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3. Behavioral Health and Quitting Smoking, Vaping & Other Tobacco Use
4. DHS 75 – Tobacco Treatment and Smoke-free Environments
5. TOOLKIT: Integrating Tobacco Dependence Treatment in Behavioral Health
Settings
TOOLKIT: INTEGRATING TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT IN BEHAVIORAL HEALTH SETTINGS
This toolkit is designed to support behavioral health facilities develop and
integrate tobacco use disorder (TUD) treatment into substance abuse and mental
health care treatment. These materials are intended for agency clinicians,
providers, and administrators.
Navigate the toolkit by clicking on a commonly asked question below. Explore
links, videos, examples, and additional resources within each question.
Download and print TOOLS located throughout the toolkit to use at your
organization.
TIP
Providing a tobacco-free environment reinforces tobacco treatment efforts and
supports clients in recovery. This toolkit complements the Implementing
Tobacco-Free Environments in Behavioral Health Settings Toolkit. The toolkits
are designed to be used in tandem but can be used independently.
GETTING STARTED
There are six primary components to integrating tobacco treatment into the
standard of care. These six components will enable an organization to
successfully assess and treat tobacco dependence. It is important to note,
implementing tobacco treatment at your facility is often not a linear process.
Facilities may need to revisit components and/or discuss how to sustain elements
of each component throughout the implementation process.
You can start with this Checklist TOOL to distinguish specific tasks within your
organization for each tobacco dependence treatment component:
* TOOL: Tobacco Treatment Integration Checklist
UNDERSTANDING TOBACCO USE
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WHAT IS TOBACCO USE DISORDER (TUD)?
Tobacco use is the most common substance use disorder in the United States. As
with other substance use disorders, TUD is classified by the inability to
control the use of tobacco, despite the harm it causes. It is classified by
tolerance, difficulty stopping, strong cravings, and withdrawal symptoms in the
absence of nicotine.
* Link: Tobacco Use Disorder DSM 5 Criteria
* Fact Sheet: American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry: Nicotine Dependence
WHY TREAT TOBACCO USE DEPENDENCE IN SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT SETTINGS?
People with behavioral health conditions use tobacco at very high rates
Despite the progress that has been made to reduce tobacco use in the general
population, individuals suffering from a mental health condition and/or
substance use disorder remain at higher risk for tobacco use. People living with
behavioral health conditions are 2-4 times more likely to use tobacco than the
general population.1
On average, people with mental illnesses and addictions can die between 5 and 25
years earlier than the general population with tobacco use being a major
contributor.2,3 Individuals in substance use disorder treatment are more likely
to die from tobacco use than all other substance use disorders combined.4
Smoking-related illnesses cause half of all deaths among people with behavioral
health disorders.
Tobacco recovery enhances recovery from all substances
Individuals who stop using tobacco at the same time as other substances are 25%
more likely to remain abstinent from all substances.5
Tobacco recovery is a powerful mental health intervention
Recovery from tobacco addiction leads to decreased stress, anxiety, depression,
and improved quality of life.6,7
* FACT SHEET: WiNTiP Tobacco in Behavioral Health
* VIDEO: Behavioral Health Clients: Help Us Quit
Behavioral health providers have the skills and knowledge to treat tobacco use
disorders
Tobacco dependence is recognized both as a chronic, relapsing disease and as an
addiction. Its treatment requires the same skills, knowledge, and experience
that addiction counselors already have and apply to other addictions. These
include a combination of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication
and behavioral strategies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and skills-based
counseling. Further, individuals not ready to quit tobacco will benefit from
motivational interventions.
Tobacco dependence treatment can be easily integrated into existing SUD
treatment services.
CAN PEOPLE WITH BEHAVIORAL HEALTH CONDITIONS SUCCESSFULLY STOP USING TOBACCO?
Yes. People living with behavioral health conditions do achieve long-term
recovery from TUD at rates that approach those within the general population.1
The majority of people with another addiction who use tobacco report wanting to
stop or reduce their tobacco use.8
* Video: Behavioral Health Clients Report How they Quit Smoking, Reap Benefits
IF CLIENTS WANT TO QUIT USING TOBACCO, WHY DO SO MANY STILL USE TOBACCO?
Despite the desire to quit and demonstrated success with evidence-based
interventions1, high tobacco use prevalence remains among behavioral health
populations due to limited access to treatment and resources.
Among SUD treatment facilities in the United States in 20219:
HOW DOES TOBACCO DEPENDENCE IMPACT A PERSON’S RECOVERY?
When someone is in recovery for alcohol and other substances, the brain starts
to heal and balance itself. Continued use of tobacco impacts the brain’s ability
to fully heal as nicotine continues to activate the dopamine reward system. The
co-use of nicotine with other substances demonstrates a strong neurobiochemical
link via the dopaminergic pathways in the brain. Nicotine can enhance the
rewarding effects of other substances (e.g. marijuana and opioids), balance out
the negative effects (e.g. alcohol), or lessen the withdrawal symptoms of other
substances (e.g. opioids). There is also a conditioned behavioral component to
co-use; nicotine and other substance are often used at the same time, in the
same situations, or around the same people. Given the biological and behavioral
underpinnings of tobacco use with alcohol and other drugs, continued tobacco use
may be a trigger for other substance use and increase risk of alcohol- and
drug-use relapse.10
HOW DOES TOBACCO DEPENDENCE IMPACT A PERSON’S MENTAL HEALTH?
While many people report smoking to ease feelings of stress, anxiety, or
depression, research has shown that smoking exacerbates mental health symptoms.
People who smoke have greater depressive symptoms, greater likelihood of
psychiatric hospitalization, and increased suicidal behavior.11 Many continue
to use tobacco only to manage the withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, depression,
agitation, sleep disturbance) that develop when nicotine levels in the brain
fall.
Additionally, smoke from tobacco products interacts with many psychotropic
medications, reducing their effectiveness, and often requiring clients to be on
higher doses.12 As a result, clients may have higher treatment-related side
effects, which can affect treatment adherence and overall quality of life.
HOW DOES QUITTING TOBACCO IMPACT A PERSON’S RECOVERY?
Tobacco cessation enhances treatment and recovery goals. Co-treatment of
nicotine with other SUD is associated with a 25% greater likelihood of long-term
abstinence from all substances.5 Research has also shown that individuals with a
history of SUD who continue to or start to smoke while in recovery were more
likely to relapse than those who did not smoke.13
HOW DOES QUITTING TOBACCO IMPACT A PERSON’S MENTAL HEALTH?
During recovery from tobacco, people experience lower levels of anxiety,
depression, and stress.11,14
Changes in symptoms from tobacco recovery one-year out:6
Estimated effect of tobacco recovery one-year out:14
Outcome Effect Estimate (95%CI) Anxiety -0.37 (-0.70 to -0.03) Depression -0.29
(-0.42 to -0.15) Mixed anxiety and depression -0.36 (-0.58 to -0.14)
Psychological quality of life 0.17 (-0.02 to 0.35) Positive affect 0.68 (0.24 to
1.12) Stress -0.23 (-0.39 to -0.07)
HOW DOES TREATING TOBACCO DEPENDENCE IMPACT OUR AGENCY?
Developing TUD treatment requires commitment and effort to gain leadership
support, get buy-in from staff, develop new procedures, and train the behavioral
health team. This initial investment is justified by the many positive outcomes
that result from treating TUD. They include:
* Addiction treatment outcomes improve
* Risk for client relapse is reduced5
* Client’s physical and mental health improve5,15
* Clinician skills to address all addictions improve by treating tobacco
dependence
* Client satisfaction improves
* Agencies will achieve satisfaction from effectively treating the deadliest of
addictions
* Agencies will become community sources for comprehensive addiction treatment
TIP
Bring tobacco into your conversations with clients by exploring the relationship
between using tobacco products and their other substances use.
For example, ask clients how their tobacco use relates to their alcohol use.
BUILD A FOUNDATION TO TREAT TOBACCO USE DISORDER
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WHO SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATING TOBACCO DEPENDENCE
TREATMENT?
Involve clinical, non-clinical, and leadership stakeholders to ensure a
successful tobacco treatment integration process. Engaging with and securing
support from administrative and clinical leadership will enable the necessary
integration steps to be prioritized.
Establish a tobacco dependence treatment integration team that includes
clinicians/providers, peer support specialists, clinical leadership, as well as
non-clinical staff such as information technology, billing, marketing and
promotion, and quality improvement. This team should have the expertise to:
build additional support; establish tobacco dependence treatment integration
goals; review current and develop new tobacco dependence treatment protocols and
policies; and evaluate progress. The diverse perspectives and feedback from
these stakeholders will help guide the development of and buy-in for a tobacco
dependence treatment policy and practice, and decisions about staff roles and
workflow.
Identify a clinician champion who is passionate about helping staff and clients
treat their tobacco use. The champion will serve on your tobacco dependence
treatment integration team and provide leadership for recommending and
implementing system changes to integrate tobacco dependence treatment. If
necessary, provide this champion with additional training about how to address
TUD.
HOW DO WE ASSESS OUR CURRENT EFFORTS AND RESOURCES ON TREATING TOBACCO
DEPENDENCE?
Before developing a tobacco dependence treatment integration plan, it is
important to recognize strengths, potential barriers, and areas to increase
capacity. Complete the Tobacco Treatment Integration Agency Assessment TOOL to
identify opportunities for tobacco treatment integration at your agency.
* TOOL: Tobacco Treatment Integration Agency Assessment
DO YOU HAVE SAMPLE TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT POLICIES?
* EXAMPLE – Outpatient Tobacco Treatment Policy
* EXAMPLE – Inpatient Tobacco Treatment Policy
* EXAMPLE – Client Tobacco Treatment Agreement
HOW DO WE CREATE A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL TOBACCO DEPENDENCE
TREATMENT?
Implementing and strengthening a hospital or clinic-wide tobacco-free policy is
an important step in creating an environment that supports the health and
recovery of clients, staff, and visitors. Tobacco acts as a cue for other
substance use and maintains drug-related coping mechanisms. A tobacco-free
policy expands the long-standing established SUD treatment standard of “alcohol
and drug-free” treatment environments. It also sends a message that you
prioritize TUD treatment and recognize the impact tobacco use has on physical
and mental health and recovery from other substances.
* TOOLKIT: Implementing Tobacco-Free Environments in Behavioral Health Settings
WHY IS TOBACCO GIVEN A RELATIVELY LOW PRIORITY? WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT IT?
ARTICLE – Nicotine Addiction: A Burning Issue in Addiction Psychiatry
TRAIN STAFF
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HOW DO WE TRAIN STAFF TO TREAT TOBACCO DEPENDENCE?
Behavioral health clinicians already have many of the skills, competencies, and
knowledge required to treat tobacco. Specifically, clinicians who treat SUD have
core competency standards in their certification process that are equally
applicable for evidence-based TUD treatment, such as the use of pharmacotherapy,
motivational interventions, and tailored stage-appropriate interventions.
Additional training focused on TUD will increase clinician buy-in, confidence,
and comfort. Provide sufficient staff training on evidence-based best practices
as well as the benefits of tobacco recovery to health and wellness. Trainings
can increase knowledge, shift beliefs on tobacco use, and have been shown to
increase confidence and rates of interventions with clients.15
Training Opportunities:
Training Description Format Bucket Approach Training Skills and competency
training to provide evidence-based tobacco treatment tailored to people who use
tobacco who are also coping with mental illness and/or other addictions Online
Contact your Regional Outreach Specialist
Free, tailored training and technical assistance based on agency needs and
experience In-person or virtual An Updated Review of Tobacco Treatments
Understand tobacco dependence as a chronic disease and learn how to initiate
evidence-based clinical interventions using a brief intervention model Online
Training for Systems Change: Addressing Tobacco in Behavioral Health
Learn how to successfully address tobacco in your clinical setting; and to
develop a plan and policy to integrate evidence-based tobacco treatment Online
Certified Tobacco Treatment Specialist Training Learn effective evidence-based
clinical interventions for the treatment of tobacco dependence and become
certified in the treatment of tobacco dependence (CTTS Certification) Virtual,
in-person, blended
WHAT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO TREAT TOBACCO DEPENDENCE?
Tobacco cessation and recovery is difficult, and most people benefit from
assistance. The United States Clinical Practice Guideline: Treating Tobacco Use
and Dependence18 shows that the most effective way to treat tobacco use is to
combine skills-based counseling with an FDA-approved tobacco cessation
medication. The combination of counseling and medication is more effective than
either alone and can increase odds of abstinence by 40% compared to medication
alone.18 This is because, like other substance use disorder treatment, it
targets both the physical and psychological aspects of nicotine addiction. If a
client declines or it is not feasible to do both, provide counseling or
medication as a stand-alone intervention.18
Effectiveness of Tobacco Dependence Treatments:17
Treatment Estimated Abstinence Rate No treatment 4-7% Self-help 11-14%
Individual Counseling 15-19% Group Counseling 12-16% Quitline counseling 11-14%
Medication Alone 23% Medication and Quitline Counseling 25-32%
HOW DO WE TALK TO CLIENTS ABOUT QUITTING TOBACCO?
A brief intervention can be used to promote and enhance motivation for changing
tobacco use. It is recommended that clinicians provide motivational interviewing
(MI) counseling strategies to explore a client’s feelings, beliefs, ideas, and
values regarding tobacco use. Doing so helps to understand factors that might
help motivate change. MI strategies also promote change talk, which can increase
motivation to make a quit attempt.15
Principles of Motivational Interventions17
Principle Description Example Language Express empathy
* Use open-ended questions
* Use reflective listening
* Normalize feelings and concerns
* “What might happen if you no longer used tobacco?”
* “So you think smoking helps you maintain your recovery from alcohol.”
* “Many people worry about managing without cigarettes.”
Develop discrepancy
* Highlight discrepancy between behaviors and expressed goals and priorities
* Reinforce “change talk”
* Build and deepen commitment to change
* “It sounds like you are very committed to your alcohol recovery. How do you
think your tobacco use is linked to your recovery?”
* “It’s great that you have been looking into changing your tobacco use with
the new tobacco-free environment policy.”
* “There are effective treatments that will ease the uncomfortable feelings
that come with recovery, including counseling and medications.”
Roll with resistance
* Back off and use reflection when client demonstrates resistance
* Ask permission to provide information
* “It sounds like you are feeling pressured about your smoking.”
* “Would you like to hear about some strategies that can help you address your
concern of __?”
Support self-efficacy
* Identify and build on past successes
* Offer options for achievable steps towards change
* “Last time you went three days without smoking. How did you do it then?”
* “Would you be interested in learning about options to cut back on the number
of cigarettes? This could be a good way to start gaining some control over
smoking.”
* VIDEO: How to talk to clients – Alcohol and Smoking
* VIDEO: Expert, Tony Klein, Helping Behavioral Health Clients Quit Tobacco Use
HOW DO WE MOTIVATE CLIENTS TO QUIT?
Like all the addictions, clients may be ambivalent towards changing their
tobacco use. Often clients need increased motivation to change. Fortunately, the
same approaches clinicians take to motivate clients with other addictions apply
to motivating clients on their tobacco use. It is often important to build
client buy-in on the importance of tobacco recovery. This can be done by linking
tobacco use to their other addictions.
Motivational interventions can effectively prepare clients to move towards
changing their tobacco use. Determining a client’s readiness for change can
guide you to provide appropriate motivational interventions and treatment.
Research shows most people who use tobacco are interested in reducing or
stopping completely and can be engaged in discussion.
Some clients are ready for change but need motivation to sustain their progress.
Congratulate small successes and encourage clients to quit completely because of
the health risks that remain even at reduced levels of smoking.
Some clients will be interested in making a change but feel unprepared to do so.
The clinician’s responsibility here is reduce their ambivalence and strengthen
their motivation. Clients may feel prepared to make small changes to practice
problem-solving and coping skills and learn to gain control over their tobacco
use. To build skills and confidence clients could:
* Reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per week
* Delay time to the first cigarette of the day
* Make a practice quit attempt for a set amount of time
* Limit smoking in certain places (e.g. car)
* Replace cigarettes with NRT throughout the day as part of a reduction plan
and become comfortable with using a medication
Other clients will be open to discussing their smoking. Help clients explore
their beliefs about smoking and quitting, build change talk, and resolve
ambivalence. Through open-ended questions, you can help your client recognize
the discrepancy between their smoking and things that are important to them, as
well as addressing their concerns about quitting. The Clinical Practice
Guideline: Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence17 recommends use of the 5R Model
to motivate people who use tobacco.
The 5 R Model for Motivating Clients to Quit Using Tobacco
Due to the chronic and relapsing nature of TUD and the fluctuations of
motivations, repeated interventions are recommended. Engage clients in regular
conversation about their tobacco use to strengthen skills and motivation over
time.
* TRAINING: The Bucket Approach Training
WHAT ARE THE 7 FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA)-APPROVED MEDICATIONS TO TREAT
TOBACCO?
Tobacco cessation medications effectively reduce the withdrawal symptoms (e.g.
irritability, anger, anxiety) that many people experience when they stop using
tobacco products. Using a medication can lessen the strength and frequency of
urges and cravings. Notably, while these medications reduce cravings and urges,
they rarely eliminate them. Tobacco users also benefit from learning coping
skills and receiving support.
There are 7-FDA approved medications that significantly increase rates of
recovery from tobacco dependence. All medications have been shown to be safe and
effective at treating tobacco use in individuals with behavioral health
conditions.
FDA-approved Tobacco Cessation Medications Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Non-Nicotine Medications
* Nicotine Gum (OTC)
* Nicotine Patch (OTC)
* Nicotine Lozenge (OTC)
* Nicotine Inhaler (prescription only)
* Nicotine Nasal Spray (prescription only)
* Bupropion SR (Zyban, Wellbutrin; prescription only)
* Varenicline (Chantix; prescription only)
There is a lack of research on the effectiveness and safety of the tobacco
dependence medications for the following populations – pregnant persons,
adolescents, smokeless tobacco users, and light smokers (fewer than 10
cigarettes/day).18 Review the medication chart linked below for dosing
instructions, side effects, precautions, and contraindications for each
medication.
* Fact Sheet: Medication chart
MY CLIENT SAYS TOBACCO CESSATION MEDICATIONS DON’T WORK. ARE THERE WAYS TO
ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF MEDICATIONS?
When used as directed, tobacco cessation medications can reduce most or all
significant cravings. However, some clients, particularly those with a high
level of nicotine dependence, may need additional support. There are various
strategies that can increase medication effectiveness to review with a client.
Concurrent Skills-Based Counseling – Tobacco dependence treatment needs to
address the physiological and behavioral aspects of dependence to improve
clients’ chances of being successful. Behavioral therapies help clients develop
and strengthen problem-solving and coping skills, increase confidence, and
enhance relapse prevention techniques. Medication lessens withdrawal symptoms,
so clients can better focus on behavior change. Research shows the combination
of counseling and medication is more effective than either alone.
Medication Adherence – Tobacco cessation medications, particularly NRT, are
often under-dosed. Confirm client adherence to medication; make sure clients are
taking the proper dose, as directed, and for the full duration. Medication side
effects, such as nausea or insomnia, can also make adherence difficult. There
are ways to lessen some side effects, such as removing the nicotine patch at
night or taking medication with a full meal.
Combining Medications – Clients with a high level of nicotine dependence can
benefit from combination pharmacotherapy treatment, using two tobacco cessation
medications concurrently to provide a higher dose of medication. Studies have
shown that combination treatments may provide an increase in long-term recovery.
There are several options for combination treatments. Typically, the nicotine
patch is used to provide a steady dose of nicotine throughout the day is paired
with an oral product (nicotine gum or nicotine lozenge), which can more
effectively relieve breakthrough cravings. Other options shown to be safe and
effective include:
* Patch + patch
* Patch + oral product
* Oral product + oral product
* NRT and bupropion/varenicline
Pre-cessation Use – Starting medications before cessation can increase chances
of a successful quit attempt. Studies show the use of the nicotine patch 2-3
weeks before quitting increases the odds of quitting by about 25%. Research
supports the use of NRT pre-quit when paired with a smoking reduction plan for
clients willing to reduce their smoking. The aim is to reduce the number of
cigarettes smoked per day by replacing some cigarettes with NRT. It is
recommended that NRT be initiated while a client is still smoking to help them
cut back on their level of smoking and increase their self-efficacy.
Importantly, the FDA has determined NRT is safe to use while smoking.
Extended Use of Medications – Clients with a high level of nicotine dependence
can benefit from a longer duration of treatment, beyond the typical 12 weeks, to
prevent relapse and maintain abstinence.19,20
* Fact Sheet: Medication chart
ARE TOBACCO CESSATION MEDICATIONS SAFE FOR PEOPLE WITH A BEHAVIORAL HEALTH
CONDITION?
The 7 FDA-approved tobacco cessation medications for treating tobacco dependence
are safe and effective for people with behavioral health conditions. In the
largest smoking cessation study to date, researchers compared the effectiveness
and safety of all 7 FDA-approved medications and found no significant increase
in neuropsychiatric adverse events attributed to varenicline or bupropion
compared to the nicotine patch or placebo.21 All medications were found to
reliably increase the likelihood of quitting at 6 months, however, clients
receiving varenicline had the greatest likelihood of abstaining from tobacco.22
As with any new medication, clients should report any changes in mood, behavior,
or thinking, but these neuropsychiatric side effects were rare. The most common
side effects across all treatment groups in the study were nausea, insomnia, and
abnormal dreams.
How does tobacco interact with other medications clients may be using?
Chemicals in tobacco products interact with many psychotropic medications by
influencing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and potentially causing an
altered pharmacologic response.12 Because of these interactions, people who use
tobacco may require higher doses of certain medications and may experience more
treatment-related side effects. Therefore, when quitting tobacco products,
clients should be carefully monitored and medications should be adjusted as
appropriate.
* CHART: Medication Interactions with tobacco smoke
TIP
Medication and counseling do not need to be provided by the same clinician. For
example, a health educator could provide counseling while a psychiatrist
prescribes a medication. A team-based approach is both time-efficient and
clinically effective.
DEVELOP TOBACCO TREATMENT PROGRAM
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HOW DO WE DEVELOP A TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT PROGRAM?
There are a variety of tobacco dependence treatment strategies that agencies can
integrate into their existing services. The appropriate strategy will depend on
the setting, services provided, capacity, and current culture and practices. It
is recommended that agencies use as many strategies as are practical. Below are
several such strategies, many of which can be combined.
Comprehensive Training and Treatment – All clinicians address tobacco use with
their own client. Clinicians can briefly address tobacco during regular visits.
This option is ideal as each clinician has a relationship with their own clients
and understands their skills and motivations. Addressing tobacco need not
consume a large amount of any one treatment visit. Rather, interventions can be
brief but spread over multiple visits thus being integrated with other clinical
interventions.
Centralized Tobacco Interventionist – Utilize a certified tobacco treatment
specialist (TTS), an existing employee, who receives additional intensive
training on tobacco treatment. In this strategy, the responsibility need not
fall solely on a tobacco treatment specialist. The referring provider, such as
the primary clinician, is responsible for screening for tobacco use, assessing
motivational readiness, and prescribing medication, while the tobacco treatment
specialist can provide more intensive counseling and/or medication management
and follow-up.
Group Program – Many substance use treatment settings use a group format as part
of treatment and there may be an inclination to continue this format for
tobacco. There can be a free-standing tobacco group or addressing tobacco can
be integrated into existing groups such as wellness groups. Groups can be
stratified by motivational level (making a quit attempt vs. getting ready to
make a quit attempt or a single group can include all motivational levels.
Groups can be closed or open ended.
Refer to a treatment extender –The Wisconsin Tobacco Quit Line (WTQL)
(800-QUIT-NOW) offers free 24/7 telephone- and text-based counseling and
medication to Wisconsin residents. The WTQL complements services clients are
already receiving in a clinical setting. While Quitlines can effectively assist
individuals with tobacco recovery, they should not be relied upon exclusively to
treat tobacco dependence. Instead, clinicians should approach the Quitline or
other programs as treatment extenders. Following a referral, the clinician can
review what was discussed during the Quitline call with the client at a
subsequent session and further support the treatment plan. If necessary,
incorporate updates into the clinic treatment plan for that client. Consider
setting up direct fax or eReferral process at your facility for proactive
Quitline calls to further increase utilization and recovery.
Refer pregnant, postpartum, and caregiving individuals to First Breath, a free,
statewide program that provides a range of evidence-based tobacco treatment
services. Agencies that provide direct services to pregnant and postpartum
people should consider becoming a First Breath Referral Site. After completing a
short, online training, the site will have the information and tools needed
effectively address tobacco dependence among perinatal populations and can refer
patients to First Breath. More information can be found at
www.providefirstbreath.org. Pregnant and postpartum people can also refer
themselves to the First Breath program at www.joinfirstbreath.org.
Utilize peer specialists – “Peer supports specialists and recovery coaches can
be valuable contributors to the behavioral health system. Research has
documented the benefits of including those with lived experience as
support/mentors to clients with behavioral health conditions. Additionally, the
literature has documented several roles for peers and coaches in tobacco
dependence treatment efforts. Most serve as co-facilitators of tobacco groups,
either tobacco education/awareness group or smoking cessation groups. Some
served as peer mentors who met with clients by phone or in-person to reinforce
group content, establish rapport, provide encouragement, help participants
implement their goals, and problem solving toward reduction and cessation.”23
* REPORT: Roles for Certified Peer Specialist to Support Peers as They Address
their Smoking
HOW DO WE ADDRESS AND TREAT TOBACCO DEPENDENCE AT THE CLINIC LEVEL?
The 5As provides a foundation for systematically addressing tobacco use in all
clients. It provides the framework to treat all clients who use tobacco
products, with the understanding that tobacco use is both a chronic, relapsing
condition and an addiction.
* EXAMPLE: Tobacco Treatment Integration Agency Assessment
The components of the 5As tobacco treatment model are reflective of the Core
Counseling Functions of SUD treatment providers.
Matching the 5 A’s to SUD Core Counseling Functions
Five A’s Core Counseling Function Ask Screening/Intake/Assessment Advise
Orientation/Client Education Assess Treatment Planning Assist Treatment
Planning/Counseling/Case Management/Referral/Consultation with Other
Professionals (for prescribing medication and med management) Arrange Referral
* EXAMPLE: Outpatient workflow chart (need pdf)
* EXAMPLE: Inpatient workflow chart (need pdf)
HOW DO WE DEVELOP A GROUP PROGRAM FOR TOBACCO DEPENDENCE?
There are two types of tobacco dependence treatment groups: tobacco awareness
groups and tobacco recovery groups,24 that address needs based on motivational
readiness.
1. Tobacco Awareness Groups provide education to increase knowledge, skills,
attitudes, and motivations about tobacco. Focus on motivational
interventions to understand beliefs and reduce ambivalence.
* * TOOLKIT: Facilitating a Tobacco Awareness Group
2. Tobacco Recovery Groups provide support for people in recovery for tobacco
use. These groups focus on making behavioral changes and practicing
problem-solving and coping skills.
* * TOOLKIT: Facilitating a Tobacco Recovery Group
ARE OTHER BEHAVIORAL HEALTH FACILITIES IN WISCONSIN TREATING TOBACCO DEPENDENCE?
Many substance use treatment agencies in Wisconsin address concurrent tobacco
use and have integrated tobacco treatment as standard practice. According to
SAMHSA NSSATS Survey in 2020, 71.9% of substance use treatment facilities in
Wisconsin screened for tobacco use and 54.9% provided smoking or tobacco
cessation counseling, compared to national average of 75.9% and 61.8%,
respectively.25 Some form of Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) was offered by
32.5% of facilities in Wisconsin and 33.9% offered non-nicotine tobacco
cessation medications (i.e. varenicline or bupropion).25
Hear from other agencies in Wisconsin who have implemented tobacco treatment:
* VIDEO: Kenosha Community Health Center
* VIDEO: La Crosse Community Support Program
* VIDEO: La Crosse County Health Department
TIP
Caffeine metabolism and clearance increases in the presence of hydrocarbons from
tobacco smoke.12,40 Caffeine can also worsen withdrawal symptoms. Advise clients
to decrease caffeine intake when reducing tobacco use.
IMPLEMENT TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT INTERVENTIONS
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HOW DO WE ASSESS TOBACCO USE?
The primary goal of assessment and screening is to identify clients who use
tobacco and guide clinicians in developing a treatment plan tailored to the
client’s patterns of use and motivational readiness. Screen for tobacco use
status upon intake and at each clinical visit thereafter as you would other
chemical dependencies. Integrating tobacco use screening questions directly into
the EHR or paper intake assessment is the easiest way to ensure all clients are
screened consistently.
Brief tobacco dependence treatment interventions, including an assessment, can
be completed in as little as three minutes. As motivational readiness can change
over time, it is important to regularly assess for changes. For most visits, a
tobacco assessment may consist of the following questions:
1. Do you currently use any tobacco products?
2. Have you ever used a tobacco products?
3. Which of the following statements best describes your interest in quitting
tobacco use at this time?
1. I am willing to try to quit smoking/using tobacco in the near future.
2. I am willing to cut down or reduce my smoking/tobacco use or learn how to
quit someday.
3. I am willing to talk about my smoking/tobacco use with my treatment team.
4. I prefer not to talk about my smoking/tobacco use.
In certain cases, a more thorough assessment may be required.
* EXAMPLE: Tobacco Use Assessment
WHAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN A TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT PLAN?
The components of a comprehensive treatment plan include problem statements,
goal statements, objectives, and interventions. The treatment plan is
individualized to each client, developed in collaboration with clients, and
should be updated to reflect changes in the client’s readiness, progress towards
goals, or changes in treatment.26
Problem Statements are specific problems associated with an individual’s tobacco
use. For example, “The client smokes cigarettes at home, and the secondhand
smoke is negatively affecting his daughter’s health.”
Goal Statements are broad outcomes made by reframing the problem statements. For
example, “The client will ensure that his daughter is not exposed to secondhand
smoke at home by making his house and yard smoke-free.”
Objectives are specific and measurable actions that can be taken to reach each
goal. For example, “The client will sign an agreement with his case worker to
keep his home smoke-free. The case worker will follow-up about this at each
visit.”
Integrated Program of Therapies and Activities (IPTA) is a list of actions the
provider or agency will take to help the client complete their objectives and
achieve their goals. For example, “The client will receive individual counseling
once per week for 12 weeks” and “The client is prescribed Bupropion: 150mg once
daily for three days, then 150mg twice a day for 12 weeks.”
* TOOLKIT: Develop Tobacco Treatment Plans
How do we integrate tobacco dependence treatment into our electronic health
record (EHR) or record-keeping system?16
Integrating the 5A tobacco dependence treatment protocol (Ask, Advise, Assess,
Assist, Arrange) into the electronic health record (EHR) or client record is a
systems-level change that can increase tobacco use screening and provision of
treatment to clients who use tobacco. Tobacco use screening as part of the vital
signs or intake assessment ensures that all patients who use tobacco are
consistently identified.
* FACT SHEET: What should be included in a tobacco treatment EHR template?
HOW DO WE INTEGRATE TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT INTO OUR ELECTRONIC HEALTH
RECORD (EHR) OR RECORD-KEEPING SYSTEM?
Integrating the 5A tobacco dependence treatment protocol (Ask, Advise, Assess,
Assist, Arrange) into the electronic health record (EHR) or client record is a
systems-level change that can increase tobacco use screening and provision of
treatment to clients who use tobacco.25 Tobacco use screening as part of the
vital signs or intake assessment ensures that all patients who use tobacco are
consistently identified.
* FACT SHEET: What should be included in a tobacco treatment EHR template?
BUILD ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY
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WHAT RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE FOR OUR CLIENTS TO SEEK ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FOR
TOBACCO USE DISORDER?
There are resources available to extend tobacco dependence treatment beyond the
clinical setting that provide additional support for clients.
Resource Target Population Description and Services Wisconsin Tobacco Quitline
Wisconsin residents over the age of 13 Free counseling and medication for help
to quit smoking, vaping, or other tobacco use First Breath Pregnant, postpartum,
and caregiving individuals in Wisconsin A free program that provides a range of
services to help people make positive changes to their tobacco, alcohol, and
other substance use during pregnancy and beyond. Live Vape Free Teens age 13 –
17; Parents, caregivers, health educators, health care providers Teen Program –
An interactive, multi-media texting program for teens that provides tools and
interventions to stop vaping
Adult Program – A self-paced, online learning program that empowers concerned
adults to have meaningful, no-pressure dialogue with teens about vaping
HOW DO WE BILL FOR TOBACCO USE DISORDER TREATMENT?
Billing for tobacco dependence treatment is an important element of tobacco
treatment integration. Treatment for Tobacco Use Disorder is considered a
billable service by Medicaid, Medicare, and many commercial insurance plans.
Resource Description American Lung Associations Billing Guide Addendum for
Behavioral Health
Reviews eligible providers, diagnosis codes and service codes
In Brief: What Substance Use Providers Should Know Information on Wisconsin
Medicaid for Substance Use and Mental Health Providers
HOW DO WE SUSTAIN TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT EFFORTS LONG-TERM?
* Create and maintain a workgroup within your agency to review the tobacco
dependence treatment integration work and process regularly. Include
representatives from various roles on the treatment team as part of the
workgroup such as leadership, administration, clinicians, and non-clinical
staff. Client representation is also highly beneficial.
* Integrate screening process and treatment options into client charts using
prompts, dot phrases, etc. to streamline workflow and documentation for
staff.
* Include a team-based approach. Train all care team members to offer a
consistent message and support within their role.
* Offer training for new staff and regular refreshers for existing staff; add
policies and protocols to onboarding and orientation for new staff
(training/education plans).
* Ensure that interventions, treatment, enforcement policies, and consequences
are consistent with policies that govern the use of other substances and
misuse of medications.
* Track performance measures (on clinician, clinic, program, system level) and
provide feedback.
HOW DO WE SUPPORT STAFF WHO USE TOBACCO PRODUCTS?
* Ensure staff have knowledge of and access to treatment services
* Cover/offer discounted tobacco cessation benefits found to be most effective:
counseling and medications, multiple counseling sessions, counseling services
(including telephone, individual, and group), all 7 FDA medications
* Consider how employee assistance programs and employee wellness programs can
support staff with TUD
* Consider the chronic nature of TUD: offer and cover the cost of a variety of
treatment options and at least two courses of treatment per year (consistent
with the standard of practice for other SUD’s)
* Offer a supportive smoke-free/tobacco-free environment: alternatives while on
campus property like walking trails, distractions during break time
(books/magazines, puzzles, games in breakroom)
EVALUATE YOUR TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT PROGRAM
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HOW CAN WE ENSURE THE TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT PROGRAM IS IMPLEMENTED AS IT
WAS DESIGNED?
Consider including TUD treatment measures in your quality assessment efforts.
Examples include chart audits, EMR extracts, clinician interviews or client
surveys. Key TUD treatment indicators include:
* Was smoking status noted for every client?
* Did the treatment plan list tobacco cessation as a goal for every current
tobacco user?
* Was motivation to quit assessed and documented for every current tobacco
user?
* Did the treatment plan include a tobacco cessation plan consistent with the
motivational status of the tobacco user (quit plan, counseling based on
client motivation, cessation medications)?
* Was every client who quit tobacco assessed for risk for relapse and was
appropriate interventions (relapse prevention) provided?
Consider asking clients themselves about their satisfaction about how their
tobacco use was addressed.
HOW DO WE KNOW THE TOBACCO DEPENDENCE TREATMENT WE PROVIDE IS EFFECTIVE?
The desired outcomes from tobacco dependence treatment are either expressed as
the number of clients who quit in a given period of time or a falling rate of
tobacco use among all clients. But there are many intermediary outcomes that can
be used to track progress. These include:
* What percent of your tobacco users have made a quit attempt?
* Are clients smoking less? How much less?
* Not all quit attempts succeed. How many smoke-free days occurred even within
failed attempts?
* What percent of tobacco users who were not willing to even talk about their
tobacco use are now willing to do so?
* What percent of tobacco users who were willing to only talk about tobacco are
beginning to prepare to quit or have agreed to learn about how to quit?
(Reduce, cessation medications, have a practice quit attempt, etc.)
* What percent of tobacco users who were willing to prepare to quit but not
ready to try have now made a quit plan and are trying to quit?
Client satisfaction with treatment is always a key outcome. Consider asking
clients about their satisfaction with how their tobacco use was addressed.
A widely used, very brief instrument (three questions) to measure the
therapeutic bond between client and therapist (Working Alliance Inventory)27–29
has now been validated to measure clients’ perceptions of their therapists
efforts to address tobacco use.30
* LINK: Working Alliance Inventory (confirming link with Bruce)
TREAT E-CIGARETTE USE
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WHAT SHOULD WE KNOW ABOUT E-CIGARETTES/VAPING?
What are e-cigarettes?
E-cigarettes come in a variety of shapes and sizes, can be rechargeable or
disposable, and have many different names (e-cigs, mods, vapes, vape pens, and
electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)). They heat a liquid to produce an
aerosol that the user inhales into their lungs. Most e-cigarettes contain
nicotine and are thus considered to be tobacco products. E-cigarettes can also
be used to vape cannabis derived compounds, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
or cannabidiol (CBD), and other drugs.31
Image source: CDC
Prevalence of e-cigarette use among adults with behavioral health conditions
Studies show the prevalence of ever using an e-cigarette among individuals in
substance use disorder treatment is between 50-75%.32–34 Individuals with mental
health conditions are twice as likely to be currently using an e-cigarette
compared to those without mental health conditions.35 The primary reasons
individuals in substance use disorder treatment are trying e-cigarettes is to
quit or reduce their smoking, and because they perceive vaping to be less
harmful and less addictive than smoking.32–34,36
DO E-CIGARETTES HELP PEOPLE TO QUIT SMOKING?
E-cigarettes are still a relatively new tobacco product, and the landscape of
products continues to change, making it difficult to generalize the efficacy of
an e-cigarette to help people quit smoking. The FDA has not approved
e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid.15
ARE E-CIGARETTES SAFER THAN CIGARETTES?
E-cigarettes are widely believed to be safer than use of combustible tobacco
(smoking cigarettes).
But safer does not mean safe or risk free. The long-term health effects of
vaping exclusively are not well understood. While e-cigarette aerosol contains
fewer harmful chemicals than combustible cigarettes, there are still
cancer-causing chemicals and ultrafine particles in the aerosol that cause risks
to health.15 Most e-cigarette products contain nicotine, which may perpetuate
dependence on nicotine and enhance the reinforcing effects of substance of
abuse.32,33
A concerning trend is the dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes.
For example, using, e-cigarettes only when smoking is prohibited.36 Current
research on the risks to health of dual use show the higher exposure to
chemicals from both products increases risks to lung and heart health.37
WHAT ADVICE CAN BE GIVEN TO PEOPLE WHO WANT TO USE E-CIGARETTES TO QUIT SMOKING?
Given the high lethality of cigarettes, the unknown long-term health effects of
e-cigarettes, and the danger that nicotine dependence poses to alcohol and other
drug relapse, the goal for all clients should be to completely stop using all
nicotine-containing products. Clients should be encouraged to use the seven-FDA
approved medications and counseling strategies that have proven effectiveness
and safety. If clients insist on trying e-cigarettes to quit smoking, inform
clients that e-cigarette use can only help improve their health if it helps them
reduce and eventually stop smoking entirely. Dual use should be discouraged. The
goal remains the eventual cessation all forms of nicotine, including
e-cigarettes.
* FACT SHEET: E-cigarette Fact Sheet
ARE THERE SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TREATING TOBACCO USE IN PREGNANT CLIENTS?
Using tobacco during pregnancy is a major risk factor for preterm birth and low
birth weight, increasing the risk for serious health problems and infant death.
As recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,
pregnant women who use tobacco products should be offered individualized care
that may include psychosocial, behavioral, and pharmacotherapy
interventions.38,39 Use of nicotine replacement therapy should be considered
only after a detailed discussion with the client of the known risks of continued
tobacco use, the possible risks of nicotine replacement therapy, and the need
for close monitoring. If nicotine replacement therapy is used, it should be with
the clear goal of quitting smoking.
* TRAINING: Provide Referrals to First Breath
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
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ADDITIONAL TRAINING ON TREATING TOBACCO USE AND DEPENDENCE
Training Description Format Continuing Education Credits Bucket Approach
Training Skills and competency training to provide evidence-based tobacco
treatment tailored to individuals who use tobacco and are coping with mental
illness and/or other addictions Online 8.25 free CE/CME credits Contact your
Regional Outreach Specialist Free, tailored training and technical assistance
based on agency needs and experience In-person or virtual N/A An Updated Review
of Tobacco Treatments Understand tobacco dependence as a chronic disease and
learn how to initiate evidence-based clinical interventions using a brief
intervention model Online 1 CE/CME credit Training for Systems Change:
Addressing Tobacco in Behavioral Health
Learn how to successfully address tobacco in your clinical setting; and to
develop a plan and policy to integrate evidence-based tobacco treatment Online
3.50 free CE/CME credits
Certified Tobacco Treatment Specialist Training Learn effective evidence-based
clinical interventions for the treatment of tobacco dependence and become
certified in the treatment of tobacco dependence (CTTS Certification) Virtual,
in-person, blended Varies
ADDITIONAL CLINICIAN RESOURCES
Resource Description Toolkits ASAM – Integrating Tobacco Use Disorder
Interventions in Addiction Treatment American Society of Addiction Medicine’s
guide for addiction treatment clinicians and programs to integrate tobacco use
disorder interventions Million Hearts Tobacco Cessation Change Package
Suite of evidence-based process improvements and resources to effectively
implement tobacco cessation interventions Smoking Cessation Leadership Center:
Tobacco Free Toolkit for Behavioral Health Agencies
SAMHSA: Implementing Tobacco Cessation Programs in Substance Use Disorder
Treatment Settings: A quick guide overviewing challenges and benefits of tobacco
cessation and implementing smokefree policy, as well as tips substance use
disorder treatment facilities can use to implement tobacco cessation programs
American Lung Association: Toolkit to Address Tobacco in Behavioral Health
Toolkit and materials for mental health and substance use treatment
professionals, including direct providers, administrators, and behavioral health
organizations American Lung Association: Integrating Tobacco Use Dependency
Treatment in Behavioral Health Settings | American Lung Association
Collection of tools and resources for State Tobacco Control Program staff and
other health professionals, including a quick reference guide and webcast
recordings. USPSTF: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Interventions
Implementing Tobacco Cessation Programs in Substance Use Disorder Treatment
Settings
Treating Tobacco in Behavioral Health Resources Smoking Cessation Leadership
Center National Council for Mental Wellbeing
Membership organization that drives policy and social change for mental health
treatment organizations and clients, offering consulting, programs, and
resources National Behavioral Health Network Resource hub for organizations,
health care providers, and public health professionals seeking to address
tobacco use disparities among individuals with mental illnesses and addictions
UW-Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention Source for tobacco treatment
training for Wisconsin clinicians, based on the latest peer-reviewed research.
Online CME-CE training, materials, factsheets, webinars, videos, and research.
General Tobacco Treatment Resources Wisconsin DHS Tobacco Prevention and Control
Program Resources to help people quit and information about Wisconsin programs
to help tobacco users across the state Smoking Cessation: A Report of the
Surgeon General – Chapter 6: Interventions for Smoking Cessation and Treatments
for Nicotine Dependence
ADDITIONAL CLIENT RESOURCES
Resource Description Wisconsin Tobacco Quit Line Free counseling and medication
for help to quit smoking, vaping, or other tobacco use. First Breath A free
program that provides a range of services to help people make positive changes
to their tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use during pregnancy and beyond.
American Indian Program American Indian program offers free medications and
culturally tailored support to quit commercial tobacco. Connect with a dedicated
quit coach to get back to a healthy, sacred relationship with tobacco.
Smokefree.gov Free resources, tools and tips for various populations: 60+,
teens, women, veterans, support people, etc. BecomeAnEx.org Free online
community for quitters. Run by Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center. Offers
expert guidance and interactive tools. Tips, advice, texts and emails. UW-CTRI
patient resources List of self-help resources on UW-CTRI website
REFERENCES
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