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Cosa vuol dire Mafia?


BELGIUM: THE CROSSROADS OF MAFIAS

di
Sergio Nazzaro
-
31 Maggio 2021
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There is a political and institutional centre of Europe. The next question
should be: is there a centre of the mafias in Europe? Certainly, there is
geographically a crossroads, and it is Belgium. Organised crime seems to overlap
with institutional geography, just as its financial flows overlap perfectly with
the main international markets. A logical sequence, which obviously considers
the many exceptions that criminal structures adapt and create, hence new markets
and new routes, a constant evolution of the free market that has no boundaries
and knows no limits.

Following the analysis on mafias in Europe, we move to Belgium with Francois
Farcy, a career of more than twenty years in the Belgian police. He has been
with the Belgian Federal Police since 2001, where he has worked on organised
crime, from Italian mafias to Albanian and Chechen organised crime. Former
Director of the Criminal Police in Mons-Tournai, he currently holds the same
position in Liège.


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What is the current situation of organised crime in Belgium? Is there an
indigenous group, or are they all of foreign origin?

As the capital of Europe, and as the crossroads of the Continent with many
roads, railway stations, international airports and not least the port of
Antwerp, Belgium is very attractive for international organised crime. From a
historical and social point of view, many communities have settled in Belgium,
even for a long time, think of Italian, Moroccan, Turkish, Algerian, etc.
Unfortunately, there are also criminals within these communities and some
members of the mafia. Moreover, in Belgium, repentants can find a place to hide
or to establish new transnational criminal activities. There are criminal
organisations in Belgium involved in various activities, especially in synthetic
drugs trafficking. They are often linked to Dutch territories, to a region
(between Holland and Belgium) that is a production area. For more than 20 years,
there has been a permanent settlement of Albanian criminals. I can confirm that
these criminal clans have become a real mafia and represent the most active and
dangerous organised crime. This is due to their multiple criminal interests,
their great capacity for mobility and their worldwide presence. Besides, they
have reached the same level as other groups, including the Italian Mafia itself.
They are involved in drug trafficking (cocaine, heroin and cannabis), human
trafficking (illegal immigration and prostitution), organised robbery and money
laundering. They have direct access to the port of Antwerp not only as
facilitators but also as organisers. They have direct connections with South
America, the source of supply of cocaine. Albania is one of the countries with
the most significant number of banana import-export companies in Europe, to give
a clear idea. In fact, they are also involved on a large scale in the
organisation and control of many cannabis plantations. Many of these productions
are dismantled everywhere in Belgium, every week.

 

And what about the Italian mafias in Belgium?

The Italian Mafia has been established in Belgium for a long time, especially in
some areas. Cosa Nostra and Stidda in Liège, Charleroi and Mons, less so in
Brussels and Antwerp. Families linked to the ‘Ndrangheta are established in
Limburg and involved in the drug market in Antwerp (such as the Aquino family).
We call Italian-Belgian mafia-type criminal groups those involved in various
criminal activities in connection with Italy. For example, Belgian groups that
operate with the Camorra of Naples are engaged in the trafficking of cars and
fake money.

 

Is there also the presence of many criminal groups in Belgium, such as the
so-called Mocro Mafia?

This journalistic and literary term indicates organised crime of Moroccan
origin. The term originates from the Dutch derogatory ‘mocro’ (a
mispronunciation of the English word Moroccan, ed.), indicating the Moroccan
minority and the word mafia. It is involved in controlling the cocaine traffic
arriving in Antwerp and has several violent side activities to manage its
business and criminal area. The Chechens, on the other hand, came in Belgium in
the late 1990s. They are involved in very violent crimes and terrorism. Then
there are the Bulgarians and the Nigerian clans, also engaged in prostitution
and organised robbery. As I said before, many criminal groups have interests in
Belgium to establish themselves or conduct illegal activities. Further action is
social fraud and social dumping, especially import-export or lorry companies
(logistics).

 

What is the perception of the mafia problem in Belgium from your point of view?
Is there real attention, or is it a problem that is underestimated?

The fight against organised crime is now our top priority, along with terrorism.
Our new government has also emphasised the importance of this priority, and
there is a focus on all organised crime activities – from drug trafficking to
violent clashes between different groups – mainly supported by a real action
plan on ‘follow the money’ as Judge Falcone taught. Recently, several laws have
been updated, such as the one on repentants, on infiltration in the Public
Administrations, on the Internet. Very hard work is being done to limit the
effects of the recent stop by the Court of Justice of the European Union on the
limitation of data retention (1).

 

A part of society and politics should be more aware and convinced of the effects
of OC on our population and economy.

 

(1) In Case C-746/18, the Court of Justice affirmed the principle that access,
for criminal purposes, to a set of electronic communications traffic or location
data, allowing precise conclusions to be drawn about private life, is only
authorised for fighting serious crime or preventing severe threats to public
security. The issue is known as ‘data retention’, giving rise to strong disputes
between investigating authorities and supervisory bodies.

 

Recently, a law was approved in France for the re-use of assets confiscated from
the mafia. Is there a similar law in Belgium, and how important would it be to
have it?

The Belgian law can be considered a very proactive system, with exciting law
enforcement possibilities concerning money laundering, confiscation of assets,
seizure. We can simply use part of the confiscated assets for our support. This
point is part of some proposals, currently in progress, addressed to our
Minister of Justice.

 

What are the future challenges facing Belgium about the mafia? Are new laws
needed, and on the other hand, how important is European states mutual
cooperation?

The future challenge Belgium faces regarding the mafia – and more generally
organised mafia-type crime- is to (re)build a better understanding of their
establishment in our Country and to highlight their priority targets. Although
we have gained expertise and awareness in countering mafia-like groups, they are
constantly evolving, and we need to keep up. We also know with certainty that
after ‘Operation Antwerp’ in March 2021, organised crime groups are looking for
new business and new counter-strategies to remain profitable. So we cannot give
up, and Belgium will continue to invest in the fight against organised crime. To
achieve this goal, the Belgian police is developing a new programme within our
National Security Plan (NSP 2022-2025) to tackle organised crime groups with a
horizontal approach on criminal structures and their assets within an
administrative and international perspective. Belgium is also convinced of the
permanent and daily importance of working together with the other EU Member
States and abroad. We already do this by participating in several Europol
projects, in the @On project with the Italian DIA and 26 different countries,
and in some Interpol projects. We daily cooperate with Europol, Eurojust and
other LEAs through international European instruments (JIT, information
exchange, etc.) and international treaties. We have several liaison officers
from abroad, and we also have several bilateral agreements or MOUs (for example,
Belgium-Italy).

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