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(208) 882-9755 foc@friendsoftheclearwater.org

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BULL TROUT

USFWS Photo

(Salvelinus confluentus)

Physical Characteristics: Grow to 41 inches long and weigh 32lbs.; average size
is usually much less with variation across range. Fins have white leading edges,
with head and mouth larger than most salmonids, hence its name. Coloring is pale
yellow to crimson spots on a darker background; spawning adults develop varying
amounts of red on belly. Unlike other members of salmonid family, they lack
teeth on roof of mouths.

Diet: Juveniles feed on plankton and other aquatic invertebrates. As they mature
eat other fish, including eggs and fry, and species like whitefish and other
trout.

Habitat: Require very specific habitat components to spawn and survive. Water
must generally be below 55 degrees F, have clean gravel beds, deep pools,
complex cover such as snags, and expansive systems of interconnected waterways
to facilitate spawning migrations. Favor deep pools of cold lakes/large rivers,
as well as high mountain headwaters. Presence or absence of Bull trout is an
excellent indicator of water quality.

Range: Found in cold, clear waters of high mountains and coastal river (may be
anadromous) of northwestern North America. Clearwater Basin provides many
crucial and ideal waters, including headwaters of primary river drainages.
Virtually all of Clearwater River System and tributaries offer good habitat,
including adjacent St. Joe and Salmon River Systems. Strongholds are Upper North
Fork Clearwater and Upper St. Joe Rivers, which are located in the Upper North
Fork Roadless Area (which is proposed for Wilderness).

Reproduction: After fourth year are ready to spawn in fall. Will return to birth
river only if water temperatures are ideal – mid 40′s – with clean
water/silt-free bottom. Any changes in habitat will prevent spawning. Unlike
salmon they do not die after spawning and spawn multiple times during lifetime.
Eggs require 4 – 5 months to incubate; hatch in late winter or early spring. Fry
remain in natal streambed up to three weeks before emerging.

Threats: Officially listed as “threatened” under Endangered Species Act, but
menaces to recovery include habitat degradation/fragmentation, blockage of
migratory corridors, poor water quality, climate change and past fisheries
management practices, including introduction of non-native species such as
brown, lake and brook trout. Mating with latter species produces sterile
offspring. Logging roads are major habitat threat in Clearwater Basin; other
habitat alterations from mining and off-road vehicle use may be significant in
certain areas.

Miscellaneous: May either be migratory or resident. Residents spend entire lives
in same stream or creek and are generally smaller and grow up to 10 inches long.
Migratory fish move to large water to over-winter and then migrate back to
smaller waters to reproduce. Migratory fish grow larger, reaching 35 inches long
and up to 32lbs.

Learn about efforts to recover Bull trout.

Return to main Native Species page.

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Friends of the Clearwater is a registered 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
(208) 882-9755
foc@friendsoftheclearwater.org
P.O. Box 9241 • Moscow, ID • 83843

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