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 1. 
 2. / Columbia Encyclopedia
 3. / Literature and the Arts
 4. / Art and Architecture
 5. / American and Canadian Art: Biographies
 6. / de Kooning, Willem


DE KOONING, WILLEM

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de Kooning, Willem də ko͞oˈnĭng [key], 1904–97, American painter, b.
Netherlands; studied Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts and Techniques. De Kooning
immigrated to the United States, arriving as a stowaway in 1926 and settling in
New York City, where he worked on the Federal Arts Project (1935). He began
experiments with abstraction as early as 1928, but continued to produce
realistic paintings throughout the 1930s, and he later oscillated between an
abstracted figuration and pure abstraction. Influenced by Arshile Gorky, de
Kooning forged a powerful abstract style and in the 1940s became a leader of
abstract expressionism. In his monumental series of the early 1950s entitled
Woman, he reintroduced a representational element. Woman I (1950–52; Mus. of
Modern Art, New York City), with its startling ferocity, brought him
considerable notice and some notoriety. He subsequently reverted chiefly to
nonfigurative work, but during the 1960s, when he moved to Long Island, he also
produced more paintings of women as well as many works with landscape elements.
In this period de Kooning also created semiabstract sculptural figures in bronze
and several lithographs. He created a dazzling group of painterly abstractions
in the 1970s.

Slashed with color and formed with eloquent brushstrokes, de Kooning's often
huge canvases are charged with explosive energy; many are widely considered
masterpieces of abstract expressionism. His last works, produced (1980–90) when
he was increasingly affected by Alzheimer's disease, include hundreds of large
canvases in elegantly composed configurations; their elements are pared down,
and their limited, mainly primary colors form sinuously intertwining ribbons. In
some sense, de Kooning's art endured amid his encroaching dementia until he
stopped painting in mid-1990. He was married to Elaine Fried de Kooning,
1920–89, b. New York City, who, though overshadowed by her famous spouse, was a
skilled painter, particularly adept at portraiture, mainly self-portraits and
sensual portraits of men. She also painted many works in the abstract
expressionist style.

See biographies by H. F. Gaugh (1983), L. Hall (1993, repr. 2000), and M.
Stevens and A. Swan (2004); studies by H. Rosenberg (1974), D. Waldman (1978 and
1988), D. Cateforis (1994), D. Sylvester et al. (1994), G. Garrels and R. Storr
(1995), S. Yard (1997), K. Kertess et al. (1998), C. Morris (1999), E. Liever
(2000), and S. F. Lake (2010); for Elaine de Kooning, see M. Gabriel, Ninth
Street Women (2018).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2024, Columbia
University Press. All rights reserved.

See more Encyclopedia articles on: American and Canadian Art: Biographies

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