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'Quad-State Tornado' crossed four states in four hours, a rare December tornado

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Weather


'QUAD-STATE TORNADO' CROSSED FOUR STATES IN FOUR HOURS, A RARE DECEMBER TORNADO

The National Weather Service will confirm if a single tornado tracked over 200
miles from Arkansas to Kentucky, which could set the record for longest tornado
in U.S. history
00:01 /02:53

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KENTUCKY GOV. BESHEAR: TORNADO DEATH TOLL IS NORTH OF 70, MAY EXCEED 100

02:53

Link copied
Dec. 11, 2021, 3:29 PM UTC / Updated Dec. 12, 2021, 8:15 AM UTC
By Kathryn Prociv and Nicole Acevedo

One of the deadly tornadoes that erupted under the cloak of darkness overnight
Friday into the early hours of Saturday, leaving at least 70 dead, may have set
the record for the longest continuous tornado in American history.

The devastating outbreak, which included more than 30 tornado reports across six
states stretching across the Mississippi Valley, Southeast and Midwest, is also
an extremely rare event this late into the year.




One tornado, being called the "Quad-State Tornado" ripped across four states in
four hours (Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee and Kentucky), slamming communities
such as Monette, Arkansas, and Mayfield, Kentucky, which were two of the hardest
hit towns.


DRONE VIDEO CAPTURES KENTUCKY TORNADO DEVASTATION

Dec. 11, 202100:47


There were at least eight tornado emergencies issued, a designation which is
reserved for the most life-threatening tornado events when a confirmed large and
dangerous tornado is headed toward people.

The tornado that devastated the town of Mayfield was produced by a parent
thunderstorm that traveled more than 230 miles across four states over the
course of four hours.

Heavy damage downtown after a tornado swept through the area on Dec. 11, 2021 in
Mayfield, Ky.Brett Carlsen / Getty Images

The National Weather Service will perform the official tornado survey to confirm
if it was a continuous tornado or several tornadoes produced by the same storm.
If confirmed as one single and continuous tornado, it will set the record for
the longest “long-track” tornado in U.S. history.



The National Weather Service office in Little Rock said Saturday night that, so
far, there is no evidence of damage in Arkansas associated with the storm that
went on to produce the long-track tornado.

The longest on record is the “Tri-State” tornado from 1925, which tracked 219
miles across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana.

While the National Weather Service provides the official intensities of the
tornadoes after conducting storm surveys, there are several indications that the
tornadoes, including the Mayfield one, were in the strong to violent categories,
which meteorologists consider EF3, EF4 or EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale.

One such indicator was debris lofted high into the air. Radar suggested that the
Mayfield tornado threw debris over 30,000 feet into the air. That's the altitude
commercial airplanes fly.



And this event was rare for December.


The devastation in Mayfield, Ky., at first light on Dec. 11, 2021, after
multiple tornadoes tore through parts of the lower Midwest.Ohio Valley Aerial /
via Facebook


Since 1950, there have only been 19 F/EF4 tornadoes in the U.S. during the last
month of the year and only 2 F/EF5 tornadoes.

The last EF4 tornado to strike the U.S. during the month of December was during
the Christmas Outbreak of December 2015.

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The last EF5 tornado to strike the U.S. during the month of December was in
1957.




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An EF5 tornado is the strongest designation a tornado can receive. Exceptionally
rare, these tornadoes can produce wind speeds higher than 200 mph. The last EF5
tornado to strike the U.S. was Moore, Oklahoma, in May of 2013. That was 3,125
days ago and the longest streak on record.

This event was caused by a volatile atmospheric set up that was primed to
produce violent and long-track tornadoes. Friday featured unseasonably warm and
record-setting temperatures that felt more like Spring than mid-December. This
warmth, combined with high humidity, provided ample fuel for the storms.

A woman searches for valuables amidst the remnants of a home on Dec. 11, 2021 on
Highway F in Defiance, Mo.Christian Gooden / St. Louis Post-Dispatch via AP

As the day progressed, the wind fields strengthened helping to create the
dynamics, or "spin," in the atmosphere needed to produce tornadoes.

A cold front charging through the region provided the trigger for the storms,
which with all the ingredients in place created ripe conditions for a tornado
outbreak.



Compounding the favorable atmospheric ingredients is the fact that the United
States is currently in a La Niña pattern, which historically increases tornado
frequency across the Mississippi Valley.

And climate change may also have played a role.

Research reveals that climate change may be causing tornado alley to shift East,
out of traditional tornado alley of the Great Plains and into parts of the
Mississippi Valley.

Local residents walk past the scene of a train derailment after a devastating
outbreak of tornadoes ripped through several states in Earlington, Ky., on Dec.
11, 2021.Cheney Orr / Reuters

While meteorologists and climate scientists cannot yet say that tornado
frequency is increasing globally due to climate change, it can be said with
relative certainty that tornado frequency and associated vulnerability is
increasing for the Mississippi Valley and Midwestern regions of the United
States.



During a Saturday evening press conference President Joe Biden addressed what
role climate change may have played in the disaster. "Well, all I know is the
intensity of the weather across the board has some impact as a consequence of
the warming of the planet. The specific impact on these specific storms I can't
say at this point. I'm going to be asking the EPA and others to take a look at
that," Biden said. "But the fact is we all know everything is more intense when
the climate is warming. Everything."



Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear described the tornado as the most devastating one to
hit the state, estimating that it might have killed at least 70 people or more
than 100.

That will make this event not just one of the deadliest tornado events in
Kentucky history, but also in U.S. history, and potentially the deadliest
December outbreak on record.

Nighttime tornadoes are more than twice as likely to cause fatalities than their
daytime counterparts. That's because tornadoes are harder to see at night, and
people who are sleeping often don't have a way to be woken when warnings are
issued.


Kathryn Prociv

Kathryn Prociv is a senior meteorologist and producer for NBC News. 


Nicole Acevedo

Nicole Acevedo is a reporter for NBC News Digital. She reports, writes and
produces stories for NBC Latino and NBCNews.com.



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