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FUSARIUM WILTED STRAWBERRIES

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Fusarium is a common fungal disease to which a large number of garden crops are
exposed. Strawberry is no exception and suffers from a fungus no less than
others. The cunning of the disease is that it is impossible to completely
eliminate the risk of its occurrence. Plants can get sick at almost any age and
at any stage of their development.

DANGER OF ILLNESS

Fusarium wilt (lat. Fusarium Oxysporum) is considered one of the most dangerous
diseases. The disease completely affects the whole plant from the roots to the
tips of the leaves, and since the center of the disease is in the underground
part of the shoot, it is almost impossible to recognize it at the initial stage.
Distributors of fusarium are weeds, many vegetable crops and contaminated soil.
The parasitic fungus is characterized by high viability and is able to infect
the soil and plants for 25 years. Fusarium causes significant yield losses,
which, with advanced forms of the disease and with its late recognition, can be
50%.

The first mentions of laboratory studies of fusarium are from the twenties of
the last century. It was then that in the countries of Western Europe and the
USA they first noticed the emergence of a new disease. The first studies were
conducted on strawberries, the shoots of which died from root damage by an
unknown pathogen. The disease received the name of Lancashire and was carefully
studied.

Analysis of the disease, taking into account the growing conditions of the plant
and the course of the disease, showed that the disease has a fungal nature and
is caused by high soil moisture. However, a little later, in 1935, experts from
Germany and the United States independently of each other concluded that the
disease is viral in nature and is caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium or
Phytophthora. Today, there is very little information about this insidious
disease, and there are no specific recommendations for its treatment.

Moreover, many experts believe this disease is extremely dangerous and requires
more detailed study.

The main danger of fusarium is that It affects not only the leaf cover of the
plant. The main stem wilts, growth is stopped, the flower stalks dry out and
fall off, the root system is affected by rot, and as a result the plant dies.
However, the process of the harmful action of the fungus does not end there: the
dead plant itself becomes a source of infection and through the soil infects
other shoots.

BACKGROUND AND SIGNS OF ILLNESS

Fusarium wilting begins with the root system. Initially, the fungus penetrates
the shallow root processes and advances to larger roots, from which it passes
through the stem system and leaves into the stem. The first signs of plant
damage occur already when the root system is seriously affected by a fungus, and
consist in the fading of the leaf cover of the lower tier. In this case, the
upper leaves are covered with light green and yellowish spots, and their edges
become watery.

If plants that grow in conditions of high humidity have undergone the disease,
then, in addition to spotting, the leaves can become covered with a white bloom
and sag.

The process of withering occurs, as a rule, during the filling of the berries.
This results from the fact that during this period the root system works for
wear, trying to provide the necessary substances with pouring fruit. As a
result, the immunity of plants in this period is experiencing significant stress
and under the invasion of the fungus drops sharply. As a result, the plant
becomes ill, and after a month and a half dies.

If at this moment to make a transverse incision of the stem, then it can be seen
that the conducting vessels, which are responsible for the delivery of essential
nutrients to all plant organs, have noticeably darkened and changed structure.
At a root incision, a change in the structure of the central cylinder and a
change in its color to brown is also observed.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE STRAWBERRY FUSARIUM

If you cut the stalks across (in the form of circles) or along, then you can see
that the conducting vessels through which the plant sends the necessary
substances to its organs have darkened. It settled in them mushroom Fusarium
oxysporum.

You can look at the roots. They dry up, without changing dramatically, as if
rotting.

This is how strawberry roots look like when they are affected by fusarium. Photo
from agronomija.rs

If you cut the root across, you can see that the central cylinder has become
brown.

PROTECTION AGAINST FUSARIUM

The usual recommendation is to plant resistant varieties. It is a pity, but
garden strawberries have practically no such varieties. Is that the long-known
'Zeng Zengan'.

Another recommendation is to hold the roots in a solution of a bacterial
fungicide for some time before planting. If a plant has a disease, don't try to
treat him! Immediately dig up the earth with a large lump to remove the
substrate in which there is a pathogen. Do not put such plant residues in
compost - onlyburn!

PREVENTION OF FUSARIUM

On some cottage sites there are references to the possibility of using the drug
"Ordan". This is a two-component fungicide of locally systemic action. It
contains the substance cymoxanil (689.5 g / kg) and the long-known copper
oxychloride (42 g / kg). With such a composition there are drugs under other
names. These are “Broneks”, “Kuprolyuks”, “Kurzat”. All of them are allowed for
use in personal subsidiary farming (in the dacha farming, too), but for the
treatment of late blight and peronosporoza cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes,
grapes.

The rate of use of the drug. Photo from pesticidy.ru

HARMFULNESS OF STRAWBERRY FUSARIUM WILT

Strawberry wilting: a photo of the disease at a serious stage of development

Affected land part of the landing simultaneously with the root system. When the
fungus populates the plant, after a short time, the bush changes color, then
fades and eventually dries. Naturally, the ovary on the diseased bush does not
develop, and the released mustache deforms and turns brown. The amazing
microflora feels great in the summer when it is hot. Weeds that grow in the
garden are favorable for its development. The cunning of the fungus lies in its
ability to remain viable, parasitic on plant debris.

WAYS TO TREAT BEDS

* To get rid of the fungus, you can properly organize the crop rotation on the
plot - it is important to correctly select the predecessors for strawberries.
* Treatment of affected plants "Fundazol." It is a drug of systemic protective
and eradication action. It is supplied to the retail network in the form of a
wettable white powder or with a milky shade. The active component of benomyl
is absorbed by both the foliage and the root system, moving in the direction
above. That is, most of the drug accumulates in the upper part of the plant.
The system function of “Fundazol” is also manifested in the fact that
protection extends to those organs of the plant where the working compound
does not fall during spraying.
* Spraying the fungicide drug "Benorad." The broad-spectrum tool, showing
efficacy against many fungal diseases. It is used for the prevention and
treatment of plants. Getting on the plants, the working composition
suppresses the formation of growth tubes at the stage of germination of
conidia and spores. The period of active protection lasts up to 10 days
during the growing season.

VERTICILLOUS WILTING OF STRAWBERRIES

With the defeat of this fungus, plants in most cases do not live to a period
when strawberry planting begins to bear fruit. The harmful microflora can
persist in the soil for up to 25 years. Favorable conditions for its development
are warm light days and warmed up soil to a temperature of 21-24 degrees. The
spores of this fungus are transferred to the site along with agricultural
implements or equipment, they can get with seeds, seedlings, and soil.

Mushroom spores like a lot of moisture.

Verticillary wilting to the second or third year of defeat, as a rule, causes
death from 30 to 50% of plantings. The disease spreads to the outlet, the roots,
the vascular system. It appears first in the form of chlorotic small leaves at
the stage of growth of the ovary, and strawberry planting staining yellow-red
color. If you cut a diseased rhizome, then a ring of brown vessels is
visualized.

CONTROL MEASURES

* Against this fungal infection are also used, described above, "Fundazol" and
"Benorad."
* As for the fumigation of the land, it will not be possible to efficiently
carry it out independently on the individual plot. Competently, this
procedure will be able to be performed only by a specialized company
operating on the basis of a license obtained, which allows working with
professional funds.
* Proved the feasibility of using soil fumigant, representing a mixture of 33%
chloropicrin with 66% methyl bromide.

Important! At the moment, the search for new means against the fungus causing
verticillary wilting continues. If your compound has a problem with mushroom
lesions, learn about the latest developments in this area. Perhaps at the time
when you will read this material, a new drug has arrived on the market, about
which we have not written.

PHYTOPHTHALIC WILTING OF STRAWBERRIES

Psevdogriby Phytophthora genus provoke the emergence of another type of disease
of strawberries. Shrubs at the stage of growth of the ovary acquire
uncharacteristic color of the foliage, including vessels in the petioles and
whiskers. Identify that the cause of ill health strawberry beds is this pathogen
can only be in laboratory conditions. Treat phytophthora wilt strawberries will
also, like other fungal infections. First of all, you need to understand that
the source of infection is the soil - the harmful microflora lives in the soil
for many years, enduring without problems both great frosts and high
temperatures in summer.

The yield on the infected beds will be catastrophically low

Naturally, the fungal colony is aging over time. For reproduction, fungal spores
choose plant tissues that die at the appropriate time, end up in the soil, and
the disease cycle is completed.

If there is a massive late blight of strawberry leaves, the berry bed will have
to be moved to another place. At the same time, it is necessary to organize crop
rotation correctly, correctly selecting predecessors for strawberries. It should
be borne in mind that the pathogen feels great on oatmeal agar and pea-bean
agar.

If you managed to identify the disease at an early stage, then you can try to
correct the situation by organizing drip irrigation of the bed with a liquid
composition based on the same preparations.

"Fundazol" - one of the most effective drugs against fungal infections

and Benorad. Also, at the initial stage or as a prophylactic agent, the use of
trichoderma is recommended.

WHAT STRAWBERRIES SHOULD BE PLANTED

Often, when a problem arises, how to treat strawberries for a disease caused by
fungal pathogens, one has to resort to cardinal methods. That is, the affected
plants are removed from the site. And when breaking a new bed it is necessary to
adhere to certain rules. So, it is necessary to give preference to virus-free
seedlings resistant or tolerant to diseases. Specifically, experts recommend
varieties of strawberries:

GENERAL TIPS FOR DIAGNOSING FUNGAL DISEASES

Clear signs of the presence of harmful microorganisms begin to appear at the
stage of the formation of whiskers. First, individual plants become diseased. On
old plantings, wilting appears before the start of picking berries. Old foliage
and newly formed fades, changes color, twists, dries. The plant ceases to grow,
new shoots are not formed. The root system weakens and degrades, begins to rot.

The causes of the mushroom disease on the site may be unknown. However, measures
to combat it, which we have tried to describe in the most understandable
language, you can safely adopt. Also, it will not be superfluous to turn to
specialists who will help you competently develop a “therapy”.

WHAT IS DANGEROUS AND WHERE DOES IT COME FROM

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) is an extremely dangerous disease, as it
causes a general infection of the hive (from the roots to the entire surface
part). The disease mainly occurs in the summer when it is too hot. Sources of
Fusarium lesions are weeds, some vegetable crops and soil contaminated with
fungal diseases.

HOW TO PREVENT

Since every gardener sooner or later faces diseases of the strawberry, it will
be useful for everyone without exception to know the basic rules for the
prevention of strawberry fusarium wilt:

1. When planting, use only high-quality, healthy material.
2. Properly, taking into account the climatic conditions, to choose a variety.
3. Follow the schedule of change of plants (change every 2-3 years for new
cultures).
4. Perform soil fumigation before planting.
5. Thin out strawberries only after the harvest is fully harvested.
6. Constantly fight weeds and pests.

BIOLOGICS

Biological remedies (Agat 23K, Gumate-K) are more effective as a preventive
measure. They process the roots of seedlings before planting.

A non-pathogenic isolate F. Oxysporum, which was first successfully used in 1991
by Japanese scientists Tezuka and Makino, can also be used as a biological
product.

CHEMICAL

In the case of mass destruction, it is recommended to use "Fundazol", "Horus"
and "Benorad", which are sprayed with strawberries (you can use this drug when
watering through a drip tube).

RESISTANT VARIETIES

In order not to suffer the question of how to get rid of Fusarium, you should
give preference to varieties resistant to this fungus:

* "Arosa",
* "Bohemia",
* "Gorella"
* "Judibel",
* "Capri",
* "Christine",
* "Omsk Early",
* Redgontlet,
* "Sonata",
* "Mascot",
* "Totem",
* "Tristar",
* "Flamenco",
* "Florence",
* "Alice",
* Yamaska.

Now you are armed with information about what is Fusarium and how to resist it.
It should be remembered that the berry is less sick, for which it is properly
looked after. After all, the disease is easier to prevent than to treat even at
the initial stage.

SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE AND HARMFULNESS

The systematic position of the causative agent of fusarium is as follows: the
kingdom of Eumycota, the department — Deuteromycota (anamorphic fungi), the
class — Hyphomycetes, the family — Tuberculariaceae.

The disease is very harmful. Losses from fusarium wilt can be 50% of the yield
of berries and rosettes (Maas, 1984). Experts have no consensus about the
causative agent of strawberry fusarium wilt and its species specialization.

So, N.M. Pidoplichko (1977) and J.L. Maas (1984) notes that the disease is
caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. ex Fr./sp. fragariae Winks et
Williams. The causative agent was first detected in Australia (Winks, Williams,
1965). According to John Maas, the fungus infects only strawberries; attempts to
infect tomatoes, cabbage and watermelons failed (Maas, 1984).

E.A. Vlasov and V.I. Krivchenko (1976) indicate that the disease can cause a
complex of Fusarium species, but according to their data, most often - F.
bulbigenum Cke. et Muss., which is synonymous with F. oxsysporum Schlecht.
emend. Snyd. et hans. (Pidoplichko, 1977, Bilai et al., 1955). The pathogen has
a wide phylogenetic specialization; therefore, it can affect cereals, beets,
tomatoes, potatoes, and a number of other crops. In the plant it penetrates
through the roots, developing, releases a large number of toxic substances,
leading to the death of blood vessels.

The disease manifests itself throughout the growing season, but the degree of
its manifestation and symptoms may be different.

According to some authors, the symptoms of wilting are marked on the leaves in
the form of a bluish-chlorotic staining with their subsequent browning and
death. In diseased plants, the root neck is rotted, where a whitish or pink
pathogen spore bearing appears (Vlasova, Krivchenko, 1976), which may not be
observed, as shown by our research. J.L. also writes about this. Maas (1984).

The first signs of wilting manifest themselves in the form of necrosis at the
edges of the leaves and a weak fading of the affected leaf segments. Petioles
and leaves gradually turn brown, then turn dark brown and die off. The rosette
of the leaves of the bush is falling apart, sore bushes as if pressed to the
ground (sit down). The wilting of the plants is more often seen from the phase
of the ripening and ripening of the berries, i.e. during a period of increased
plant demand for water and nutrients. In sick plants, after that, all the leaves
lose their turgor and wilt. The death of the plant occurs in 1.5 months after
the first signs appear. On the transverse and longitudinal sections of diseased
plants, darkened areas of conducting vessels are visible. Fusarium-affected
strawberry plants are shown in Figure 1.

In pathogens of strawberry fusariosis - F. oxysporum fungus, aerial mycelium is
membranous-cobwebby, low, colored in various shades of pink-carminovolil color,
less often in light yellow tones, or white.

Макроконидии (образуются в воздушном мицелии, редко — в спородохиях или
пионнотах) ветереновидно-серповидные, эллиптически изогнутые или почти прямые,
имеют одинаковый диаметр на протяжении большей части своей длины, со
сравнительно тонкой оболочкой, с постепенно и равномерно сужающейся не
удлиненной верхней клеткой, к основанию более или менее суженные, с ясно
выраженной ножкой или сосочком, с 3-5 перегородками: с тремя — 25-40 х 3,7-5 мк,
с пятью — 30-50 х 3-5 мк. Микроконидии образуются в мицелии, нередко в ложных
головках, всегда обильные. Chlamydospores are plentiful, intermediate and
apical, smooth or rough, one- or two-cellular, unpainted. Often there are
sclerotia (Bilay, 1955, Pidoplichko, 1977).

According to E.A. Vlasova and V.I. Krivchenko (1976), mycelium F bulbigenum is
whitish-pink, macroconidia elongated with pointed ends, slightly curved or
straight, with 3 partitions. The size of the dispute 21-49 x 2.3 microns.

The causative agent of the disease can develop in a temperature range from 5 to
35 ° C (Vlasova, Krivchenko, 1976).

The degree of infestation of strawberries with fusarial wilting depends on
climatic factors, the level of agricultural technology, the age of plantings.
The disease often has a focal nature associated with reduced relief of the area
of strawberry growth. Most strawberry varieties are unstable to the disease,
although there are exceptions, for example, Zeng Zengan (Kim et al., 1982). The
source of the primary infection is contaminated soil. Most often fusarium occurs
on old plantations.

V.N. Sorokopudov et al. (1998) note that pathogenic species of the genus
Fusarium accumulate with age on plant roots with age.

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