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* ISSN 2523-9597
GLOBAL JOURNAL IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(GLOB.J.CIV.ENG.)
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GLOBAL JOURNAL IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(GLOB. J. CIV. ENG.)
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GLOBAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (GLOB.J.CIV.ENG.) PROVIDES A FORUM FOR
PRESENTATIONS OF PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS FROM A GLOBAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING (GVCCE). IT IS A DEPOSITORY OF GVCCE ARTICLES AND RESEARCH
PAPERS STARTING ITS FIRST CONFERENCE IN 2016. IT IS ALSO THE DEPARTMENT OF
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SCOPE OF THE JOURNAL COVERS ANY COMBINATION OF THEORETICAL, EXPERIMENTAL, AND
COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO ADVANCE THE PROFESSION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN
BOTH THEORY AND PRACTICE. IT INCLUDES BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO THE FOLLOWING
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING SUCH AS:
* Structural Engineering,
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* An emerging field of today's urban development
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* The abstract should be 100-250 words which contains the introduction,
methodology, and the results of the study.
* The paper should have 5 - 16 pages prepared in Microsoft Word format
(.doc) for the conference paper and for a thesis more than 16 pages is
acceptable.
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* All texts will be in Times New Roman font. Font size for the title in 20
pt, author names in 13 pt, author affiliation in 12 pt, email address in
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pt., subsections in 12 pt., and the main text is 11 points. All interval -
single.
* Order of paper: Title, Author, Affiliation, email address, Abstract,
Keywords, Introduction, Section and sub-headings, text, table and figures
(if any), Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References, Author's biography
(50 words).
CITATION AND INDEX
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ISSUE 1: VOLUME 1
ISSUE 1: VOLUME 2
ISSUE 1: VOLUME 3
ISSUE 1: VOLUME 4
ISSUE 1: VOLUME 5
ISSUE 1: VOLUME 6
CONFERENCES
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GVCCE 2017
GVCCE 2018
GVCCE 2019
GVCCE 2020
GVCCE 2023
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Articles, Theses, others
ANNOUNCEMENT
Call for paper GVCCE 2024
* ISSUE 1-VOL 1
2017
ENHANCED ROCK OYSTER MOUND AS BREAKWATER SYSTEM
Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil
Engineering (GVCCE) 2016
12 Pages Posted: 17 Jan 2018
RONALD ORALE
SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
JESUS RACUYAL
SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Date Written: December 28, 2017
ABSTRACT
The existing rock mound technology specifically those erected for rock
oysters (saccustrea cucullata) posed several problems such as growth
efficiency, water circulation, sediment accumulation, and durability against
waves. This paper investigated on a laboratory scale using a physical model
of a coastal zone. About 141 test runs were made to measure and observe the
resilience, wave-breaking ability, sediment transport, and water circulation
of five different rock mound shapes and set-ups/arrangements. Data showed
that the droplet and the diamond shape arranged in a staggered formation was
the optimum design. The droplet shape provided a more cost-effective design
as a rock oyster mound and as a breakwater set-up. Validation of the design
in an actual environment is recommended.
Keywords: rock mounds, coastal protection, sisi, sacostrea cucullata,
mariculture
Suggested Citation:
Orale, Ronald and Racuyal, Jesus, Enhanced Rock Oyster Mounds As Breakwater
System (December 28, 2017). Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Global
Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2016, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3087108 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3087108
To Download the full paper:
AVAILABLE AT SSRN: HTTPS://SSRN.COM/ABSTRACT=3087108 OR
HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.2139/SSRN.3087108
AN APPLICATION OF TBEC-2018 IN THE PREDICTION OF RETAINING WALL DIMENSIONS
WITH SIMPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2020
11 Pages Posted: 24 Nov 2020
Z. AKBAY ARAMA
ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY-CERRAHPAŞA
HAZAL BERRAK GENÇDAL
ISTANBUL KULTUR UNIVERSITY
Date Written: November 12, 2020
ABSTRACT
Retaining walls are common engineering structures that are built to resist
the lateral earth pressures generally caused by the excavations. It has
always been a suspicious subject for engineers to design the retaining walls
under dynamic loads. In this context, In Turkey, the Turkish Building
Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018) is developed to perform more sensitive
analyses to increase the welfare and security of society, depending on
structural safety. TBEC-2018 has also mentioned the design of the reinforced
concrete retaining walls (RCRW) under seismic loads at the 16th section. The
design of the RCRW walls is performed in this study, according to TBEC. It is
considering the change of the excavation depth, the shear strength angle of
the soil and the unit weight of the soil, the surcharge load. The change of
the dimensions has been investigated and conducted simple regression analyses
to obtain design expressions based on the change of mentioned variants.
Keywords: Turkish Earthquake Building Code, Reinforced Concrete Retaining
Walls, Earthquake Resistant Design
SUGGESTED CITATION:
Akbay Arama, Zulal and Dalyan, İlknur and Akın, M. Selahaddin and Gençdal,
Hazal Berrak, An Application of TBEC-2018 in the Prediction of Retaining Wall
Dimensions with Simple Regression Analysis (November 12, 2020). Global
Journal in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2020, Global Virtual Conference
in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2020, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3734163
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3734163
AXIAL TENSILE STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF NATURALLY TREATED BAMBOO AS POSSIBLE
REPLACEMENT OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN THE CONCRETE BEAM
Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil
Engineering (GVCCE) 2016
9 Pages Posted: 16 Jan 2018
TEODORO JR. AMATOSA
NORTHWEST SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY - COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MICHAEL LORETERO
UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLO DE GUATEMALA - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DATE WRITTEN: DECEMBER 6, 2017
ABSTRACT
This paper was undertaken to evaluate Giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper)
which is an abundant natural resource that can be considered as an
alternative for construction materials for reinforcement to compensate for
the low tensile property of the concrete. Considering the cost, even though
steel reinforcement is a very suitable material for complementing concrete’s
low tensile strength, bamboo products enter the diverse worldwide markets,
and the value of these natural resources stands to grow. Bamboo and steel are
structural materials with different engineering qualities used for the
construction of buildings and other engineering construction-related
purposes. To overcome these problems, the full socio-economic potential of
bamboo is yet to be realized as an alternative materials to substitute the
reinforcing bar in concrete for less important structures by investigating
the tensile properties of this type of natural reinforcement. To evaluate
these properties, 5 each bamboo were tested in natural preservation submerged
in fresh water and salt water for 7 days and 28 days cycles for the internode
and node section in which a tension test was conducted on the bamboo specimen
following the ASTM standards. From this test, the average ultimate tensile
strength is approximately 211.18 MPa in the specimens without nodes for 7
days soaked in salt water and 138.97 MPa in the specimens with nodes soaked
in fresh water for 28 days. Finally, 7 cycles of wetting and drying in a
solution of salt-water treated did not increase the bamboo tensile strength
neither the Young’s Modulus, therefore, the study concludes that due to the
minimal breaking force (FB) of bamboo, it cannot be employed as a main
structural member in buildings and other heavy engineering works but can be
used for partition walls, ceilings, roofs and other areas of lightweight
engineering construction that is not heavy loadbearing capacity.
Keywords: Construction Materials, Dendrocalamus Asper Bamboo, Mechanical
Properties, Natural Preservation, Ultimate Tensile Strength
Suggested Citation:
Amatosa, Teodoro Jr. and Loretero, Michael, Axial Tensile Strength Analysis
of Naturally Treated Bamboo As Possible Replacement of Steel Reinforcement in
the Concrete Beam (December 6, 2017). Papua New Guinea University of
Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2016,
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3083832 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3083832
To Download the full paper:
AVAILABLE AT SSRN: HTTPS://SSRN.COM/ABSTRACT=3083832 OR
HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.2139/SSRN.3083832
FLOOD FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF GANDARA RIVER: INPUT TO FLOOD CONTROL PROGRAM
Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil
Engineering (GVCCE) 2016
11 Pages Posted: 13 Dec 2017
LADY ANN FABILLAR
SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
FELISA GOMBA
SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
DATE WRITTEN: MAY 25, 2017
ABSTRACT
The flooding problem in San Jorge Samar may be solved through an effective
implementation of flood control program. As such, the primary purpose of this
study is to estimate the potential parameters of flood occurrence of the
Gandara River along San Jorge channel through its topography, hydrological
characteristics and siltation manifestation. As part of an assessment
process, this study also defines the existing practice of flood control
initiatives, evaluate and eventually propose a flood control program. As
guided by the DPWH Flood Control Planning Manual, assessment and computation
of the needed parameters in planning and design of flood control program was
processed through HEC-HMS (Hydrological Engineering Center–Hydrologic
Modeling System) software. Findings suggest San Jorge urban areas, as well as
portions of its adjacent barangays as depicted in topography, is surrounded
by significant upland and rolling area. Gandara River Basin at San Jorge
channel is considered a flood prone. As to some hydrological characteristics
contributory to a flooding event, at extreme precipitation, the resulting
floodplain adjacent to the river channel covers a total 4,315,568 square
meters, inundating big portion of mostly a commercial, educational and
agricultural area. Peak discharge is 1474 cubic meters per second, that
produces a flood depth that reached up to about 7 meters which are
significantly high. Sedimentation or siltation is also contributory to
flooding events in the area, As there is no concrete strategy of flood
control yet, flooding event remains a devastating phenomenon annually. Hence,
it is imperative to establish a mitigating if not a control measures for
Gandara River at San Jorge, Samar, Philippines. Presented in the last part of
this study is a proposal for Flood Control Program for Gandara River as a
recommendation to the local government of San Jorge, Samar, Philippines.
Keywords: Hazard, Hydrologic Modelling, Flood Control Program, Topography,
River, Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change and Growth
Suggested Citation:
Fabillar, Lady Ann and Gomba, Felisa, Flood for Hazard Assessment of Gandara
River: Input to Flood Control Program (May 25, 2017). Papua New Guinea
University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering
(GVCCE) 2016, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3085386 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3085386
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3085386 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3085386
STRENGTHENING RABAUL VOLCANIC ASH (RVA) CEMENT COMPRESSISBILITY WITH THE
ADDITION OF LIME
Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil
Engineering (GVCCE) 2016
6 Pages Posted: 11 Dec 2017
MIRZI BETASOLO
PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
ALLAN DROMENGE
NATIONAL AIRPORTS CORPORATION - CIVIL AVIATION DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT
PROGRAMME
Date Written: February 19, 2017
ABSTRACT
With the rise in population in Pakistan, the number of vehicles is also
increasing, these increasing numbers of vehicles cause problems for existing
road structures in terms of distress, failures, and the environment in terms
of pollutant gases and landfills. The purpose of this study is to cater to
both the problems, i.e., structural and environmental. The study covers the
use of crumb rubber which is obtained from waste rubber tires of vehicles, in
bitumen Grade 60/70 of Attock oil refinery, so that the properties of bitumen
can be enhanced. Crumb rubber was ground and mixed in bitumen at different
percentages for testing the softening point, Ductility, penetration, and
flash and fire point. Results indicated that the addition of crumb rubber
enhanced different properties i.e. reduced penetration, increased softening
point and flash and fire point, and reduced ductility.
Keywords: distresses, crumb rubber, flash point
Suggested Citation:
Betasolo, Mirzi and Dromenge, Allan, Strengthening Rabaul Volcanic Ash (RVA)
Cement Compressibility with the Addition of Lime (February 19, 2017). Papua
New Guinea University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil
Engineering (GVCCE) 2016, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2971147
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2971147
A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA
RIVER GRAVEL USING THE REPEAT LOAD TRIAXIAL (RLT) - A PERFORMANCE - BASED
TEST
Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil
Engineering (GVCCE) 2016
8 Pages Posted: 12 Dec 2017
MALING AMBRANGA
DEPARTMENT OF WORKS
ROD FINCHAM
CARDNO
MIRZI BETASOLO
PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Date Written: February 19, 2017
ABSTRACT
Roads in Papua New Guinea (PNG) do not appear to perform to design
expectations. Premature pavement failure followed by rapid deterioration
seems to be the current trend in PNG’s road systems. Most roads in PNG are
built using river gravel as unbound granular material (UGM) for pavement. The
use of river gravels is believed to be one of the causes of early pavement
failure in PNG even though it complies with the current specifications. The
present method of characterizing the unbound granular pavement base materials
which are the most critical component of the pavement layer is inadequate.
The current empirical characterization and specification of pavement
materials are ineffective in that the tests employed do not take into account
the real in-service performance of the pavement under cyclic traffic loading.
Recent developments and advancements in pavement engineering have revealed
that the relevant materials’ characteristic parameters should undergo testing
through more representative performance-based tests. These new tests offer
more insight into the physical behavior for fair characterization by
simulating the in-service conditions of the pavement materials under cyclic
traffic loadings. In this study, four samples of common PNG base course
materials including river gravel were tested in New Zealand using the Repeat
Load Triaxial (RLT) testing apparatus (a performance-based test). The results
showed that the river gravels were extremely moisture-sensitive compared to
coronous and limestone. Thus, the study concluded that the use of River
Gravel as UGM is one of the leading causes of premature pavement failure that
contributes to poor road performances in PNG.
Keywords: Unbound, Granular Materials, Pavement, Base Materials,
Performance-Based Tests
Suggested Citation:
Ambranga, Maling and Fincham, Rod and Betasolo, Mirzi, A Comparative
Evaluation of the Structural Performance of Papua New Guinea River Gravel
Using the Repeat Load Triaxial (RLT)- a Performance-Based Test (February 19,
2017). Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference
in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2016, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3084408
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3084408
POLYPROPYLENE FIBER (DISPOSABLE PLASTIC CUPS) REINFORCED AUTOCLAVED CONCRETE
Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil
Engineering (GVCCE) 2016
5 Pages Posted: 30 Jan 2018
MIRZI BETASOLO
Papua New Guinea University of Technology
ANNA LAGEO
Papua New Guinea (PNG) University of Technology, Department of Civil
Engineering, Students
WILLIAM KASAI
Papua New Guinea (PNG) University of Technology, Department of Civil
Engineering, Students
RELVIE KATHOA
Papua New Guinea (PNG) University of Technology, Department of Civil
Engineering, Students
WILLIAM KIPIT
Papua New Guinea (PNG) University of Technology, Department of Civil
Engineering, Students
SAMSON KUEYAK
Papua New Guinea (PNG) University of Technology, Department of Civil
Engineering, Students
Date Written: December 10, 2017
ABSTRACT
The fast-food chain has brought several innovations in food holders including
plastic cups and other food packaging made from polypropylene. It is extruded
into many plastic products because of its toughness, flexibility,
lightweight, and heat resistance built up by the polymerization of propylene.
Due to its convenience and lightweight, it adds to the vast accumulation of
wastes thrown into a temporary dumpsite of the Papua New Guinea University of
Technology (PNGUOT) located adjacent to the PNGUOT Forest Habitat. It also
adds to the large numbers of waste burned on the University premises. The
method of utilization of this essential and most common type of product in
many households, offices, and mess halls, is to recycle it by making it as a
fiber reinforcement to concrete. Polypropylene can withstand heat up to 160oC
and the curing used for the polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete is by
autoclave, a high steam electric machine at 121oC at a constant pressure of
220 KPa. The result shows that the polypropylene fiber has a sound
reinforcement effect on concrete and has a compressive strength that of
lightweight concrete.
Keywords: Polypropylene, Autoclaved Concrete, Lightweight Concrete, Fiber
Reinforced Concrete
Suggested Citation:
Betasolo, Mirzi and Lageo, Anna and Kasai, William and Kathoa, Relvie and
Kipit, William and Kueyak, Samson, Polypropylene Fiber (Disposable Plastic
Cups) Reinforced Autoclaved Concrete (December 10, 2017). Papua New Guinea
University of Technology, Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering
(GVCCE) 2016, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3085379
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3085379
.
* ISSUE 1-VOL 2
2018
EFFECT OF CRUMB RUBBER ON PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN OF GRADE 60/70 DENTIFICATION
OF LANDSLIDES ZONE BY SPATIAL BASED MAPPING AND PLAXIS MODELING
6 Pages Posted: 17 Feb 2018
HASNAIN GARDEZI
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
ARSHAD HUSSAIN
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
Date Written: January 24, 2018
ABSTRACT
With the rise in population in Pakistan, the number of vehicles is also
increasing, these increasing numbers of vehicles cause problems for existing
road structures in terms of distress, failures, and the environment in terms
of pollutant gases and landfills. The purpose of this study is to cater to
both the problems, i.e., structural and environmental. The study covers the
use of crumb rubber which is obtained from waste rubber tires of vehicles, in
bitumen Grade 60/70 of Attock oil refinery, so that the properties of bitumen
can be enhanced. Crumb rubber was ground and mixed in bitumen at different
percentages for testing the softening point, Ductility, penetration, and
flash and fire point. Results indicated that the addition of crumb rubber
enhanced different properties i.e. reduced penetration, increased softening
point and flash and fire point, and reduced ductility.
Keywords: distresses, crumb rubber, flash point
Suggested Citation:
Gardezi, Hasnain and Hussain, Arshad, Effect of Crumb Rubber on Properties of
Bitumen of Grade 60/70 (January 24, 2018). Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3108429 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3108429
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3108429 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3108429
IDENTIFICATION OF LANDSLIDES ZONE BY SPATIAL BASED MAPPING AND PLAXIS
MODELING
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering under Innovation (GVCCE) 2017
7 Pages Posted: 1 Feb 2018
SOEWIGNJO NUGROHO
UNIVERSITY OF RIAU
MUHAMAD YUSA
UNIVERSITY OF RIAU
ANDARSIN ONGKO
UNIVERSITY OF RIAU
Date Written: December 13, 2017
ABSTRACT
Landslides are the natural disaster where a mass of soil/rock slides down
from the higher to the lower place under the influence of gravity and water.
This accident has caused a lot of victims. Therefore, an earlier estimation
is needed in order to identify which spots/locations are vulnerable to this
disaster. One of the ways to identify those spots i.e. by mapping. In this
research, the mapping was done by utilizing the spatial-based technology i.e.
the Drone technology to record the location's image which vulnerable to be
devastated by this disaster. From the mapping results, an image of the slope
will be obtained. This image is next to be plotted and modeled manually by
using Plaxis Software. Then, the modeling results will be analyzed especially
when the slope was having some failures. Aside from analyzing with Plaxis,
the slope failures are also influenced by the mechanical and physical
properties of soil. Therefore, laboratory tests were necessary. Laboratory
tests were purposed to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of soil.
The final analysis result by using Plaxis was the safety factor from those
chosen spots.
Keywords: Landslides, Spatial-based Technology, Plaxis Software, Safety
Factor
Suggested Citation:
Nugr, Soewignjo and Yusa, Muhamad and Ongko, Andarsin, Identification of
Landslides Zone by Spatial Based Mapping and Plaxis Modeling (December 13,
2017). Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering under Innovation
(GVCCE) 2017, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3108400
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3108400
IDENTIFICATION OF LANDSLIDES ZONE BY SPATIAL BASED MAPPING AND PLAXIS
MODELING
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering under Innovation (GVCCE) 2017
7 Pages Posted: 1 Feb 2018
SOEWIGNJO NUGROHO
UNIVERSITY OF RIAU
MUHAMAD YUSA
UNIVERSITY OF RIAU
ANDARSIN ONGKO
UNIVERSITY OF RIAU
Date Written: December 13, 2017
ABSTRACT
Landslides are the natural disaster where a mass of soil/rock slides down
from the higher to the lower place under the influence of gravity and water.
This accident has caused a lot of victims. Therefore, an earlier estimation
is needed in order to identify which spots/locations are vulnerable to this
disaster. One of the ways to identify those spots i.e. by mapping. In this
research, the mapping was done by utilizing the spatial-based technology i.e.
the Drone technology to record the location's image which vulnerable to be
devastated by this disaster. From the mapping results, an image of the slope
will be obtained. This image is next to be plotted and modeled manually by
using Plaxis Software. Then, the modeling results will be analyzed especially
when the slope was having some failures. Aside from analyzing with Plaxis,
the slope failures are also influenced by the mechanical and physical
properties of soil. Therefore, laboratory tests were necessary. Laboratory
tests were purposed to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of soil.
The final analysis result by using Plaxis was the safety factor from those
chosen spots.
Keywords: Landslides, Spatial-based Technology, Plaxis Software, Safety
Factor
Suggested Citation:
Nugr, Soewignjo and Yusa, Muhamad and Ongko, Andarsin, Identification of
Landslides Zone by Spatial Based Mapping and Plaxis Modeling (December 13,
2017). Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering under Innovation
(GVCCE) 2017, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3108400
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3108400
.
* ISSUE 1-VOL 3
2019
MODELLING DESIGN HYDROGRAPH FOR SMALL CATCHMENT: A CASE OF RUPINARO RIVER
12 Pages Posted: 27 Jun 2019
ELENA CARCANO
PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Date Written: June 20, 2019
ABSTRACT
In order to evaluate different design assumptions, able to mitigate
hydrological risk and protect the town of Chiavari (located in the north
eastern part of Liguria region, Italy) from flood events of Rupinaro river, a
detailed analysis of the temporal development of floods needs to be carried
out. This work compares the volume in the stilling catchment to the total
volume of flood starting from accurate hydrographs of flood events and rate
of assigned return period. As a matter of fact, the general tendency of
engineers and public administration is to adopt excessively conservative
conditions which, decisively far from being real, end up discouraging and
impeding projects. This work aims to provide reliable flood hydrographs
associated to given return periods for the ungauged catchment of Rupinaro
river, those hydrographs are necessary to design millwork dams.
Keywords: catchment, hydrological risk, mitigation, flood protection, water
resources, watershed
Suggested Citation:
Carcano, Elena, Modelling Design Hydrograph for Small Catchment: A Case of
Rupinaro River (June 20, 2019). Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3106000 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3106000
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3106000 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3106000
APPLICATION OF QUEUING MODEL IN A BANKING SERVICE IN PNG
11 Pages Posted: 27 Jun 2019
BRIAN BILLY
affiliation not provided to SSRN
JOE PARU
affiliation not provided to SSRN
LUI MASTI
affiliation not provided to SSRN
HEROD MALO
affiliation not provided to SSRN
MIRZI BETASOLO
Papua New Guinea university of Technology
Date Written: January 24, 2018
ABSTRACT
Queuing is a common sight in the service industry such as bank transactions
of employees receiving their wages at the end of a fortnight and other
customers working in private or sector. Customers and service providers place
differing values of the time. Those who have access to privileges with a fee
passes the queue while those who can't remain in the line. The paradigm shift
in technology and ICT has created a new brand of society that considers
queuing as a thing of the past. The use of mobile fund transfer or online
banking relieves the challenges. The paper uses the method Queuing model or
waiting for line model which is the one mathematical model used to study and
analyze long queues in the service industries. This paper will demonstrate
how well queuing models can be used to analyze and understand the behavior of
the queues particular in the banking industry using the QM for Windows
software. The result shows a better understanding of how time is valued and
is discussed in the paper presentation.
Keywords: queuing, quantitative methods, waiting line, queuing model, QM for
windows, online banking, mobile banking, banking system, Papua New Guinea
Suggested Citation:
Billy, Brian and Paru, Joe and Masti, Lui and Malo, Herod and Betasolo,
Mirzi, Application of Queuing Model in a Banking Service in PNG (January 24,
2018). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3108466 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3108466
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3108466 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3108466
FACTORS AFFECTING ROAD CONDITION OVER TIME - IN PARTICULAR THE USE OF RIVER
GRAVEL
9 Pages Posted: 6 Nov 2019
ROD FINCHAM
CARDNO
Date Written: November 28, 2017
ABSTRACT
This presentation will not be of a highly technical nature. More of a story
about the subject, with one or two technical references thrown in, which can
be consulted at a later time. There is ample reference material available on
most of the topics covered, either in technical journals or on the internet.
Reference material on the performance of river gravel is scant, however.
Particular references will be provided for this.
Keywords: river gravel, road condition, transport system, road failure, road
maintenance
Suggested Citation:
Fincham, Rod, Factors Affecting Road Condition Over Time – In Particular the
Use of River Gravel (November 28, 2017). Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3119042 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3119042
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3119042 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3119042
SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGIES AND KAIZEN PROJECT DEPLOYMENT: A STRATEGIC
DEVELOPMENT FOR OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE THROUGH PROCESS INNOVATION
40 Pages Posted: 26 Jun 2019
DANIEL JR. DASIG
UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI
Date Written: February 14, 2018
ABSTRACT
The changing demands and challenging landscape of today's global economy have
reshaped sectors of the economy and transform organizations. This
transformation welcomes industries to develop its business acumen, invest in
business process improvement and re-engineer its processes design and
improved its portfolio. This paper presents a service management industry
Kaizen Project deployment using a Lean Six Sigma Methodologies as a strategic
move towards operational excellence. The researcher employed the Define,
Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control (DMAIC) approach to advance the project
pre-implementation, deployment, and its impact assessment. The project had a
positive improvement on the service processes, portfolio management
improvement, championed Lean Six Sigma best practices, improved company and
department Service Level Agreement, and business performance. The Knowledge
Management System and re-engineered service design was deployed and
economically provided significance to the company. Further, deployment of the
similar project to a larger institution and empirical investigation is
encouraged.
Keywords: kaizen project, lean principle, innovation management, process
innovation, business performance
Suggested Citation:
Dasig, Daniel Jr., Six Sigma Methodologies and Kaizen Project Deployment: A
Strategic Development for Operational Excellence Through Process Innovation
(February 14, 2018). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3123593 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3123593
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3123593 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3123593
PUBLICTRANSPORTAITON IMPROVEMENT IN PNG - A CASE STUDY OF LAE CITY
16 Pages Posted: 4 Jul 2019
ZAHID SULTAN
PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
JOSHUA BOMOTENG
PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
MOSTYN PIKO PHILEMON
PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
ANTHONY YALEHEN
PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Date Written: June 13, 2019
ABSTRACT
The issues surrounding public transportation is one that has been a growing
concern in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over the years. Especially for the city of
Lae, which is the country's largest industrial hub and cargo port and the
second biggest city has been experiencing increased rates of urban drifting.
The population influx has created an increased demand in public
transportation services. Despite the rising demands, very little attention
and effort have been given towards improving public transportation services
and facilities. Based on observations and firsthand experience gained from
the current transportation system, this paper brings forward problems and
issues accompanying Lae City public transport system. Key variables related
to public transport such as efficiency, safety, reliability and affordability
are evaluated by implying a revealed preference survey. Final evidence based
recommendation is suggested for the improvement of the situation.
Keywords: Public Transport, Efficiency, Safety, Reliability, Affordability,
PNG
Suggested Citation:
Sultan, Zahid and Bomoteng, Joshua and Philemon, Mostyn Piko and Yalehen,
Anthony, Public Transportation Improvement in PNG - A Case Study of Lae City
(June 13, 2019). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3137404 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3137404
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3137404 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3137404
* ISSUE 1-VOL 4
2020
AN APPLICAITON OF TBEC-2018 IN THE PREDICTION OF RETAINING WALL DIMENSIONS
WITH SIMPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2020
9 Pages Posted: 24 Nov 2020 Last revised: 5 Jan 2021
Z. AKBAY ARAMA
ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY-CERRAHPAŞA
İLKNUR DALYAN
TURKISH MINISTRY OF INTERIOR DISASTER AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PRECIDENCY
M. SELAHADDIN AKIN
KARTAL MUNICIPALITY
HAZAL BERRAK GENÇDAL
ISTANBUL KULTUR UNIVERSITY
Date Written: November 12, 2020
ABSTRACT
Retaining walls are common engineering structures that are built to resist
the lateral earth pressures generally caused by the excavations. It has
always been a suspicious subject for engineers to design the retaining walls
under dynamic loads. In this context, In Turkey, the Turkish Building
Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018) is developed to perform more sensitive
analyses to increase the welfare and security of society, depending on
structural safety. TBEC-2018 has also mentioned the design of the reinforced
concrete retaining walls (RCRW) under seismic loads at the 16th section. The
design of the RCRW walls is performed in this study, according to TBEC. It is
considering the change of the excavation depth, the shear strength angle of
the soil and the unit weight of the soil, the surcharge load. The change of
the dimensions has been investigated and conducted simple regression analyses
to obtain design expressions based on the change of mentioned variants.
Keywords: Turkish Earthquake Building Code, Reinforced Concrete Retaining
Walls, Earthquake Resistant Design
Suggested Citation:
Akbay Arama, Zulal and Dalyan, İlknur and Akın, M. Selahaddin and Gençdal,
Hazal Berrak, An Application of TBEC-2018 in the Prediction of Retaining Wall
Dimensions with Simple Regression Analysis (November 12, 2020). Global
Journal in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2020, Global Virtual Conference
in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2020, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3734163
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3734163
THE USAGE OF DIFFERENT DRYING TEMPERATURES TO DETERMINE THE ORGANIC MATTER IN
SOILS
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2020
11 Pages Posted: 24 Nov 2020
Z. AKBAY ARAMA
ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY-CERRAHPAŞA
HAZAL BERRAK GENÇDAL
ISTANBUL KULTUR UNIVERSITY
Date Written: November 12, 2020
ABSTRACT
The organic soils are considered to be problematic soil based on the
viewpoint of geotechnical engineering discipline depending on their tendency
to high compressibility. Depending on the low shear strength characteristics
of organic soils, the projects that are constructed on the soil formations
which include organic content greater than %20, have to be controlled in
terms of long term behaviour to ensure sustainable usage. Therefore, it is a
significant phenomenon to determine the organic content of the soil mass that
is dominated in the construction field of the envisaged project. Within the
context of the study, the instructions which are defined in “ASTM
D2974-Standard Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and
Other Organic Soils” is applied to the special soils which are obtained from
21 different test pits opened in Istanbul Province, Arnavutkoy district,
Tayakadin localization. It is aimed to search for the effects of the usage of
different drying temperatures on the determined amount of organic matter
contents of soil masses. Within this purpose, the C and D subdivisions of
ASTM D2974, which are suggested to apply 440 and 750°C drying temperatures,
respectively, are applied to identify the organic matter content of foreseen
soil types. Consequently, interpretations are made to specialize the
appropriateness of the application of high drying temperatures on soils and
the effective rates of drying temperatures on the determination of organic
content of soils.
Keywords: Water Content Determination, Organic Matter Content, Soil, Drying
Temperature, Physical test
Suggested Citation:
Akbay Arama, Zulal and Gençdal, Hazal Berrak, The Usage of Different Drying
Temperatures to Determine the Organic Matter in Soils (November 12, 2020).
Global Journal in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2020, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3734200
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3734200
EFFECT OF PULVERIZED GLASS POWDER ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF REVIBRATED
CONCRETE
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2020
11 Pages Posted: 18 Feb 2021 Last revised: 7 Jul 2021
SAMUEL AUTA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF INFRASTRUCTURES, PROCESS
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (FUTMINNA)
ABDULRAHMAN ABDULLAHI
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF INFRASTRUCTURES, PROCESS
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (FUTMINNA)
Date Written: November 13, 2020
ABSTRACT
Experimental study on the Effect of pulverized glass powder (PGP) on the
compressive strength of revibrated concrete is presented. A concrete mix of
1:2:4 was used to prepare a total of forty-eight fresh concrete cubes
specimen: sixteen for control with 0% PGP; thirty-two cubes for the different
percentages of OPC replacements (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% PGP). Each set of
fresh concrete cubes were subjected to initial vibration and then re-vibrated
at an interval of 10 minutes successions up to 1 hour. The compressive
strength was determined at 7 and 28-day curing age for each concrete cube.
The results show that maximum compressive strength were best achieved in
three categories: 21.39 N/mm2 for nonrevibrated; 23.64 N/mm2 and 18.34N/mm2
for 0% and 20% PGP revibrated concrete respectively. It is concluded that
pulverized glass can be blended with cement up to 20% PGP to achieve a
substantial compressive strength of revibrated concrete.
Keywords: Pulverised glass powder, revibrated concrete, compressive strength,
cement, percentage replacements
Suggested Citation:
Auta, Samuel and Abdullahi, Abdulrahman, Effect of Pulverized Glass Powder on
the Compressive Strength of Revibrated Concrete (November 13, 2020). Global
Journal in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2020, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3759494
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3759494
PROPERTIES OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE BY INCORPORATING MULTI-WALLED CARBON
NANOTUBES (MWCNTS) AND MARBLE POWDER
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2020
8 Pages Posted: 24 Nov 2020 Last revised: 5 Jan 2021
ABDUL JALIL KHAN
AFFILIATION NOT PROVIDED TO SSRN
LIAQAT ALI QURESHI
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (TAXILA)
MUHAMMAD NASIR AYAZ KHAN
AFFILIATION NOT PROVIDED TO SSRN
YASIR RASHEED
AFFILIATION NOT PROVIDED TO SSRN
LUQMAN ALI
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
SARDAR FAISAL ABBAS
HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA CANTT
Date Written: November 11, 2020
ABSTRACT
This research aims to enhance the properties of concrete by incorporating
innovative material and locally available cementitious waste materials. In
this study, innovative material Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) @
0.025% as well 5% marble powder by weight of cement has been incorporated in
concrete to study its fresh properties, compressive strength and
microstructural properties. A total of 42 specimens for 7 numbers of
different proportions were cast. The water-cement ratio of 0.45 was kept
constant throughout the research. Compressive strength was noted at 7 days
and 28 days curing through the compression testing machine. It was observed
that the highest strength was noted for mix having 0.20% of MWCNTs and lowest
was noted for control specimen having no MWCNTs and marble powder. The flow
of concrete tends to increase by incorporating MWCNTs. The Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) analysis confirms the formation of C-S-H gel in mixes having
MWCNTs. The formation of bridge layers was also visible in mixes having
MWCNTs and marble powder. This study recommends using 0.20% of MWCNTs and 5%
marble powder to achieve superior properties of concrete.
Keywords: Concrete, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), Cement, scanning
electron microscope (SEM), Compressive strength
Suggested Citation:
Khan, Abdul Jalil and Qureshi, Liaqat Ali and Ayaz Khan, Muhammad Nasir and
Rasheed, Yasir and Ali, Luqman and Abbas, Sardar Faisal, Properties of Plain
Cement Concrete by Incorporating Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and
Marble Powder (November 11, 2020). Global Journal in Civil Engineering, Vol.
2, No. 2, 2020, Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2020,
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3734250
To Download the full paper:
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3734250
.
* ISSUE 1-VOL 5
2023
EFFECT OF MOLARITY ON DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER HIGH
PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2023
7 Pages Posted: 31 December 2023
Ram Chatorikar
Government College of Engineering, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar,
Maharashtra, India.
chatorikar.ram@gmail.com
Sanjay Jamkar
Government College of Engineering, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar,
Maharashtra, India.
ssjamkar@yahoo.co
Date Written: December 14, 2023
ABSTRACT
This paper evaluates the effect for molarity of alkaline solution on
development of Geopolymer High Performance Concrete (GHPC). The important
parameters like alkaline/binder ratio (AL/B), molarity of alkaline solution,
curing temperature and fineness of binder plays an important role in the
development of GHPC. Alkaline binder solutions like Sodium Hydroxide and
Sodium Silicate were used in present investigation. Molarity of alkaline
solution of Sodium Hydroxide was varied from M10, M12, M14 and M16. Alkaline
binder ratio was considered as 0.35 and processed fly ash (FA) as a binder
was used for development of GHPC in the present investigation and tested for
compressive strength after 3 hours, 8 hours and 24 hours oven heat curing
period. Oven heat curing temperature was maintained at 90˚C. It was observed
that as the molarity of alkaline solution increases, compressive strength of
cured geopolymer samples also increases moderately but workability of fresh
geopolymer concrete mixes reduced from molarity M14 to M16.
Keywords: Geopolymer High Performance Concrete, molarity, fly ash, oven heat
curing, compressive strength
Suggested Citation:
Ram Chatorikar, R. C., & Jamkar, S. (2023). EFFECT OF MOLARITY ON DEVELOPMENT
OF FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE. In Global Journal in
Civil Engineering (Vol. 1, Number 5, p. 1). Zenodo.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10446643
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10446643
PREVIEW OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR FLYOVER UNDERINCREASING SPATIAL
CONTRAINTS
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2023
16 Pages Posted: 31 December 2023
Ramchandani Jaya Rajkumar
MGM University,Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Chhatrapati Sambhaji
Nagar, Maharashtra –431003
jramchandani@mgmu.ac.in
Suddhasheel Ghosh
MGM University,Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Chhatrapati Sambhaji
Nagar, Maharashtra –431003
sghosh@mgmu.ac.in
Date Written: December 14, 2023
ABSTRACT
STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERING TWOOBJECTIVES SIMULTANEOUSLY WOULD
GENERATE A SET OF OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS, WHICH IS CALLED A PARETO SET, INSTEAD OF
A UNIQUE OPTIMAL SOLUTION AND THUS MAY NOT SATISFY THE REQUIREMENTS OF
DESIGNERS. THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON PROPOSING A COMPREHENSIVE CRITERION TO
WEIGHT EACH OBJECTIVE AND THUS CONVERT MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
TO SINGLE-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS.IN RECENT DECADES, THE FAILURE OF
BRIDGES DURING SERVICE, AS WELL AS NEW CONSTRUCTION HAS INCREASED WITH AN
AVERAGE OF 129 BRIDGES PER YEAR DURING THE DECADE 2007–2017. THE AVERAGE AGE
OF THE BRIDGES IS 34.53 YEARS AT FAILURE DURING SERVICE AGAINST THE
PRESCRIBED DESIGN LIFE OF 100 YEARS. THE AVERAGE AGE OF FAILURE OF BRIDGES IN
INDIA IS RELATIVELY HIGH COMPARED TO FAILURES IN CHINA (23.60 YEARS) AND MUCH
LOWER COMPARED TO FAILURES IN THE USA (AT LEAST 51.70 YEARS). THUS
CONSIDERING THE LOCAL TECHNICAL ISSUES OF CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJI NAGAR ARE
CONSIDERED AND BASED ON THAT A GENERAL FRAMEWORK IS TRIED TO PREPARE. IN THIS
PAPER, THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF THE FLYOVER ARE IDENTIFIED.
FURTHER THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS AND THE
BOUNDS OF INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS ARE IDENTIFIED BASED ON THE MANUAL DESIGN OF
THE FLYOVER.
Keywords: Structural optimization,optimal solutions, Multi-objective
optimization, Pareto set.
Suggested Citation:
RAMCHANDANI, J. R., & GHOSH, S. (2023). PREVIEW OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
PARAMETERS FOR FLYOVERS UNDER INCREASING SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS. IN GLOBAL
JOURNAL IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (VOL. 1, NUMBER 5). ZENODO.
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.5281/ZENODO.10447102
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10447102
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH MARBLE DUST POWDER, FINE AGGREGATE WITH
COPPER SLAG, AND COARSE AGGREGATE WITH RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2023
12 Pages Posted: 31 December 2023
Sanjay Yadav
Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
yadavsanjay160598@gmail.com
Shalika Mehta
Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
Shalika.e1976@cumail.com
Date Written: December 14, 2023
ABSTRACT
CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES GENERATE NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE THAT HARMS THE
ENVIRONMENT. HOWEVER, INCORPORATING THIS WASTE INTO CONCRETE CAN SUPPORT
SUSTAINABLE AND ECO-FRIENDLY CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES. THE PRESENT
INVESTIGATIONS STUDY THE PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF BINDER MATERIALS SUCH AS
CEMENT WITH MARBLE DUST POWDER (MDP), FINE AGGREGATE WITH COPPER SLAG (CPS),
AND COARSE AGGREGATE WITH RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE (RAC), WHEN SUBSTITUTED
FOR COARSE AGGREGATE, TO ANALYZE CONCRETE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. A CONSTANT
PERCENTAGE OF MARBLE DUST POWDER WAS ADDED TO REPLACE THE BINDER MATERIAL
(CEMENT). ADDITIONALLY, COPPER SLAG REPLACED 10%, 20%, AND 30% OF THE FINE
AGGREGATE, AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE REPLACED 10%, 20%, AND 30% OF THE COARSE
AGGREGATE. ACCORDING TO THE M-30 STANDARD, SPECIMENS' COMPRESSIVE, TENSILE,
AND FLEXURAL STRENGTHS WERE EVALUATED FOR (7, 14, & 28) DAYS AFTER CURE,
RESPECTIVELY. THESE ADDITIVES CAN IMPROVE CONCRETE'S MECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS. THUS, THESE MATERIALS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO SERVE AS
ALTERNATIVES TO CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS THROUGH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT
Keywords: Concrete, Marble Dust Powder, Copper Slag, Recycled Aggregate, and
strength.
Suggested Citation:
Yadav, S., & Mehta, S. (2023). PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH MARBLE DUST
POWDER, FINE AGGREGATE WITH COPPER SLAG, AND COARSE AGGREGATE WITH RECYCLED
AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE. In Global Journal in Civil Engineering (Vol. 1, Number
5). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10447155
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10447155
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS FOR MAPPING DEBRIS FLOW
SUSCETIOBILITY IN HIMALAYAS, INDIA
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2023
13 Pages Posted: 31 December 2023
Ankit Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi -
110042, India
ankitduhoon003@gmail.com
Raju Sarkar
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi -
110042, India
rajusarkar@dce.ac.in
Date Written: December 14, 2023
ABSTRACT
COMPARING MAPS FROM DIFFERENT STATISTICAL MODELS OR APPROACHES IS IMPORTANT
FOR GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL USES. THIS PAPER USES VARIOUS MODELS TO COMPARE DEBRIS
FLOW SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPS OF THE SAME AREA. THE FREQUENCY OF DEBRIS FLOW IN
HILLY REGIONS REQUIRES FUTURE DEVELOPMENTAL PLANNING AND STUDY. A CRUCIAL
STEP IN STUDYING DEBRIS FLOW IS WEIGHING THE FACTORS CAUSING IT. THIS PAPER
COMPARES DIFFERENT WEIGHTING PROCEDURES FOR DEBRIS FLOW SUSCEPTIBILITY
MAPPING THROUGH MAP EVALUATION. THE EVALUATION HAS BEEN DONE THROUGH
FREQUENCY RATIO AND SHANNON ENTROPY STATISTICAL MODELS. ACCORDING TO THE
DIFFERENCE IMAGE ANALYSIS, THERE IS A COMPLETE MATCHING (I.E., NO DIFFERENCE)
OF ROUGHLY 86.61% OF THE TOTAL PIXELS BETWEEN THE TWO DEBRIS FLOW
SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPS. IT IS POSSIBLE TO INTERCHANGE FREQUENCY RATIO AND
SHANNON ENTROPY MODELS BASED ON THEIR SIMILAR IMAGE ANALYSIS VALUES.
Keywords: Debris flow susceptibility zonation; Comparative evaluation;
Difference image analysis
Suggested Citation:
KUMAR, A., & SARKAR, R. (2023). COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS
FOR MAPPING DEBRIS FLOW SUSCEPTIBILITY IN HIMALAYAS, INDIA. IN GLOBAL JOURNAL
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (VOL. 1, NUMBER 5). ZENODO.
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.5281/ZENODO.10447230
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10447230
STATIC AND SEISMIC EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTING A NEW TUNNEL VERTICALLY ABOVE AN
EXISTING TUNNEL: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Global Virtual Conference in Civil Engineering (GVCCE) 2023
9 Pages Posted: 31 December 2023
SUMEE TABASSUM AMIN
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JMI, NEW DELHI
TABASSUMAMIN56@GMAIL.COM
S.M. ABBAS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JMI, NEW DELHI
ALTAF USMANI
3 DGM, ETDD, EIL, NEW DELHI
Date Written: December 14, 2023
ABSTRACT
THE NECESSITY FOR UNDERGROUND TUNNELS IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE IN TODAY'S
ADVANCING WORLD OFDEVELOPMENT AND TRANSPORTATION. CONSTRUCTION OF TWIN
TUNNELS HAVE GAINED MOMENTUM DUE TO THEIR OPTIMAL UTILIZATION OF UNDERGROUND
SPACE AND ENHANCED STRUCTURAL STABILITY. PARTICULARLY IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE
REGIONS, THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF SUCH SUBTERRANEAN STRUCTURES IS A
SIGNIFICANT ISSUE. THIS RESEARCH STUDIES THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTING A NEW
TUNNEL VERTICALLY ABOVE AN EXISTING ONE, BY INCREASING THE VERTICAL SPACING
UNDER BOTH STATIC AND SEISMIC CONDITIONS. A 2D PLANE STRAIN MODEL IS DESIGNED
USING MOHR-COULOMB CRITERIA IN MIDAS GTS NX SOFTWARE. THE SEISMIC SIMULATION
IS PERFORMED USING THE LOMA PREITA EARTHQUAKE IN THE HORIZONTAL DIRECTION.
FOR THIS STUDY, SEISMOMATCH GENERATES RESPONSE SPECTRACOMPATIBLE TIME HISTORY
DATA FOR DELHI SOIL. THE RESPONSES GENERATED WITHIN THE EXISTING TUNNEL ARE
COMPARED BEFORE AND AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW TUNNEL, IN THE FORM OF
LINING FORCES AND GROUND SETTLEMENT CONTOURS FOR STATIC AND SEISMIC CASES.
THE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT DUE TO CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW TUNNEL, LINING FORCES
DECREASE IN THE EXISTING TUNNEL. IN STATIC ANALYSIS, FORCES SUCH AS AXIAL
FORCE, BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE HOWEVER INCREASE WITH GREATER SPACING.
SIMILAR TREND IS OBSERVED IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS, WHERE THESE FORCES ARE GREATER
IN SINGLE TUNNEL THAN IN TWIN TUNNEL. THIS CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE VERTICAL
POSITION AND SPACING OF THE NEW TUNNEL WHICH AIDS IN LOAD SHARING MECHANISM
BETWEEN THE TWO TUNNELS. THIS PHENOMENON PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE STATIC
AND DYNAMIC STABILITY OF THE TWIN TUNNEL SYSTEM.
KEYWORDS: DEBRIS FLOW SUSCEPTIBILITY ZONATION; COMPARATIVE EVALUATION;
DIFFERENCE IMAGE ANALYSIS
Suggested Citation:
AMIN, S. T., & ABBAS, S. M. (2023). STATIC AND SEISMIC EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTING
A NEW TUNNEL VERTICALLY ABOVE AN EXISTING TUNNEL: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. IN
GLOBAL JOURNAL IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (VOL. 1, NUMBER 5). ZENODO.
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.5281/ZENODO.10447189
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10447189
* ISSUE 1-VOL 6
2024
VALORISATION OF HUMAN ORGANIC WASTE FOR SUSTAINABLE DOMESTIC BIOGAS AND
FERTILIZER SYNTHESIS
Thesis
96 Pages Posted: 02 January 2024
UNARO YAUO
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
UYAUO62@GMAIL.COM
MIRZI BETASOLO
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
MIRZI.BETASOLO@PNGUOT.AC.PG
Date Written: November, 2021
Abstract
This study proposed and discussed various “domestic” onsite sanitation (OSS)
designs that incorporate anaerobic digestion (AD) process to produce biogas
and organic solid fertilizer whilst treating human excreta. The prototype OSS
AD Toilet was designed, developed and trialled in the field. Prior to
designing the OSS ADT facility, fresh human excreta from 10 test persons
between the age range 18 – 29 years were sampled using sampling buckets and
analysed to obtain data for mean faecal mass and physico-chemical
composition. Median faeces generated was 250 g/cap/day wet mass and 62
g/cap/day dry mass, as well as high solid contents i.e. TS (49 g/cap/day) and
VS (91% of TS i.e. 44.59 g/cap/day). Mean value for COD determined was 68
g/cap/day, while the mean nitrogen value from faeces was 1.2 g/cap/day and
that of urine was 7 g/cap/day. Residual organic fertilizer deduced was
22g/cap/day. Water boiling test showed that biogas concentration is higher in
purified biogas (90 ± 1.53 %) than in raw biogas (68 ± 2.52 %). Cooking time
and calorific value of biogas investigated using 1L of water was 6.54 ± 0.04
and 5.45 ± 0.02 for raw and purified gas respectively. Refrigerant
reciprocating compressor reduced the biogas volume by a factor of 4.0 with an
absolute pressure of 5 bars in total of approximately 12 minutes. This study
explored that OSS ADTS is an innovative and most preferable treatment
approach for human waste management in rural and peri-urban areas in Papua
New Guinea and can be replicated in other places with similar setting and
conditions, fostering benefits in the light of Sustainable Development.
KEYWORDS: HUMAN ORGANIC WASTE, SUSTAINBLE DOMESTIC BIOGAS, FERTILIZER
SYNTHESIS, DOMESTIC ONSITE SANITATION, HUMAN WASTE MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Suggested Citation:
Yauo, U., & Betasolo, M. (2024). Valorisation of Human Organic Waste for
Sustainable Domestic Biogas and Fertilizer Synthesis [Zenodo]. In Global
Journal in Civil Engineering (Vol. 6, Number 1, p. 1).
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10451314
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10451314
SUSTAINABLE RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN LAE CITY, A MODEL FOR PAPUA NEW
GUINEA
Thesis
190 Pages Posted: 02 January 2024
CARL ANTHONY SMITH
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
CARL.SMITH206@GMAIL.COM
MIRZI BETASOLO
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
MIRZI.BETASOLO@PNGUOT.AC.PG
Date Written: January, 2016
Abstract
The Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting System (SRHS) is a strategy to harvest
rainwater and use the resource sustainably to support the need for water
supply in the Papua New Guinea University of Technology (PNG). Lae City is
the Garden City of PNG attributed to its significant rainfall. The vast
resource of rainfall, at the moment is not fully harnessed, to support the
need for water supply to the population today and the future. The methodology
to a SRHS covers four phases. Phase 1 covers the assessment of parameters
about rainwater harvestings: such as regulations, catchment location
including its topography, and rainfall availability. Phase II, deals with
Design of the SRHS facility that is non-energy intensive. Phase III discusses
how to maintain and managed a SRHS. Phase IV- is the prototype of the
facility. A prototype is a scaled visual presentation of the project study.
It will also serve as a basis for funding proposal presentations. The study
found that the feasibility of the project requires an attributed
characteristic of a rainforest to harness rainwater supply as accounted for
by the hydrologic cycle. The location chosen is adjacent to the Rainforest
Habitat on the Papua New Guinea University of Technology campus. The facility
will also support on providing groundwater surcharged. The study provides a
framework that will support sustainable rainwater harvesting in the country
based on SRHS model. The project will serve as a model to a sustainable
rainwater harvesting systems as a viable alternative in harnessing natural
resource (water) of the country.
KEYWORDS: BIOREMEDIATION, SEWAGE POND, SEWAGE POND REHABILITATION,
SUSTAINABILITY OF SEWAGE POND PROJECT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Suggested Citation:
SMITH, C., & BETASOLO, M. (2024). SUSTAINABLE RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN
LAE CITY, A MODEL FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA [ZENODO]. IN GLOBAL JOURNAL IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING (VOL. 6, NUMBER 1, P. 1). HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.5281/ZENODO.10450251
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10450251
ASSESSMENT OF A 49 YEAR OLD SEWAGE POND FOR REHABILITATION THROUGH
BIOREMEDIATION
Thesis
59 Pages Posted: 02 January 2024
CHARLES FERIWOK
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
CHARLES.FERIWOK@PNGUOT.AC.PG
MIRZI BETASOLO
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
MIRZI.BETASOLO@PNGUOT.AC.PG
Date Written: March 30, 2022
Abstract
The study evaluates the effects of plant species in the sewage pond area. The
research design employed statistics and primary data for the findings. The
data were collected using qualitative and quantitative instruments, which
focused on actual transect data, survey questionnaires and field
observations. The primary data were processed using spreadsheets on MS Excel
and MS Word as well as SPSS software. The research evaluated environmental
hazards to the nearby communities, the effect of overflow, contaminated
stream, soil, air and heavy metals uptake by plants as the risk to
surrounding livelihood and lifestyle, and the effect of plants, behaviours
and perceptions. The plant abilities evaluation was based on leaf and stem
evaluation impact. The research into sewage ponds shows that plants do
neutralize heavy metals after the effluent pond is a priority and needs
attention for the sustainability of the pond project development in Unitech
is required. A study into the sewage impact reveals that pond input,
environmental impact, social impact and economic impact of sewage ponds are
classified as a priority and need attention. The evaluation shows that plants
benefit from both affluence and soil. The research reveals the likelihood
that farmers using nearby land may have received the sewage pond effluent
into the food chain. The study into sewage assessment perception, views and
reaction show the community grievances and complaints generated by the
effects of lack of pond maintenance. The research recommends broader pond
maintenance, institution consultation and participation in rehabilitation
project development.
KEYWORDS: BIOREMEDIATION, SEWAGE POND, SEWAGE POND REHABILITATION,
SUSTAINABILITY OF SEWAGE POND PROJECT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Suggested Citation:
Feriwok, C., & Betasolo, M. (2024). Assessment of a 49 Year Old Sewage Pond
for Rehabilitation through Bioremediation [Zenodo]. In Global Journal in
Civil Engineering (Vol. 6, Number 1, p. 1).
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10450722
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10450722
STRUCTURAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE: A CASE OF BUTIBAM AND
BUMBU BRIDGE IN LAE CITY
Thesis
156 Pages Posted: 02 January 2024
GRACE MCCOY WANTEPE
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
GRACE.WANTEPE@PNGUOT.AC.PG
MIRZI BETASOLO
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
MIRZI.BETASOLO@PNGUOT.AC.PG
Date Written: November 15, 2021
Abstract
Bridge inspection and condition assessment is an essential element in any
Bridge Management System (BMS) particularly for aged and deteriorated
bridges, and a path way to condition rating. Majority of the bridges in Lae
City and Papua New Guinea (PNG) have exceeded their design lives and are at
risk of collapse according to one of the Technical Assistance Consultant’s
Report, Cardno Emerging Markets (Australia) Pty Ltd, in 2011. Almost about
152 bridges were inspected along the nominated five priority national roads
in PNG. This indicates that effective bridges condition assessment and
management is of crucial importance to maintain bridges in a sufficient
condition and preserve them from deteriorating. A major part is bridge
condition rating and simulation, which is an important aspect in their
service lives to forecast bridge durability and their need for repair and
maintenance. In this pilot study, three levels of bridge inspection and
condition assessment forms for steel girder bridge have been developed for
Bumbu and Butibam Bridge of Lae City in the Morobe Province of PNG. The
bridge evaluation and condition assessment emanate from visually recorded
inspection data specifically on the two bridges. There are three main
important factors considered in the evaluation of bridge element structural
index condition assessment. They are structural importance, material
vulnerability, and casual factors such as road class, age, environment and
inspection. These parameters were adopted and incorporated for a more holism
and objectivity to the current approaches. The casual factors are implemented
as a coefficient to the overall structural index, which illustrates the
capability of the developed forms. Moreover, the results obtained from the
developed forms and stress analysis and displacements on bridge model using
solid works complements the results. Additionally, the forms developed and
applied including simulation results has been used to evaluate the current
stage of the steel girder bridges of Bumbu and Butibam of Lae City.
KEYWORDS: STRUCTURAL HEALTH, STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE, BRIDGE INSPECTION, BRIDGE
CONDITION ASSESSMENT, BRIDGE MANAGEMENT
Suggested Citation:
WANTEPE, G. M., & BETASOLO, M. (2024). STRUCTURAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF STEEL
GIRDER BRIDGE: A CASE STUDY OF BUTIBAM AND BUMBU BRIDGE IN LAE CITY [ZENODO].
IN GLOBAL JOURNAL IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (VOL. 6, NUMBER 1, P. 1).
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.5281/ZENODO.10450865
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10450865
PHYTOREMEDIATION CHARACTERISTICS: TAILING WASTE REHABILITATION AT OK TEDI
MINING LIMITED, WESTERN PROVINCE PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Thesis
83 Pages Posted: 02 January 2024
NATHANIEL DASYAL
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
NATHANIEL.DASYAL@OKTEDI.COM
MIRZI BETASOLO
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
MIRZI.BETASOLO@PNGUOT.AC.PG
Date Written: November 15, 2021
Abstract
In recent years, researchers and engineers have begun to develop low-cost
technologies and mechanisms, such as purifying contaminated areas with
microorganisms / biomass and live plants. Of these, phytoremediation
mechanisms are emerging and are promising green mechanisms that can be used
to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils through various means such as
phytoremediation, phytostablisation, phytovolatilization and rhizofiltration.
Decontamination of contaminants warrant various choices and strategies in
phytoremediation, and include soil properties, heavy metal levels and
characteristics, plant species, and climate. Heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Hg,
Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Co are non-essential metals. Many of them are highly
toxic both in elemental and soluble salt forms. The phytoremediation
mechanisms that were used in this study were phytoextraction,
phytostabilisation and phytomobilization (phytoaccumulation); as these are
cost effective, and have aesthetic advantages and long-term applicability.
Certain species of plants especially; shrubs, primary trees, secondary trees,
weeds and grasses were studied because of their tolerance for high heavy
metal levels in trials with tailing dumps in OK Tedi, in Papua New Guinea
(PNG).The challenge in the study was aimed at investigating plant species
that have phytoremedial characteristics by possessing the attributes of
exceptionally high metal- accumulating capacity or are hyper accumulators,
having roots possessing unique and selective capability to absorb, have
entire structures that can translocate bio accumulate and degrade the heavy
metals, plants according to evidence have large above ground biomass and also
possess extensive shallow rooting systems and
having the ability to take up both essential and non-essential heavy metals.
This study revealed that several plant species such as white clover and typha
can withstand heavy metal concentration whilst other species tend to decline
over time. The investigation indicated high mortality rates from homalantus,
kikuyu, trema and lupin, compared with struggle and survival rates
demonstrated by Typha, White Clover and Tephrosia in the high concentrated
tailing stored divans. Heavy metals that were not too concentrated were zinc,
copper and cadmium, whilst lead and nickel were highly concentrated, and so
plants did not seem to tolerate their presence in large quantities. The main
factors that influenced morphology of plant species were plant spacing and
growth medium, tailings chemistry in terms of different interactions and
reactions due to their different characteristics and concentration levels,
weather conditions through wet and dry patterns and periods along with the
plants natural ability to acclimatize.
KEYWORDS: PHYTOREMEDIATION, TAILING WASTE, MINING REHABILITATION, OK TEDI
MINING LIMITED, MINING WASTE, ENVIRONMENTAL
Suggested Citation:
Dasyal, N., & Betasolo, M. (2024). PHYTOREMEDIATION CHARACTERISITICS: TAILING
WASTE REHABILITATION AT OK TEDI MINING LIMITED, WESTERN PROVINCE PAPUA NEW
GUINEA [Zenodo]. In Global Journal in Civil Engineering (Vol. 6, Number 1, p.
1). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10450863
To Download the full paper:
Available at Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10450863
.
* EDITORIAL BOARD
(TO MAKE YOUR PUBLICATION POSSIBLE.)
EDITOR IN CHIEF
DR. ALAK KUMAR PATRA, FIE, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
DR. MIRZI LLEGO-BETASOLO, PH.D TM, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
EDITORS:
DR. DANIEL D. DASIG, JR., PH.D, FRIRES, FRICOMPE, UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI,
PHILIPPINES
PROF. DANIEL UGIH ECHOH, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, PENANG, MALAYSIA
PROF. SANDEEP PRUSTY, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KARNATAKA, INDIA
PROF. RONALD L. ORALE, PH.D. TM, SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY, PHILIPPINES
DR. ALBERT UCHENA UDE, PH.D., BOTSWANA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY (BIUST) BOTSWANA
DR. JOSEPH T. FOLEY, PH.D., REYKJAVIK UNIVERSITY, ICELAND
PUBLISHING POLICIES
EDITORIAL DEFINITION
TITLE: GLOBAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ISSN ELECTRONIC EDITION: 2523-9597
FREQUENCY: ANNUAL
DATE CREATED: 2017
PUBLISHER: SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY
RIGHTS AND LICENSING
PUBLICATION IN OPEN-ACCESS
CREATIVE COMMONS - ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL - CC BY 4.0
COPYRIGHTS: THE AUTHOR RETAINS UNRESTRICTED COPYRIGHTS AND PUBLISHING RIGHTS
REPOSITORY
TURNITIN
SSRN
ZENODO
RESEARCHGATE
GOOGLE SCHOLAR
PUBLICATION COSTS
PUBLICATION FEES: NO
SUBMISSION FEES: NO
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