </nf-rows-wrap></div>
    <div class="nf-after-form-content"><nf-section>
        <div id="nf-form-errors-11" class="nf-form-errors" role="alert"><nf-errors></nf-errors></div>
        <div class="nf-form-hp"><nf-section>
            <label id="nf-label-field-hp-11" for="nf-field-hp-11" aria-hidden="true"> If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty. <input id="nf-field-hp-11" name="nf-field-hp" class="nf-element nf-field-hp" type="text" value=""
                aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-hp-11">
            </label>
          </nf-section></div>
      </nf-section></div>
  </div>
</form>

<form data-hs-cf-bound="true">
  <div>
    <div class="nf-before-form-content"><nf-section>
        <div class="nf-form-fields-required">Fields marked with an <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span> are required</div>
      </nf-section></div>
    <div class="nf-form-content bt-subscribe-footer"><nf-rows-wrap>
        <div class="nf-row">
          <nf-cells>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 100%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-3-container" class="nf-field-container email-container  label-above ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-3-wrap" class="field-wrap email-wrap" data-field-id="3">
                        <div class="nf-field-label">
                          <label for="nf-field-3" id="nf-label-field-3" class=""> Email <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span>
                          </label>
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="email" value="" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" id="nf-field-3" name="email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Your email address" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby="nf-error-3"
                            aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-3" aria-required="true" required="">
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-3" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
          </nf-cells>
        </div>
        <div class="nf-row">
          <nf-cells>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 100%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-4-container" class="nf-field-container submit-container  label-above container-submit-inline  textbox-container">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-4-wrap" class="field-wrap submit-wrap textbox-wrap" data-field-id="4">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input id="nf-field-4" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element " type="submit" value="Go">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-4" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
          </nf-cells>
        </div>
        <div class="nf-row">
          <nf-cells>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-30-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-above ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-30-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="30">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-30" name="nf-field-30" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="f677bafb82">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-30" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-31-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-above ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-31-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="31">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-31" name="nf-field-31" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="subscribe">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-31" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-32-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-above ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-32-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="32">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-32" name="nf-field-32" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="Bigthink.com signup form: Smarter Faster">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-32" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-33-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-above ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-33-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="33">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-33" name="nf-field-33" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="75ba8f78dc">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-33" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-150-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-above ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-150-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="150">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-150" name="nf-field-150" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/isaac-newton-oldest-question/">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-150" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
          </nf-cells>
        </div>
        <div class="nf-row">
          <nf-cells>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 50%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-130-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-above ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-130-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="130">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-130" name="nf-field-130" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="0">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-130" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
            <div class="nf-cell" style="width: 50%;">
              <nf-fields>
                <nf-field>
                  <div id="nf-field-131-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container  label-above ">
                    <div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
                      </nf-section></div>
                    <div class="nf-field">
                      <div id="nf-field-131-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="131">
                        <div class="nf-field-label"></div>
                        <div class="nf-field-element">
                          <input type="hidden" id="nf-field-131" name="nf-field-131" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="2">
                        </div>
                        <div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
                        <div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
                        <div id="nf-error-131" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
                      </nf-section></div>
                  </div>
                </nf-field></nf-fields>
            </div>
          </nf-cells>
        </div>
      </nf-rows-wrap></div>
    <div class="nf-after-form-content"><nf-section>
        <div id="nf-form-errors-2" class="nf-form-errors" role="alert"><nf-errors></nf-errors></div>
        <div class="nf-form-hp"><nf-section>
            <label id="nf-label-field-hp-2" for="nf-field-hp-2" aria-hidden="true"> If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty. <input id="nf-field-hp-2" name="nf-field-hp" class="nf-element nf-field-hp" type="text" value=""
                aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-hp-2">
            </label>
          </nf-section></div>
      </nf-section></div>
  </div>
</form>

Text Content

Skip to content
Video
 * The Big Think Interview
 * Your Brain on Money
 * Playlists
 * Explore the Library

Collections
 * The Universe. A History.
 * The Progress Issue
 * A Brief History Of Quantum Mechanics
 * 6 Flaws In Our Understanding Of The Universe
 * Hindsight

Big Thinkers
 * Michio Kaku
 * Neil deGrasse Tyson
 * Michelle Thaller
 * Zena Hitz
 * Steven Pinker
 * Paul Bloom
 * Ray Kurzweil
 * Cornel West
 * Helen Fisher

Sections
 * Business
 * Neuropsych
 * Thinking
 * Leadership
 * Smart Skills
 * High Culture
 * The Past
 * The Present
 * The Future
 * Life
 * Health
 * Hard Science
 * Special Issues

Columns
 * Starts With A Bang
 * Everyday Philosophy
 * The Learning Curve
 * The Long Game
 * The Well
 * Perception Box
 * Strange Maps
 * 13.8

Subscribe
 * Free Newsletters
 * Memberships

Get Big Think for Your Business. Enable transformation and drive culture at your
company with lessons from the biggest thinkers in the world.
Learn More →
Follow Us
View our Youtube channel
View our Facebook page
View our Instagram feed
View our Twitter (X) feed
View our LinkedIn account
Search for:
Open the Main Navigation Search
Return to homepage

For Business Subscribe
Starts With A Bang — July 30, 2024


MODERN ASTROPHYSICS ANSWERS ISAAC NEWTON’S OLDEST QUESTION

Straddling the bounds of science and religion, Newton wondered who set the
planets in motion. Astrophysics reveals the answer.

This illustration of the dust-rich and comet-rich exoplanetary system, Epsilon
Eridani, has a lot in common with our own Solar System's first 500-600 million
years of cosmic history. The question of what set the planets in motion around
their star, originally posed by Newton more than 300 years ago, has now been
solved.
Credit: NASA/SOFIA/Lynette Cook
Key Takeaways
 * Isaac Newton is arguably the greatest and most renowned physicist in all of
   history, whose achievements include Newtonian mechanics, the law of universal
   gravitation, and the invention of calculus.
 * His law of gravity applied equally well to phenomena observed here on Earth
   as they did to the motions of heavenly bodies; all of Kepler’s laws can be
   derived from Newton’s laws.
 * But more than 300 years ago, Newton said, “Gravity explains the motions of
   the planets, but it cannot explain who sets the planets in motion.” Modern
   astrophysics at last has the answer.

Ethan Siegel
Copy a link to the article entitled
http://Modern%20astrophysics%20answers%20Isaac%20Newton’s%20oldest%20question
Share Modern astrophysics answers Isaac Newton’s oldest question on Facebook
Share Modern astrophysics answers Isaac Newton’s oldest question on Twitter (X)
Share Modern astrophysics answers Isaac Newton’s oldest question on LinkedIn

Perhaps the greatest leaps in all of science history occurred during the 17th
century. At the dawn of the century, heliocentrism was just an alternative idea:
one that fit the data more poorly than the leading geocentric model that had
held sway for over 1000 years. The laws governing the motions of objects on
Earth, what we now know as classical mechanics, were largely unknown, and the
phenomenon of gravitation was not understood. The telescope had not yet been
invented, and naked-eye observations were still the best tools humanity had for
investigating the cosmos.



By the end of the century, everything was different. The planets were at last
known to orbit the Sun in ellipses, with the outer planets moving at speeds in
proportion to their distance from the Sun. Planets had their own systems of
moons, Saturn had rings, Venus exhibited phases, and the laws of motion and
gravitation were shown to apply to all known objects on Earth and in the heavens
above. This culminated in the work of Isaac Newton, who invented calculus,
codified the laws of motion, and developed the universal law of gravitation. Yet
Newton also encountered problems he couldn’t solve, and one of his more famous
quotes is:

“Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who sets the
planets in motion.”

Now in the 21st century, modern astrophysics finally holds the answer. It isn’t
a “who,” but a “what” that first set the planets in motion, after all.

One of the great puzzles of the 1500s was how planets moved in an apparently
retrograde fashion. This could either be explained through Ptolemy’s geocentric
model (left), or Copernicus’ heliocentric one (right). However, getting the
details right to arbitrary precision was something neither one could do. It
would not be until Kepler’s notion of heliocentric, elliptical orbits, and the
subsequent mechanism of gravitation proposed by Newton, that heliocentrism would
triumph by scientific standards.
Credit: E. Siegel/Beyond the Galaxy

When we look at the structure of our Solar System today, we know a lot more
about it than Newton knew back in his day. Yes, the Sun anchors the Solar
System, but unlike Newton, we know that it comprises 99.8% of the Solar System’s
total mass. It rotates about its axis, but the equator and poles rotate at
different rates: 25 days at the equator, compared to 33 days (or even slightly
more) at the extremes of the poles. Then, moving outward, we see that our Solar
System possesses:

 * four inner, rocky planets,
 * an asteroid belt,
 * the gas giant worlds,
 * a Kuiper belt, which is where most of the periodic comets come from,
 * and a scattered disk and Oort cloud beyond that, from which most of the
   hyperbolic comets arise.

Newtonian gravity is sufficient to explain the motions of all of these objects,
with only very slight corrections (due to general relativity) needed to describe
the precessional motions of the inner, rocky planets. Back in Newton’s time,
only six planets (and no asteroids, and one or two suspected periodic comets)
were known. But today, we not only know much more about our own Solar System, we
also know about thousands of other stars with planetary systems around them: the
exoplanets.

This animation shows the four super-Jupiter planets directly imaged in orbit
around the star HR 8799, whose light is blocked by a coronagraph. The four
exoplanets shown here are among the easiest to directly image owing to their
large size and brightness, as well as their huge separation from their parent
star. Our ability to directly image exoplanets is constrained to giant
exoplanets at great distances from bright stars, but improvements in coronagraph
technology will dramatically change that story.
Credit: Jason Wang (Northwestern)/William Thompson (UVic)/Christian Marois (NRC
Herzberg)/Quinn Konopacky (UCSD)

There are some similarities between these exoplanetary systems and our own Solar
System, but some important differences as well. These systems all seem to obey
Newton’s law of universal gravitation as well, and the planets within them
follow elliptical orbits that are determined by the gravity of their parent
stars. Planets come in all different masses, but unlike our own Solar System,
there is no delineation between where rocky vs. giant worlds can be found: at
any distance, near or far, from the star(s) that they orbit. In addition, the
most common type of exoplanetary world known so far — in between the masses of
Earth and Neptune — is not represented at all in our Solar System.



However, one important limitation of our own Solar System is the fact that it’s
already old; some 4.5 billion years have elapsed since its formation. We have
little insight into its past history, as all we have access to is the evidence
written on the face of its survivors. How many planets and/or moons were:

 * destroyed by collisions,
 * swallowed by other planets or by the Sun,
 * or ejected from our Solar System entirely,

over the course of its lifetime? We cannot say for certain, but copious lines of
evidence, from cratering rates across various planetary and lunar surfaces to
the existence of moons around Mars, Earth, and Pluto to the short lifetime of
Saturn’s rings indicate that the answer is likely “at least several,” and
perhaps more.

In a system dominated by a single protostar, there will be major regions defined
by multiple lines, including the soot line and the frost line for each specific
molecular species. Although imperfections in the disk that grow, accruing a
large gas envelope beyond a certain mass threshold, may well-describe the
planets formed in our Solar System and many others, they do not account for
giant planets found well beyond the Sun-Neptune distance.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Invader Xan

Fortunately, we are now in the era where we can witness the formation of young
and even newborn stellar and planetary systems, and have learned a variety of
lessons from them. For one, almost every newborn stellar system, including
protostellar systems, doesn’t possess a spherical cloud of matter around it, but
rather exhibits a plate-like structure known as a protoplanetary disk. For
another, these protoplanetary disks remain undifferentiated (i.e., uniform, with
no gaps or features in them) for only the first ~1-2 million years of the
system’s history, and then features begin appearing in systems that are 2-10
million years old, and then appear to become “mature” features after 10+ million
years have elapsed.



This means that planets form relatively early on in a stellar-and-planetary
system’s history, but episodes of extreme violence continue for much longer.
Dust-rich features, such as debris disks around stars, can persist for a few
hundred million years; 400-700 million years may be typical for young stellar
systems. We estimate that this correlates to a period of heavy bombardment and
frequent impacts and collisions among the young planets in systems such as
these, which is consistent with cratering rates observed on the Moon, Mercury,
Mars, and other worlds in our own Solar System. As a result of these and many
other advances in planetary science and planetary astronomy, we are now closer
to a complete picture of how planetary systems form than ever before.

This two-toned image shows an illustration of the protoplanetary disk around the
young star FU Orionis, which was imaged multiple times by infrared observatories
such as Spitzer and SOFIA, but years apart. The disk has changed, indicating
that it’s entering a more advanced stage of evolution, as planets form and the
material available for forming and growing them evaporates, sublimates, and is
otherwise blown away. Planets and the central star are all expected to orbit and
rotate in the same direction; only collisions and interactions should change
that story. Our own Solar System likely had a similar history to the
protoplanetary system illustrated here.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Who (or what) set the planets in motion?

In order to understand the full story, we have to start at the beginning. And
even though planets don’t begin forming until ~2 million years after their
parent stars have ignited nuclear fusion in their cores, the story of the motion
of planets begins way before that: back when the stars that they’ll eventually
orbit first begin forming. One of the first things we have to look at is how
stars form: from the collapse of molecular clouds of gas. These clouds of gas
must do two things in order to collapse and form stars:

 * they have to accumulate enough mass, usually hundreds of thousands of solar
   masses but sometimes even more, in order to gravitationally collapse under
   the influence of their own mass,
 * and they have to cool sufficiently, radiating that heat away, otherwise the
   pressure generated from those thermal effects will prevent gravitational
   collapse.

Once these two critical items have been achieved, the initial gas cloud that
stars will form from begins collapsing. And as that collapse occurs, it doesn’t
occur monolithically, or into one big blob. Rather, there are regions within
this cloud of gas that happen to start out with a slightly greater density than
others, and these regions serve as nucleation sites for the contraction of
matter. As a result, when gas clouds collapse, they begin to fragment, and stars
form primarily within the fragmentation sites that collect the most mass in the
briefest amounts of time.

The dense cores of protostar cluster G333.23–0.06, as identified by ALMA, show
strong evidence for large levels of multiplicity within these cores. Binary
cores are common, and groups of multiple binaries, forming quaternary systems,
are also quite common. Triplet and quintuplet systems are also found inside,
while, for these high-mass clumps, singlet stars turn out to be quite rare. It
is expected that the stars forming in nebulae all throughout the Universe,
including in the Eagle Nebula, have similar clumpy properties.
Credit: S. Li et al., Nature Astronomy, 2024

Perhaps unexpectedly, we learn, from examining these fragmentation sites, that
“singlet” star systems, like our own Solar System, is only one of many options.
Although approximately half of all stars that form wind up being singlet
systems, it’s fully half of all the stars that form that wind up as components
in multi-star systems: binaries, trinaries, quaternaries, and even higher
multiplicity star systems. About 35% of all stars are in binary systems, about
another 10% are in trinary systems, and approximately 4-5% are in quaternary or
richer systems.



In addition, these star-forming regions usually wind up forming thousands of
stars in relatively short order: in a timespan of just a few tens of millions of
years. The most common type of newborn star we find arises inside what are known
as open star clusters: star clusters that form when clouds of gas collapse
inside the plane of the Milky Way galaxy. These clusters generally persist for
several hundred million years before mutual gravitational interactions cause
them to dissociate, and lead to stars and stellar systems being strewn about all
through the galaxy. While this is the eventual fate of these newly formed stars,
including stars with planetary systems, it holds significant implications for
what physics takes place when these stars (and the material that will eventually
become planets) are first taking shape.

This view from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of the protoplanetary disk,
or proplyd, Orion 294-606 showcases not only how magnificent JWST is at imaging
objects like this, but also how distant stellar systems truly are from one
another, even within the star-forming regions where they’re created. This
newly-forming object is due to a collapsing gas cloud and will someday become a
star, but is not yet one.
Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/McCaughrean & Pearson

Whenever you have two clumps of massive matter that exist in close proximity to
one another, and especially when these clumps are in motion relative to one
another, they don’t just exert forces on one another, although it’s Newton’s law
of gravitation that demands they do just that. Additionally, the “near part” of
one massive clump to the other clump experiences a greater-than-average
gravitational force than the center of the clump, while the “far part” of that
massive clump experiences a less-than-average gravitational force compared to
the center. In addition, the “up part” and the “down part” of that clump will be
pulled toward the centers, as will the “left part” and the “right part” of that
clump.

These differential forces, as illustrated below, represent what are known as
tidal forces: forces that are non-uniform over the entirety of an object.
Because of Newton’s third law — the law that states that every action has an
equal and opposite reaction — any two massive clumps that have a close encounter
with one another will exert not just forces on one another, but torques as well,
which imparts a quantity known as angular momentum to each of these clumps of
matter. Angular momentum is what causes objects to spin about their axis as well
as the cause of objects mutually orbiting one another. Because of these tidally
induced torques, all newborn stellar systems possess some non-negligible amount
of angular momentum.

When two objects of a finite size gravitationally attract one another, the
gravitational force on different parts of the object are different from the
average value. This effect causes what we see and experience as tidal forces,
which can get extremely large at short distances. Jupiter’s moon Io, with a
large physical size but located very close to our Solar System’s most massive
planet, Jupiter, experiences the largest tidal forces in the Solar System: some
10,000 times stronger than Earth experiences due to our Moon and Sun combined.
Credit: Krishnavedala/Wikimedia Commons

The critical effects of angular momentum

Now, let’s put these ingredients together in the context of
star-and-planet-formation. We’re going to start out with a clump of matter
that’s in the process of collapse, and that clump of matter — due to the tidal
forces at work on it as well as the initial distribution of mass that forms the
clump — will both start off asymmetrical in three dimensions, where one axis is
longest and one axis is shortest, and will possess a non-zero amount of angular
momentum.

Travel the Universe with astrophysicist Ethan Siegel. Subscribers will get the
newsletter every Saturday. All aboard!
Fields marked with an * are required
Email *





If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty.


Then, as gravitation causes this clump of matter to collapse, one axis (usually
the initially shortest axis) will inevitably collapse first, leading to a
physical phenomenon — and no, I’m not making this up — known as “pancaking.”
Because the matter that forms a stellar system is made of normal matter (i.e.,
protons, neutrons, and electrons), the axis that collapses first causes the
matter on both sides to “splat” together, forming a disk, while the other two
axes are still relatively long.

Now, fold in the presence of angular momentum, and that disk must inevitably
rotate as well, leading to a configuration that has a:

 * central clump of mass,
 * orbited by a disk of protoplanetary material,

which is the hallmark of practically every protostellar system ever observed.

A sample of 20 protoplanetary disks around young, infant stars, as measured by
the Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project: DSHARP. Observations
such as these taught us that protoplanetary disks form primarily in a single
plane and tend to support the core accretion scenario of planet formation. The
disk structures are seen in both infrared and millimeter/sub-millimeter
wavelengths. We have recently learned that gaps begin to form in protoplanetary
disks after ~0.5-2 million years, with younger disks displaying no such
substructure. These disks tend to disappear and give way to debris disk systems
after around ~10 million years.
Credit: S.M. Andrews et al., ApJL, 2018

It’s at this point that a sequence of critical events then unfolds. The central
clump of mass, assuming there’s only one (although there can be more than one),
draws more and more matter into it, heating up the core to greater and greater
temperatures, all while making it more and more difficult for that heat to
escape. Meanwhile, the disk of material — which can either be known as a
circumstellar disk or a protoplanetary disk, since it both surrounds the
protostar and is the precursor to planets that will arise — remains
undifferentiated and uniform, although it continues to revolve around the
central protostar.

At last, a critical threshold is crossed: temperatures inside the protostar’s
core exceed the ~4 million K mark, and nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the
star’s core. This results in outward-pushing radiation, which heats the external
matter from the inside-out. Early instabilities in the protoplanetary disk are
initially wiped out through random collisions, but as time marches forward,
clumps begin to grow and persist, carving features in those disks, including
spiral shapes and gaps, which is what we’d expect to form when the first massive
protoplanets take shape. These initial moments can lead to incredibly rich
planetary systems many millions and even billions of years down the line,
including systems that may wind up looking very different from the planetary
systems we recognize as familiar today.

A wide variety of telescopes have looked at the Fomalhaut system in a variety of
wavelengths from both the ground and in space. Only JWST, so far, has been able
to resolve the inner regions of the dusty debris present in the Fomalhaut
system. Whereas Herschel, Hubble, and ALMA data all point to a picture with an
inner disk and an outer belt, JWST’s capabilities reveal an “intermediate” belt
in between the two. Unlike our Solar System, which has only the asteroid and
Kuiper belts, this find was a total surprise.
Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, A. Gáspár (University of Arizona) et al., Nature
Astronomy, 2023

But that’s the answer to Newton’s big question! The question that he posed in a
way that implicated some sort of divine intervention needed no such thing at the
end of the day. Instead, it’s just conventional astrophysics, the laws of
motion, the law of gravity, and the process of nuclear fusion that are more than
sufficient to create the “initial motion” needed to set the planets — the ones
within our own Solar System and the ones in any stellar system beyond our Sun —
on their courses in orbit around their parent stars. In particular, the two
facts that:

 * the gas clouds that collapse to form stars and stellar systems are not born
   spherically symmetric,
 * and the tidal forces exerted by other, nearby clumps of matter on any forming
   protostellar system will create torques that impart angular momentum to the
   matter,

make a system that forms with planets all but inevitable. Those planets,
assuming there are enough heavy elements to create them in a fashion that won’t
lead to them completely photoevaporating away, will then persist, and because
angular momentum is a conserved quantity, will continue orbiting around their
parent stars for as long as stable orbits remain possible. Sure, some of them
may experience catastrophes, including ejections, collisions, or being swallowed
by their parent star, but the big question of Newton, that of “who (or what) set
the planets in motion,” has now been definitively answered.

Tags
Space & Astrophysics
In this article
Space & Astrophysics

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Related
Starts With A Bang
7 changes destroying the Moon would have on planet Earth
Earth, the only rocky planet with a large, massive satellite, is greatly
affected by the Moon. Destroying it would cause 7 major changes.
Starts With A Bang
10 revolutionary finds from JWST’s first 2 years of science
In July of 2022, the first science images from JWST were unveiled. Two years
later, it’s changed our view of the Universe.
Starts With A Bang
Deep space really is completely dark, New Horizons shows
From inside our Solar System, zodiacal light prevents us from seeing true
darkness. From billions of miles away, New Horizons finally can.
Starts With A Bang
The cosmic redemption of astronomer John Couch Adams
Adams was infamously scooped when Neptune was discovered in 1846. His failure
wasn’t the end, but a prelude to a world-changing discovery.
Starts With A Bang
Strongest “missing link” in black hole physics discovered at last
We know of stellar mass and supermassive black holes, but intermediate mass ones
have long proved elusive. Until now.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Up Next
13.8
Gaia theory: The once-controversial idea that life shapes Earth’s evolution
In the 1970s, James Lovelock proposed that the biosphere was not just green
scruff quivering on Earth’s surface. Instead, it managed to take over the
geospheres.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE

Recommended by
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE

Recommended by


FOOTER

Subscribe
Get counterintuitive, surprising, and impactful stories delivered to your inbox
every Thursday.
Fields marked with an * are required
Email *





If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty.

Follow Us
View our Youtube channel
View our Facebook page
View our Instagram feed
View our Twitter (X) feed
View our LinkedIn account
Sections
 * Business
 * Neuropsych
 * Thinking
 * Leadership
 * Smart Skills
 * High Culture
 * The Past
 * The Present
 * The Future
 * Life
 * Health
 * Hard Science
 * Special Issues

Columns
 * Starts With A Bang
 * Everyday Philosophy
 * The Learning Curve
 * The Long Game
 * The Well
 * Perception Box
 * Strange Maps
 * 13.8

Video
 * The Big Think Interview
 * Your Brain on Money
 * Playlists
 * Explore the Library

About
 * Our Mission
 * Work With Us
 * Contact
 * Privacy Policy
 * Terms of Use
 * Accessibility
 * Careers

Subscribe
 * Free Newsletters
 * Memberships

 * The Weekly Crossword

Get Big Think for Your Business. Enable transformation and drive culture at your
company with lessons from the biggest thinkers in the world.
Learn More →
© Copyright 2007-2024 & BIG THINK, BIG THINK PLUS, SMARTER FASTER trademarks
owned by Freethink Media, Inc. All rights reserved.

Close Advertisement


BIG THINK ASKS FOR YOUR CONSENT TO USE YOUR PERSONAL DATA TO:

 * perm_identity
   Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement,
   audience research and services development
 * devices
   Store and/or access information on a device

expand_moreremove
Learn more
 * 
   How can I change my choice?
 * 
   What if I don't consent?
 * 
   How does legitimate interest work?
 * 
   Do I have to consent to everything?

Your personal data will be processed and information from your device (cookies,
unique identifiers, and other device data) may be stored by, accessed by and
shared with 135 TCF vendor(s) and 63 ad partner(s), or used specifically by this
site or app.

Some vendors may process your personal data on the basis of legitimate interest,
which you can object to by managing your options below. Look for a link at the
bottom of this page to manage or withdraw consent in privacy and cookie
settings.

Consent



Manage options

arrow_back

Data preferences


MANAGE YOUR DATA

You can choose how your personal data is used. Vendors want your permission to
do the following:

TCF vendors

help_outline


STORE AND/OR ACCESS INFORMATION ON A DEVICE

Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers,
randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other
information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported
technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each
time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes
presented here.

View details
Consent (118 vendors)


USE LIMITED DATA TO SELECT ADVERTISING

Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such
as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type
or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit
the number of times an ad is presented to you).

View details
Consent (69 vendors)Legitimate interest (31 vendors)help_outline


CREATE PROFILES FOR PERSONALISED ADVERTISING

Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit,
content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you
(for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other
websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a
profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects).
Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more
relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.

View details
Consent (94 vendors)


USE PROFILES TO SELECT PERSONALISED ADVERTISING

Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising
profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or
apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and
personal aspects.

View details
Consent (90 vendors)


CREATE PROFILES TO PERSONALISE CONTENT

Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit,
non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other
information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other
websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a
profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and
personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that
appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the
order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to
find content that matches your interests.

View details
Consent (27 vendors)


USE PROFILES TO SELECT PERSONALISED CONTENT

Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content
personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other
services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible
interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order
in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find
(non-advertising) content that matches your interests.

View details
Consent (22 vendors)


MEASURE ADVERTISING PERFORMANCE

Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact
with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other
users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance,
whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a
product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the
relevance of advertising campaigns.

View details
Consent (76 vendors)Legitimate interest (46 vendors)help_outline


MEASURE CONTENT PERFORMANCE

Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact
with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g.
reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether
you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product
description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc.
This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content
that is shown to you.

View details
Consent (31 vendors)Legitimate interest (13 vendors)help_outline


UNDERSTAND AUDIENCES THROUGH STATISTICS OR COMBINATIONS OF DATA FROM DIFFERENT
SOURCES

Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user
profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your
interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising)
content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which
target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).

View details
Consent (57 vendors)Legitimate interest (21 vendors)help_outline


DEVELOP AND IMPROVE SERVICES

Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with
ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to
build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of
audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or
improvement of user profiles and identifiers.

View details
Consent (66 vendors)Legitimate interest (37 vendors)help_outline


USE LIMITED DATA TO SELECT CONTENT

Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as
the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type,
or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit
the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).

View details
Consent (12 vendors)Legitimate interest (2 vendors)help_outline


ENSURE SECURITY, PREVENT AND DETECT FRAUD, AND FIX ERRORS

help_outline

Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent
activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure
systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct
any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery
of content and ads and in your interaction with them.

View details


DELIVER AND PRESENT ADVERTISING AND CONTENT

help_outline

Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to
ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to
facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.

View details


SAVE AND COMMUNICATE PRIVACY CHOICES

help_outline

The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice
are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals
(such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this
service and those entities to respect such choices.

View details


MATCH AND COMBINE DATA FROM OTHER DATA SOURCES

help_outline

Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with
other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for
instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card
in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in
this notice.

View details


LINK DIFFERENT DEVICES

help_outline

In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be
considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your
household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both
your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet
connection on both devices).

View details


IDENTIFY DEVICES BASED ON INFORMATION TRANSMITTED AUTOMATICALLY

help_outline

Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it
automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of
your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the
purposes exposed in this notice.

View details


USE PRECISE GEOLOCATION DATA

With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500
metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.

View details
Consent

Vendor preferences

Accept all



Confirm choices

arrow_back

Vendor preferences


CONFIRM OUR VENDORS

Vendors can use your data to provide services. Declining a vendor can stop them
from using the data you shared.

TCF vendors

help_outline


EXPONENTIAL INTERACTIVE, INC D/B/A VDX.TV

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ROQ.AD GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


INDEX EXCHANGE INC.

Cookie duration: 395 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Precise
location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


QUANTCAST

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BEESWAXIO CORPORATION

Cookie duration: 395 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SOVRN, INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADIKTEEV

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


RTB HOUSE S.A.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


THE UK TRADE DESK LTD

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NEXXEN INC.

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


EPSILON

Cookie duration: 184 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


YAHOO EMEA LIMITED

Cookie duration: 397 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADVENTORI SAS

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRIPLE LIFT, INC.

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


XANDR, INC.

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NEORY GMBH

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NEXXEN GROUP LLC

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NEURAL.ONE

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device
characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADITION (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ACTIVE AGENT (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TABOOLA EUROPE LIMITED

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EQUATIV

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADFORM A/S

Cookie duration: 3650 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MAGNITE, INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


RATEGAIN ADARA INC

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SIFT MEDIA, INC

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Precise
location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


RAKUTEN MARKETING LLC

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


LUMEN RESEARCH LIMITED

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


AMAZON AD SERVER

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


OPENX

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


YIELDLAB (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ROKU ADVERTISING SERVICES

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NANO INTERACTIVE GROUP LTD.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, Browsing and
interaction data, Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SIMPLIFI HOLDINGS LLC

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Precise location data, Device
identifiers

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PUBMATIC, INC

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


COMSCORE B.V.

Cookie duration: 720 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


FLASHTALKING

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Privacy choices

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PULSEPOINT, INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SMAATO, INC.

Cookie duration: 21 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Precise location data, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SEMASIO GMBH

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Device identifiers, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CRIMTAN HOLDINGS LIMITED

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


GENIUS SPORTS UK LIMITED

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CRITEO SA

Cookie duration: 390 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADLOOX SA

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BLIS GLOBAL LIMITED

Cookie duration: 400 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LOTAME SOLUTIONS, INC

Cookie duration: 274 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LIVERAMP

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GROUPM UK LIMITED

Cookie duration: 395 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


LOOPME LIMITED

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DYNATA LLC

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ASK LOCALA

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Precise
location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AZIRA

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DOUBLEVERIFY INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device
characteristics, Privacy choices

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


BIDSWITCH GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


IPONWEB GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NEXTROLL, INC.

Cookie duration: 183 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TEADS FRANCE SAS

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


STRÖER SSP GMBH (SSP)

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


OS DATA SOLUTIONS GMBH & CO. KG

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PERMODO GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PLATFORM161 B.V.

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BASIS GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SMADEX, S.L.U.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BOMBORA INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


EASYMEDIA GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


REMERGE GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADVANCED STORE GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Device identifiers

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MAGNITE CTV, INC.

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DELTA PROJECTS AB

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


USEMAX ADVERTISEMENT (EMEGO GMBH)

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Users’ profiles

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EMETRIQ GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PUBLICIS MEDIA GMBH

Cookie duration: 1825 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


M.D. PRIMIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

Cookie duration: 25 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ONETAG LIMITED

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES S.A.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SMARTOLOGY LIMITED

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: IP addresses

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


IMPROVE DIGITAL

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADOBE ADVERTISING CLOUD

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BANNERFLOW AB

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Device
characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


TABMO SAS

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


INTEGRAL AD SCIENCE (INCORPORATING ADMANTX)

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


WIZALY

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


WEBORAMA

Cookie duration: 393 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


JIVOX CORPORATION

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


VISTAR MEDIA EMEA BV

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ON DEVICE RESEARCH LIMITED

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Precise location data, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ROCKABOX MEDIA LTD

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device characteristics

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


EXACTAG GMBH

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CELTRA INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Precise location data, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MAINADV SRL

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GEMIUS SA

Cookie duration: 1825 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


THE KANTAR GROUP LIMITED

Cookie duration: 914 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NIELSEN MEDIA RESEARCH LTD.

Cookie duration: 120 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SOLOCAL SA

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Precise location data, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PIXALATE, INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ORACLE ADVERTISING

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NUMBERLY

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AUDIENCEPROJECT A/S

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DEMANDBASE, INC.

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EFFILIATION / EFFINITY

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

Data collected and processed: Device characteristics

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ARRIVALIST CO.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SEENTHIS AB

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch


COMMANDERS ACT

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device identifiers

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRAVEL AUDIENCE GMBH

Cookie duration: 397 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


HUMAN

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Device identifiers, Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


ADLUDIO LTD.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BLENDEE SRL

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


INNOVID LLC

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy
choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PAPIRFLY AS

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


NEUSTAR, INC., A TRANSUNION COMPANY

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers,
Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


VERVE GROUP EUROPE GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Precise location data, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


OTTO (GMBH & CO KG)

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
User-provided data, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADOBE AUDIENCE MANAGER, ADOBE EXPERIENCE PLATFORM

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LOCALSENSOR B.V.

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Precise
location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ONLINE SOLUTION

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


RELAY42 NETHERLANDS B.V.

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GP ONE GMBH

Cookie duration: Uses session cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device characteristics, Privacy
choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


THE MEDIAGRID INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MINDTAKE RESEARCH GMBH

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Users’
profiles

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CINT AB

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GOOGLE ADVERTISING PRODUCTS

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


GFK GMBH

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device
characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy
choices

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


REVJET

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PROTECTED MEDIA LTD

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


CLINCH LABS LTD

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Device identifiers,
Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ORACLE DATA CLOUD - MOAT

Doesn't use cookies.

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses

more




View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


HEARTS AND SCIENCE MÜNCHEN GMBH

Cookie duration: 60 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AMAZON ADVERTISING

Cookie duration: 396 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MOLOCO, INC.

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Device
identifiers, Device characteristics

more

Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADTRIBA GMBH

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


OBJECTIVE PARTNERS BV

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: Device identifiers

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ENSIGHTEN

Cookie duration: 1825 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Privacy choices

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline


EBAY INC

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device characteristics, Privacy
choices

more




View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


METRIXLAB NEDERLAND B.V.

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
User-provided data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics

more

Uses other forms of storage.


View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


HURRA COMMUNICATIONS GMBH

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses,
Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers

more

Cookie duration resets each session.


View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent

Ad partners

help_outline


AKAMAI

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


META

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AUNICA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BOOKING.COM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


C3 METRICS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


IBM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EVIDON

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADACADO

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


INTELLIAD

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DSTILLERY

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MEDIAMATH

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ZMS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


OMNICOM MEDIA GROUP

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


RESONATE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SOJERN

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRADEDOUBLER AB

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRUSTARC

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRUEFFECT

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRAVEL DATA COLLECTIVE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADVOLUTION.CONTROL

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LIFESTREET

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADMAXIM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BATCH MEDIA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


VODAFONE GMBH

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MAGNITE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SCENESTEALER

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NETQUEST

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MANAGE.COM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CLOUDFLARE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SALESFORCE DMP

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NETFLIX

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EBUILDERS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


APPLOVIN CORP.

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


FRACTIONAL MEDIA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


RACKSPACE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LIFTOFF

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MSI-ACI

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADMETRICS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NAVEGG

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADMEDO

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


KOCHAVA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MOBITRANS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADEX

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


IMPACT

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SPOTAD

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AARKI

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SFR

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CABLATO

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


WAYSTACK

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRESENSA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GSKINNER

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CUBED

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


OPTOMATON

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ANALIGHTS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DENTSU AEGIS NETWORK

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DIGISEG

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


HAENSEL AMS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BDSK HANDELS GMBH & CO. KG

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MARKETING SCIENCE CONSULTING GROUP, INC.

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DENTSU

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


KOBLER

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


WIDESPACE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


VIMEO

Privacy policylaunch
Consent

Accept all



Confirm choices

Close




Read More