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CONTENTS

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 * (Top)
 * 1History
   Toggle History subsection
   * 1.1The BRICS
   * 1.2Entry of South Africa
   * 1.3Potential further expansion
   * 1.4Developments
 * 2Summits
 * 3Member countries
   Toggle Member countries subsection
   * 3.1Membership expansion proposals
     * 3.1.1Countries that have applied for membership
 * 4Financial architecture
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   * 4.1New Development Bank
   * 4.2BRICS CRA
   * 4.3BRICS payment system
   * 4.4Potential common currency
 * 5Reception
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   * 5.1BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency
 * 6Current leaders
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   * 6.1Current ministerial leaders
 * 7See also
 * 8References
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   * 8.1Sources
 * 9Further reading
 * 10External links

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BRICS

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Association of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
"Brics" redirects here. For the place, see Brics (municipality). For other uses,
see Bric (disambiguation).
See also: BRIC



BRICS
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The BRICS leaders in 2019, from left to right: Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, Jair
Bolsonaro, Narendra Modi and Cyril Ramaphosa
Member states shown in Dark Blue

Member states shown in Dark Blue, Applicants shown in Cyan, countries which
express their interest to join shown in light cyan


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Member states and key leaders:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 BrazilPresident Lula da Silva RussiaPresident Vladimir Putin IndiaPrime
Minister Narendra Modi ChinaPresident Xi Jinping South Africa (2023
host)President Cyril Ramaphosa

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AbbreviationBRICSNamed afterMember states' initials (in
English)PredecessorBRICFormationSeptember 2006 (16 years ago) (September 2006)
(UNGA 61st session)
1st BRIC summit: 16 June 2009 (14 years ago) (16 June 2009)FounderUNGA 61st
session:
Celso Amorim
Sergey Lavrov
Manmohan Singh
Li Zhaoxing
Vladimir Putin
Hu Jintao

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1st BRIC summit:
Lula da Silva
Dmitry Medvedev
Manmohan Singh
Hu JintaoFounded atUN HQ, NYC (UNGA 61st session)
Yekaterinburg (1st BRIC summit)TypeIntergovernmental
organizationPurposePolitical and economicalFieldsInternational politics
Membership (2022)
5FundingMember states
Formerly called
BRIC

BRICS is a grouping of the world economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and
South Africa formed by the 2010 addition of South Africa to the predecessor
BRIC.[1][2][3][4] The original acronym "BRIC" (or "the BRICs") was coined in
2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O'Neill to describe fast-growing economies
that would collectively dominate the global economy by 2050.[5]

The BRICS have a combined area of 39,746,220 km2 (15,346,100 sq mi) and an
estimated total population of about 3.21 billion,[6] or about 26.7% of the
world's land surface and 41.5% of the global population. Brazil, Russia, India,
and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and
GDP (PPP), and the latter three are widely considered to be current or emerging
superpowers. All five states are members of the G20, with a combined nominal GDP
of US$28.06 trillion (about 26.6% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP)
of around US$56.65 trillion (32.5% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$4.46
trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2018).[7][8]

The BRICS were originally identified for the purpose of highlighting investment
opportunities and had not been a formal intergovernmental organization.[9] Since
2009, they have increasingly formed into a more cohesive geopolitical bloc, with
their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating
multilateral policies; China hosted the most recent 14th BRICS summit on 24 July
2022. Bilateral relations among BRICS are conducted mainly on the basis of
non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.[10]

The BRICS are considered the foremost geopolitical rival to the G7 bloc of
leading advanced economies, announcing competing initiatives such as the New
Development Bank, the Contingent Reserve Arrangement, the BRICS payment system,
the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication and the BRICS basket reserve currency.
Since 2022, the group has sought to expand membership, with several developing
countries expressing interest in joining.[11] BRICS have received both praise
and criticism from numerous commentators.[who?][12][13][14]


HISTORY


THE BRICS

The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment
strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global
Economic BRICs by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim
O'Neill;[15] the term was coined by Roopa Purushothaman, who was a research
assistant in the original report.[16]

For investing purposes, the list of emerging economies sometimes included South
Africa, which expanded the acronym to BRICS or BRICK.

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia,
India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the
General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level
meetings.[17] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia,
on 16 June 2009.[18]

The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on
16 June 2009,[19] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan
Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and
China, all attending.[20] The summit's focus was on improving the global
economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the
four countries could better co-operate in the future.[19][20] There was further
discussion of ways that developing countries, such as 3/4 of the BRIC members,
could become more involved in global affairs.[20]

In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the
need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable
and predictable."[21] Although the statement that was released did not directly
criticize the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that Russia had
criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against
other major currencies.[22]


ENTRY OF SOUTH AFRICA

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process
for its formal admission began in August of that year.[23] South Africa
officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally
invited by China to join[24] and subsequently accepted by other BRIC
countries.[23] The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South
Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.[25] In April 2011, the
President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya,
China, as a full member.[26][27][28]


POTENTIAL FURTHER EXPANSION

Since South Africa joined the BRIC grouping (now BRICS) in 2010, numerous other
countries have expressed interest in joining the bloc, including Argentina and
Iran. Both signaled their intent to join BRICS during meetings with senior
Chinese officials, the current BRICS chair, over the course of the summer of
2022. Beijing backed Argentina's potential accession[29] following a meeting[30]
between Argentine Foreign Minister Santiago Cafiero and Chinese State Councilor
and Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the margins of the G20 Summit in Indonesia.
China once again reiterated support for Argentina's potential application during
a subsequent meeting between Cafiero and Yi on the margins of the 77th UN
General Assembly.[29] Likewise, it is understood that Russia, India, and Brazil
all support Argentina's application. Iran also submitted an application in June
2022 to Chinese authorities to join the economic association of emerging
markets.[31] Relations between Iran, China and Russia have warmed in recent
months as all three governments seek new allies against increasing Western
opposition. There is no formal application process as such to join BRICS, but
any hopeful government must receive unanimous backing from all existing BRICS
members—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—to receive an invitation.

Ahead of the BRICS summit, South Africa's Foreign Minister Naledi Pandor said
that there are 12 countries interested in joining the initiative. Of the 12, she
mentioned 7 countries specifically, namely Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,
Egypt, Algeria, Argentina, Mexico and Nigeria. On June 14, 2023 Russia’s
ambassador to Egypt announced that Egypt had applied to join BRICS. [32]

Pandor also said that membership discussions will be dealt with at the upcoming
summit.[33][34][35] In spite of South Africa's membership, British politician
Jim O'Neill said that new members should have populations of at least 100
million in order to counter the US dollar's dominance.[36]


DEVELOPMENTS

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and Russian president Vladimir Putin during
the BRICS in Brasília, Brazil.

The BRICS Forum, an independent international organization encouraging
commercial, political, and cultural cooperation among the BRICS nations, was
formed in 2011.[37] In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost
the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan
was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[38] In late March 2013, during the fifth
BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a
global financial institution intended to cooperate with the western-dominated
IMF and World Bank.[39] After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to
finalize the arrangements for this New Development Bank by 2014.[40] However,
disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements.

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed
$41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and
South Africa $5 billion. China, who holds the world's largest foreign exchange
reserves and contributes the bulk of the currency pool, wants a more significant
managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the location of
the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared equally. We
know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However, we are still
negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet."[41] On 11 October 2013,
Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in
funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The
Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, stated that the fund would be created
by March 2014.[42] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and
development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[43]
One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions
primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is
notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests
abroad... and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose
opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European
colleagues."

In March 2014, at a meeting on the margins of the Nuclear Security Summit in The
Hague, the BRICS Foreign Ministers issued a communique that "noted with concern,
the recent media statement on the forthcoming G20 Summit to be held in Brisbane
in November 2014. The custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States
equally, and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and
character." In light of the tensions surrounding the annexation of Ukrainian
Crimea by Russia, the Ministers remarked that "The escalation of hostile
language, sanctions and counter-sanctions, and force does not contribute to a
sustainable and peaceful solution, according to international law, including the
principles and purposes of the United Nations Charter."[44] This was in response
to the statement of the then Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, who had
said earlier that Russian President Vladimir Putin might be barred from
attending the G20 Summit in Brisbane.[45]

BRICS Tower headquarters in Shanghai

Over the weekend of 13 July 2014, when the final game of the FIFA World Cup was
held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met fellow leader
Dilma Rousseff to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other
bilateral accords on air defense, gas and education. Rousseff said that the
BRICS countries "are among the largest in the world and cannot content
themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency."[46]
The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South
American Nations presidents in Brasilia, where the development bank and the
monetary fund were introduced.[47] The development bank will have capital of
US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the monetary
fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal.[47]

On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS sixth summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the
group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create the
US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development
Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents
on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of
cooperation on innovation were also inked.[48]

At the end of October 2014, Brazil trimmed down its holdings of US government
securities to US$261.7 billion; India, US$77.5 billion; China, US$1.25 trillion;
South Africa, US$10.3 billion.[49]

In March 2015, Morgan Stanley stated that India and Indonesia had escaped from
the 'fragile five' (the five major emerging markets with the most fragile
currencies) by instituting economic reforms. Previously, in August 2013, Morgan
Stanley rated India and Indonesia, together with Brazil, Turkey, and South
Africa, as the 'fragile five' due to their vulnerable currencies. But since
then, India and Indonesia have reformed their economies, completing 85% and 65%
of the necessary adjustments respectively, while Brazil had only achieved 15%,
Turkey only 10%, and South Africa even less.[50]

New Development Bank's logo.

After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian
proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the
host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten
their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the United
States in the sector.[citation needed]

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre
submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the
BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[51] Part of the motivation for the
project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all
telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[52] As of
2023, construction of the proposed cable network has not started.

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a
letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology
sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of meeting of
communication ministers of countries member of the group[53] held in Brasília,
Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank, located in China, plans on giving out $15 billion to
member nation to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping
for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The
2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia and discussed how
to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via
reforms.[54] The COVID-19 vaccine uptake rate was mixed among the BRICS
community, with the populations of China, India, and South Africa most willing
to take the vaccine and the populations of Brazil and Russia less willing.[55]
During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi
called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the
World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and
Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries
to "oppose politicisation" of the process.[56]

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of
countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the
Central Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual
joint statistical publication in order to put statistical production in
perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The
publication serves as single data platform for the mutual benefit of
participating countries.

In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic
immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend
the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[57][58]

In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally attend
the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on August 22-24 despite good relations with the
South African nation. Russian news channels noted that Putin will remotely
participate online in all BRICS leaders’ sessions, including its Business Forum,
and also deliver his remarks virtually.[59]


SUMMITS

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking
turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in
2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most
recent BRICS leaders' summit took place virtually on 23 June 2022 hosted by
China.[60][61] India has hosted the BRICS 2021 summit at New Delhi & amid
tensions with China, Chinese leader Xi Jinping had made a soft move by
supporting India's Chairmanship in 2021.[62]

Sr. No. Date(s) Host country Host leader Location Notes 1st 16 June 2009  Russia
Dmitry Medvedev Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House) The summit was to discuss
the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states,
and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate
trade, and security for the nations. They called out for a more influential
voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South
Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization at the time.[63] 2nd 15
April 2010  Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Brasília (Itamaraty Palace) Guests:
Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of
the Palestinian National Authority). The second summit continued on the
conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation
on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.[63]
3rd 14 April 2011  China Hu Jintao Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort) First summit to
include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had
nations debating on the global and internal economies of countries.[63] 4th 29
March 2012  India Manmohan Singh New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel) The BRICS Cable
announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries
telecommunications between the BRICS countries. The fourth summit discussed how
the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take
advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving
their global power and providing adequate development for their state.[64] 5th
26–27 March 2013  South Africa Jacob Zuma Durban (Durban ICC) The fifth summit
discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement.
BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.[64] 6th
14–17 July 2014  Brazil Dilma Rousseff Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do
Ceará)[65] BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
agreements signed.
Guest: Leaders of Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)[66][67] The members
of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development,
and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action
Plan.[68] 7th 8–9 July 2015  Russia Vladimir Putin Ufa (Congress Hall)[69] Joint
summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global, economic problems,
and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.[68] 8th 15–16 October
2016  India Narendra Modi Benaulim (Taj Exotica) Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The
eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counter-terrorism, economies, and
climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to
harden their relationships.[70] 9th 3–5 September 2017  China Xi Jinping Xiamen
(Xiamen International Conference Center) Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth
summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their
goals intend to be. They still covered and debated international and regional
issues with one another; hopeful to keep moving forward.[70] 10th 25–27 July
2018  South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) The
tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries. Hoping they can
cut a bigger slice of the industry market. 11th 13–14 November 2019  Brazil Jair
Bolsonaro Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)[62] The eleventh summit discussed
advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to
advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help
stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally
12th 21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic)[71]
17 November 2020 (video conference)[72]  Russia Vladimir Putin Saint
Petersburg[73] Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping
BRICS member countries to help foster better living standards and quality of
life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and
cultural societal issues.[74] 13th 9 September 2021 (video conference)  India
Narendra Modi New Delhi BRICS Games 2021[75] 14th 23 June 2022 (video
conference)  China Xi Jinping Beijing A major development on the summit was
creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is
challenging US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious
metals. 15th August 2023  South Africa Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre)


MEMBER COUNTRIES

Country Population (in Million) (2023)[76][77] Nom. GDP bil. USD (2022 est.)[78]
PPP GDP bil. ID (2023 est.)[78] Nom. GDP per capita USD (2023 est.)[78] PPP GDP
per capita ID (2022 est.)[78] GDP growth
(2023 est.)[79] Foreign Exchange Reserves (2023)[80] HFCE (2018) Government
spending Exports[81] Imports[82] Literacy rate[83] Life expectancy (years,
avg.)[84] HDI (2023)[85]  Brazil 207.57 1,924 4,020 9,673 18,686 1.6% $355.6 bn
$1194670 bln $846.6 bn $487.05 bn $158.93 bn 94.30% 77.21 yrs 0.754 (high)
 Russia 150.96 2,215 4,649 14,403 31,967 0.7% $600.9 bn $856329 bln $414.0 bn
$492.31 bn $231.55 bn 99.7% 72.9 yrs 0.822 (very high)  India 1425.09 3,386
11,665 2,601 8,293 5.9% $633.9 bn $1729560 bln $650.0 bn $750.89 bn $598.20 bn
79.1% 71.4 yrs 0.633 (medium)  China 1415.04 18,100 30,074 13,721 21,291 5.2%
$3480.2 bn $5352545 bln $2,031.0 bn $3,026.0 bn $2,055.0 bn 96.4% 77.4 yrs 0.768
(high)  South Africa 57.40 435.5 990 6,485 15,556 0.1% $53.8 bn $211693 bln
$95.27 bn $123.73 bn $68.97 bn 94.3% 64.8 yrs 0.713 (high) Average 627.06
3,753.7 8,119.9 8,941 19,041 3.5% $987.0 bn $1868956 bln $800.574 bn $970.19 bn
$711.86 bn 93% 73.4 yrs 0.739 (high) Total 3245.36 26,060.50 51,171.00 - - -
$5124.4 bn $9344797 bln $4,036.87 bn $4,879.98 bn $3,112.65 bn - - -

Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay are members of BRICS New
Development Bank.


MEMBERSHIP EXPANSION PROPOSALS

Discussions about the expansion and entry of new member countries were little
addressed until the early 2020s, after this date, leaders and top ranking
diplomats of the founding nations began discussions for the expansion of the
group.[86][87][88]

On 16 March 2023, Russia announced that it supported Algeria's bid to join
BRICS.[89] China also supports Algeria's bid.[90]

In July 2023, South Africa's envoy to BRICS announced that over 40 countries had
expressed interest in joining BRICS.[91]

COUNTRIES THAT HAVE APPLIED FOR MEMBERSHIP

 *  Algeria[88] (applied in 2022)
 *  Argentina[88] (applied in 2022)
 *  Bahrain[92]
 *  Bangladesh[93] (applied in 2023)
 *  Belarus[94] (applied in 2023)
 *  Egypt[92] (applied in 2023)
 *  Ethiopia[95] (applied in 2023)
 *  Indonesia[96]
 *  Iran[88] (applied in 2022)
 *  Saudi Arabia[92]
 *  United Arab Emirates[92]

In addition, Afghanistan,[86] Angola,[97] Comoros, Cuba, D.R. Congo, Gabon,
Guinea-Bissau,[98] Honduras, Kazakhstan,[99] Mexico,[100] Nicaragua,[101]
Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal,[102] Sudan, Syria,[103] Thailand,[104] Tunisia,
Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe have expressed interest in
membership of BRICS.[105]


FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE

The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai. The New Development Bank
(NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the
2014 BRICS summit in Brazil. Equal distribution of shares between the
shareholders of the NDB.

Currently, there are two components that make up the financial architecture of
BRICS, namely, the New Development Bank (NDB), or sometimes referred to as the
BRICS Development Bank, and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Both of
these components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.


NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK

Further information: New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development
Bank,[106] is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states.
The bank's primary focus of lending will be infrastructure projects[107][108]
with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[108] South Africa will be
the African Headquarters of the Bank named the "New Development Bank Africa
Regional Centre."[109] The bank will have starting capital of $50 billion, with
wealth increased to $100 billion over time.[110] Brazil, Russia, India, China,
and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion each to bring the total
to $50 billion.[109][110] It has so far 53 projects under way worth around
$15 billion.[111]

Recently Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay were added as
new members of BRICS New Development Bank (NDB).[112]


BRICS CRA

Further information: BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for providing
protection against global liquidity pressures.[107][110][113] This includes
currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected
by global financial pressures.[107][113] It is found that emerging economies
that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic
volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.[114] The CRA is
generally seen as a competitor to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
along with the New Development Bank is viewed as an example of increasing
South-South cooperation.[107] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries.
The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS
Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed at Fortaleza, Brazil on 15 July 2014.
With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing
Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey[115] it entered into
force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit
in July 2015.


BRICS PAYMENT SYSTEM

At the 2015 BRICS summit in the Russian Federation, ministers from BRICS nations
initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) system.
Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov stated in an interview, "The
finance ministers and executives of the BRICS central banks are negotiating ...
setting up payment systems and moving on to settlements in national currencies.
SWIFT or not, in any case we’re talking about ... a global multilateral payment
system that would provide greater independence, would create a definite
guarantee for BRICS."[116]

The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) also started consultations with BRICS nations
for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The main
benefits highlighted were backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions
to the SWIFT system. The Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Russia, Olga
Skorobogatova, stated in an interview, "The only topic that may be of interest
to all of us within BRICS is to consider and talk over the possibility of
setting up a system that would apply to the BRICS countries, used as a
backup."[117]

China has also launched the development of their own SWIFT-alternative
payment-system, the Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System (CIPS), which would
enable financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about
financial transactions in a secure, standardized, and reliable environment.[118]
India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as
do Russia System for Transfer of Financial Messages (SPFS) and Brazil (Pix).


POTENTIAL COMMON CURRENCY

BRICS countries will likely discuss the feasibility of a new common currency or
similar at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.[119] Fair and easier
international trade as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions would
be some of the reasons why the countries could forge a currency union, according
to Mikatekiso Kubayi, a BRICS specialist.[120] Former White House senior advisor
Joseph W. Sullivan, writing for American magazine Foreign Policy, asserted that
"a BRICS-issued currency would be different", as it would be comprised by
challengers to the Western-led international that "in the order the scale of
GDP, now collectively outweigh not only the reigning hegemon, the United States,
but the entire G-7 weight class put together."[121] Sullivan maintains that the
BRICS would also be poised to achieve a level of self-sufficiency in
international trade that has eluded other currency unions, such as the Eurozone,
because of the geographic diversity of its members, which enables a broader
range of goods and services.[122]


RECEPTION

The five leaders of BRICS in Brasília, Brazil, in 2019. Brazilian president Jair
Bolsonaro welcoming the BRICS leaders.

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters
of developing countries and a force for world peace.[12] Western analysts have
highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including
significant economic instabilities,[123][124][125][126] disagreements among the
members over the UN Security Council reform,[127] and India and China's
disputes[128] over territorial issues.[13]

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman from the Council on Foreign Relations, director
of CFR's Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Program claimed that members of
BRICS share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political
systems, from a vibrant democracy in Brazil to entrenched oligarchy in Russia,
and their economies are little integrated and are different in size by orders of
magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences
the reserves. China taking up over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads
to bigger political say within the association.[129]

Vijay Prashad, author and the Edward Said Chair at the American University of
Beirut, 2014 raised the BRICS limitations as a political and economic
"locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have
established neither new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an
alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, has no
ability to challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.[130]


BRICS PRO TEMPORE PRESIDENCY

The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component
countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. In 2019, the pro
tempore presidency was held by the president of Brazil.[131]

The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative
future", and the priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are
the following – Strengthening of the cooperation in Science, technology and
innovation; Enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy; Invigoration of
the cooperation on the fight against transnational crime, especially against
organized crime, money laundering and drug trafficking; Encouragement to the
rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business
Council.[132] Currently the new President Pro Tempore is Russia and their goals
are: investing into BRICS countries in order to strengthen everyone's economies,
cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young
children and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.[133]


CURRENT LEADERS

Member Image Name Position(s)  Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva President of
Brazil  Russia Vladimir Putin President of Russia  India Narendra Modi Prime
Minister of India  China Xi Jinping President of China  South Africa Cyril
Ramaphosa President of South Africa


CURRENT MINISTERIAL LEADERS

Member Foreign minister Name Finance minister Name Central bank governor  Brazil
Minister of Foreign Affairs Mauro Vieira Minister of Finance Fernando Haddad
Roberto Campos Neto  Russia Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Lavrov Minister
of Finance Anton Siluanov Elvira Nabiullina  India Minister of External Affairs
Subrahmanyam Jaishankar Minister of Finance Nirmala Sitharaman Shaktikanta Das
 China Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi Minister of Finance Liu Kun Pan
Gongsheng  South Africa Minister of International Relations and Cooperation
Naledi Pandor Minister of Finance Enoch Godongwana Lesetja Kganyago


SEE ALSO

 * BRICS Games
 * Emerging and growth-leading economies
 * Emerging power
 * List of BRICS summit attendees
 * List of country groupings
 * List of multilateral free-trade agreements
 * MIKTA
 * Potential superpowers
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organisation


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      Retrieved 30 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title
      (link)
 132. ^ "BRICS BRASIL 2019 – Theme and priorities". brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br.
 133. ^ "BRICS information portal". BRICS. Retrieved 26 October 2020.


SOURCES

 * "Eighth Annual BRICS Summit in Goa: (Narendra Modi, Vladimir Putin, Michel
   Temer, and Xi Jinping)", Dainik Bhaskar, 15 October 2016.


FURTHER READING

 * Carmody, Pádraig (2013). The Rise of BRICS in Africa: The Geopolitics of
   South-South Relations. Zed Books. ISBN 9781780326047.
 * Chun, Kwang (2013). The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security
   Policy Analysis. Ashgate Pub Co. ISBN 9781409468691.


EXTERNAL LINKS

 * Media related to BRICS at Wikimedia Commons
 * Quotations related to BRICS at Wikiquote
 * https://brics2021.gov.in/



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BRICS
Membership
 * Brazil
 * Russia
 * India
 * China
 * South Africa

Summits
 1.  Yekaterinburg 2009
 2.  Brasília 2010
 3.  Sanya 2011
 4.  New Delhi 2012
 5.  Durban 2013
 6.  Fortaleza 2014
 7.  Ufa 2015
 8.  Goa 2016
 9.  Xiamen 2017
 10. Johannesburg 2018
 11. Brasília 2019
 12. Saint Petersburg 2020
 13. New Delhi 2021
 14. Beijing 2022
 15. Johannesburg 2023

Bilateral relations
 * Brazil–China
 * Brazil–India
 * Brazil–Russia
 * Brazil–South Africa
 * China–India
 * China–Russia
 * China–South Africa
 * India–Russia
 * India–South Africa
 * Russia–South Africa

Leaders
 * Lula
 * Putin
 * Modi
 * Xi
 * Ramaphosa

Related
 * New Development Bank
 * BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
 * BRICS Leaders
 * BRICS Cable
 * BRICS Universities League

BRICS U-17 Football Cup
 * 2016 Goa
 * 2018 Johannesburg



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Articles related to BRICS

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Power in international relations


Types
 * Economic
 * Energy
 * Food
 * Hard
 * Maritime
 * National
 * Politics
 * Realpolitik
 * Sharp
 * Smart
 * Soft

Status
 * Small
 * Middle
 * Regional
 * Emerging
 * Least Great
 * Great
 * Potential
 * Super

Geopolitics
 * American (Pax)
 * Asian
 * Chinese (Pax)
 * Indian
 * Pacific

History
 * List of ancient great powers
 * List of medieval great powers
 * List of modern great powers
 * International relations (1814–1919)

Theory
 * Balance of power
   * European
 * Hegemonic stability theory
 * Philosophy of power
 * Polarity
 * Power projection
 * Power transition theory
 * Second Superpower
 * Sphere of influence
 * Superpower collapse
 * Superpower disengagement

Studies
 * Composite Index of National Capability
 * Comprehensive National Power




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Organizations and groups by region


Africa
 * African Union
 * Union for the Mediterranean

Africa–Asia
 * Arab League
 * Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
 * Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Americas
 * Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
 * Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
 * Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
 * Mercosur
 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
 * Organization of American States (OAS)
 * Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)

Asia
 * Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
 * Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
 * Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
 * The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
   Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
 * China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summits
 * Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
 * South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Europe
 * Council of Europe (CoE)
 * European Union (EU)
 * Nordic Council
 * Visegrád Group (V4)

Eurasia
 * Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
 * Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
 * Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
 * Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
 * Organization of Turkic States

North America–Europe
 * Arctic Council
 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Africa–Asia–Europe
 * Union for the Mediterranean

Africa–South America
 * South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

Oceania–Pacific
 * Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
 * Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
 * Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
 * Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
 * Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)

Non–regional
 * Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
 * Colombia–Indonesia–Vietnam–Egypt–Turkey–South Africa (CIVETS)
 * Commonwealth of Nations
 * Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
 * E7
 * E9
 * G4
 * G7
 * G8
 * G8+5
 * G20
 * G24
 * G77
 * India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
 * Mexico–Indonesia–Nigeria–Turkey (MINT)
 * Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
 * Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
 * Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
 * Uniting for Consensus

Global
 * United Nations (UN)







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International relations
Organizations


Present
 * BRICS
 * Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
 * International Criminal Court (ICC)
 * Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
 * United Nations (UN)

Past
 * League of Nations
 * Warsaw Pact


History
 * 1648–1814
 * 1814–1919
 * 1919–1939
 * Diplomatic history of World War II
 * Cold War
 * International relations since 1989

Concepts
 * Appeasement
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 * Colonialism
 * Grey-zone
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 * Idealism
 * International community
 * Internationalism
 * Liberal institutionalism
 * Non-state actor
 * Imperialism
 * Peace
 * Power
 * Sovereignty
 * Suzerainty
 * Treaty
 * War

Theory
 * Constructivism
 * Liberalism
 * Marxist international relations theory
 * Peace theories
 * Realism

Related fields
 * Diplomacy
 * Geopolitics
 * International law



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South–South cooperation and Third Worldism
Global South


Development
 * Landlocked developing countries
 * Least developed countries
 * Heavily indebted poor countries

Markets
 * Emerging markets
 * Newly industrialized country
 * Transition economy

Worlds theory
 * First World
 * Second World
 * Third World
 * Fourth World


Geopolitics

 * Decolonization
 * Cold War
 * Neocolonialism
 * Multipolarity
 * World Conference against Racism
   * Durban I
   * Durban II
   * Durban III
 * Globalization

BRICS
 * Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
   BASIC (BRICS minus Russia)
 * BRIC (BRICS minus South Africa)
 * India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)


Finance
 * Debt
 * Asian Clearing Union
 * Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
 * Asian Development Bank
 * Arab Monetary Fund
 * BancoSur
 * Caribbean Development Bank
 * Common Fund for Commodities
 * New Development Bank
 * OPEC Fund for International Development

Trade and
development
 * Developmental state
 * Flying geese paradigm
 * Infrastructure-based development
 * Sustainable development
 * Global System of Trade Preferences
 * Protocol on Trade Negotiations
 * New International Economic Order
 * New World Information and Communication Order
 * United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
 * United Nations Development Programme
 * United Nations Industrial Development Organization

Public health
 * Generic drugs
   * biosimilar
 * Pharmaceutical patents
   * criticism
 * Test data exclusivity
 * Doha Declaration
 * World Health Organization

Organizations
and groups
 * G-5
 * G-77
 * G-15
 * D-8
 * G20 developing nations (G-20)
 * G-24
 * G33 developing countries (G-33)
 * G-11
 * G-90
 * Non-Aligned Movement
 * African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
 * African Union
 * Afro–Asian Conference
 * Association of Southeast Asian Nations
 * Colombo Plan
 * Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
 * International Solar Alliance
 * Melanesian Spearhead Group
 * North–South Summit
 * Polynesian Leaders Group
 * South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
 * South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
 * Small Island Developing States
 * South Centre

North–South
divide
 * Brandt Report
 * Global financial system
   * International Monetary Fund
   * World Bank
   * World Trade Organization
 * Fair trade
 * Financial regulation
 * Global digital divide



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 * v
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 * e

Foreign relations of Brazil


show
Bilateral relations


Africa
 * Algeria
 * Angola
 * Cape Verde
 * DR Congo
 * Egypt
 * Ethiopia
 * Guinea-Bissau
 * Kenya
 * Mozambique
 * Namibia
 * Nigeria
 * São Tomé and Príncipe
 * South Africa
 * Tanzania

Americas
 * Argentina
 * Barbados
 * Belize
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Guyana
 * Haiti
 * Jamaica
 * Mexico
 * Paraguay
 * Peru
 * Suriname
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * United States
 * Uruguay
 * Venezuela

Asia
 * Armenia
 * Azerbaijan
 * Bangladesh
 * China
 * East Timor
 * Georgia
 * India
 * Indonesia
 * Iran
 * Iraq
 * Israel
 * Japan
 * Kazakhstan
 * Lebanon
 * Malaysia
 * North Korea
 * Pakistan
 * Palestine
 * Philippines
 * Qatar
 * South Korea
 * Taiwan
 * Turkey

Europe
 * Albania
 * Austria
 * Czech Republic
 * Denmark
 * Finland
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Holy See
 * Hungary
 * Ireland
 * Italy
 * Lithuania
 * Netherlands
 * Norway
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Russia
 * Serbia
 * Slovenia
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Ukraine
 * United Kingdom

Oceania
 * Australia
 * New Zealand

Former
 * Yugoslavia






show
Multilateral relations
 * European Union
 * United Nations
 * G4
 * G8+5
 * G20
 * BRICS
 * IBSA
 * CPLP
 * Mercosur
 * Unasul




show
Diplomacy
 * Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 * Diplomatic missions of Brazil
 * Diplomatic missions in Brazil
 * UNSC reform
 * Brazilian Antarctica
 * Wars involving Brazil
 * Treaties of Brazil
 * Brazil and weapons of mass destruction
 * Presidential visits by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
 * Ambassadors of Brazil





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 * v
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 * e

Foreign relations of Russia


show
Bilateral relations


Africa
 * Algeria
 * Angola
 * Benin
 * Botswana
 * Burkina Faso
 * Cameroon
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Republic of the Congo
 * Egypt
 * Equatorial Guinea
 * Eritrea
 * Eswatini
 * Ethiopia
 * Gambia
 * Ghana
 * Guinea-Bissau
 * Ivory Coast
 * Kenya
 * Lesotho
 * Libya
 * Madagascar
 * Mali
 * Mauritania
 * Mauritius
 * Morocco
 * Mozambique
 * Namibia
 * Nigeria
 * Rwanda
 * Senegal
 * Seychelles
 * Somalia
 * South Africa
 * South Sudan
 * Sudan
 * Tanzania
 * Tunisia
 * Uganda
 * Zambia
 * Zimbabwe

Americas
 * Argentina
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Ecuador
 * Guatemala
 * Guyana
 * Honduras
 * Mexico
 * Nicaragua
 * Panama
 * Paraguay
 * Peru
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * United States
   * Russian Empire
   * Soviet Union
 * Uruguay
 * Venezuela

Asia
 * Afghanistan
 * Armenia
 * Azerbaijan
 * Bahrain
 * Bangladesh
 * Bhutan
 * Brunei
 * Cambodia
 * China
 * East Timor
 * Georgia
   * Abkhazia
   * South Ossetia
 * India
 * Indonesia
 * Iran
 * Iraq
   * Kurdistan Region
 * Israel
 * Japan
 * Jordan
 * Kazakhstan
 * Kuwait
 * Kyrgyzstan
 * Laos
 * Lebanon
 * Malaysia
 * Mongolia
 * Myanmar
 * Nepal
 * North Korea
 * Oman
 * Pakistan
 * Palestine
 * Philippines
 * Qatar
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Singapore
 * South Korea
 * Sri Lanka
 * Syria
 * Taiwan
 * Tajikistan
 * Thailand
 * Turkey
 * Turkmenistan
 * United Arab Emirates
 * Uzbekistan
 * Vietnam
 * Yemen

Europe
 * Albania
 * Austria
 * Belarus
 * Belgium
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Bulgaria
 * Croatia
 * Cyprus
 * Czech Republic
 * Denmark
 * Estonia
 * Finland
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Hungary
 * Iceland
 * Ireland
 * Italy
 * Latvia
 * Lithuania
 * Luxembourg
 * Malta
 * Moldova
   * Transnistria
 * Monaco
 * Montenegro
 * Netherlands
 * North Macedonia
 * Norway
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Serbia
 * Slovakia
 * Slovenia
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Switzerland
 * Ukraine
   * Donetsk PR
   * Luhansk PR
 * United Kingdom
 * Vatican City

Oceania
 * Australia
 * Fiji
 * Nauru
 * New Zealand
 * Tonga
 * Vanuatu







show
Multilateral relations
 * BRICS
 * European Union
 * NATO
 * United Nations
 * Arctic policy of Russia
 * Russia and the Antarctic
 * Near Abroad




show
Diplomacy
 * Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
 * Diplomatic missions of Russia / in Russia
 * European energy sector
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
 * Eurasian Economic Union
 * Treaties
 * Military doctrine





show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Foreign relations of India


show
Bilateral relations


Africa
 * Algeria
 * Angola
 * Benin
 * Botswana
 * Burkina Faso
 * Burundi
 * Cabo Verde
 * Cameroon
 * Central African Republic
 * Chad
 * Comoros
 * Republic of the Congo
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Djibouti
 * Egypt
 * Eritrea
 * Eswatini
 * Ethiopia
 * Equatorial Guinea
 * Gabon
 * Gambia
 * Ghana
 * Guinea
 * Guinea-Bissau
 * Ivory Coast
 * Kenya
 * Lesotho
 * Liberia
 * Libya
 * Madagascar
 * Malawi
 * Mali
 * Mauritania
 * Mauritius
 * Morocco
 * Mozambique
 * Namibia
 * Niger
 * Nigeria
 * Rwanda
 * São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Senegal
 * Seychelles
 * Sierra Leone
 * Somalia
 * South Africa
 * South Sudan
 * Sudan
 * Tanzania
 * Togo
 * Tunisia
 * Uganda
 * Zambia
 * Zimbabwe

Americas
 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Argentina
 * Bahamas
 * Barbados
 * Belize
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil
 * Canada
 * Cayman Islands
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Dominica
 * Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador
 * El Salvador
 * Grenada
 * Guatemala
 * Guyana
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * Jamaica
 * Mexico
 * Nicaragua
 * Panama
 * Paraguay
 * Peru
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Saint Lucia
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Suriname
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * United States
 * Uruguay
 * Venezuela

Asia
 * Afghanistan
 * Armenia
 * Azerbaijan
 * Bahrain
 * Bangladesh
 * Bhutan
 * Brunei
 * Cambodia
 * China
   * Hong Kong
   * Tibet
 * East Timor
 * Georgia
 * Indonesia
 * Iran
 * Iraq
 * Israel
 * Japan
 * Jordan
 * Kazakhstan
 * Kuwait
 * Kyrgyzstan
 * Laos
 * Lebanon
 * Malaysia
 * Maldives
 * Mongolia
 * Myanmar
 * Nepal
 * North Korea
 * Oman
 * Pakistan
 * Palestine
 * Philippines
 * Qatar
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Singapore
 * South Korea
 * Sri Lanka
 * Syria
 * Taiwan
 * Tajikistan
 * Thailand
 * Turkey
 * Turkmenistan
 * United Arab Emirates
 * Uzbekistan
 * Vietnam
 * Yemen

Europe
 * Albania
 * Austria
 * Belarus
 * Belgium
 * Bulgaria
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Croatia
 * Cyprus
 * Czech Republic
 * Denmark
 * Estonia
 * Finland
 * France
 * Georgia
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Hungary
 * Holy See
 * Iceland
 * Ireland
 * Italy
 * Kosovo
 * Latvia
 * Liechtenstein
 * Lithuania
 * Luxembourg
 * Malta
 * Moldova
 * Monaco
 * Montenegro
 * Netherlands
 * North Macedonia
 * Norway
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Russia
 * Serbia
 * Slovakia
 * Slovenia
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Switzerland
 * Ukraine
 * United Kingdom

Oceania
 * Australia
 * Fiji
 * Kiribati
 * Marshall Islands
 * Micronesia
 * Nauru
 * New Zealand
   * Cook Islands
   * Niue
 * Palau
 * Papua New Guinea
 * Samoa
 * Solomon Islands
 * Tonga
 * Tuvalu
 * Vanuatu

Former
 * Soviet Union
 * Yugoslavia






show
Multilateral relations
 * 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
 * ASEAN
 * Africa (Summit)
 * BIMSTEC
 * BBIN
 * BRICS (4th, 8th, 13th summit)
 * Central Asia
 * Commonwealth of Nations
 * East Asia Summit
 * European Union
 * Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation
 * G4
 * G20
 * IBSA
 * Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
 * Indian Ocean Rim Association
 * Mekong–Ganga Cooperation
 * Non-Aligned Movement (7th Summit)
 * Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
 * Sanctions
 * SAARC
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
 * United Nations




show
Diplomacy
 * History
 * Ministry of External Affairs
   * Minister
   * Foreign Secretary
 * Diplomatic missions of India / in India (in Chennai)
 * Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India / to India
 * Foreign aid by India / to India
 * Indian diaspora
 * Overseas citizens
 * Foreign policy
   * ITEC programme
   * Look East policy
   * Pan-African e-Network project
   * Indira Gandhi government
   * Narendra Modi government
     * Asian
     * Middle Eastern
     * South Asian
     * Act East)
 * Kashmir conflict
 * Siachen conflict
 * Conflicts with Pakistan
 * Disputes with China
 * Disputes with Nepal
 * State visits to India
 * State visits by prime ministers of India
   * Jawaharlal Nehru
   * Indira Gandhi
   * Atal Bihari Vajpayee
   * Manmohan Singh
   * Narendra Modi





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 * v
 * t
 * e

Foreign relations of China


show
Bilateral relations


Africa
 * Algeria
 * Angola
 * Benin
 * Botswana
 * Burkina Faso
 * Burundi
 * Cameroon
 * Cape Verde
 * Central African Republic
 * Chad
 * Comoros
 * Congo, Democratic Republic of the
 * Congo, Republic of the
 * Djibouti
 * Egypt
 * Equatorial Guinea
 * Eritrea
 * Ethiopia
 * Gabon
 * Gambia
 * Ghana
 * Guinea
 * Guinea-Bissau
 * Ivory Coast
 * Kenya
 * Lesotho
 * Liberia
 * Libya
 * Madagascar
 * Malawi
 * Mali
 * Mauritania
 * Mauritius
 * Morocco
 * Mozambique
 * Namibia
 * Niger
 * Nigeria
 * Rwanda
 * São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Senegal
 * Seychelles
 * Sierra Leone
 * Somalia
 * South Africa
 * South Sudan
 * Sudan
 * Tanzania
 * Togo
 * Tunisia
 * Uganda
 * Zambia
 * Zimbabwe

Americas
 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Argentina
 * Bahamas
 * Barbados
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador
 * El Salvador
 * Grenada
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * Jamaica
 * Mexico
 * Nicaragua
 * Panama
 * Peru
 * Suriname
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * United States
 * Uruguay
 * Venezuela

Asia
 * Afghanistan
 * Armenia
 * Azerbaijan
 * Bangladesh
 * Bhutan
 * Brunei
 * Cambodia
 * East Timor
 * Georgia
 * India
 * Indonesia
 * Iran
 * Iraq
 * Israel
 * Japan
   * history
 * Kazakhstan
 * Kyrgyzstan
 * Laos
 * Lebanon
 * Malaysia
 * Maldives
 * Mongolia
 * Myanmar
 * Nepal
 * North Korea
   * History
 * Pakistan
 * Palestine
 * Philippines
 * Qatar
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Singapore
 * South Korea
   * History
 * Sri Lanka
 * Syria
 * Taiwan
 * Tajikistan
 * Thailand
 * Turkey
 * Turkmenistan
 * United Arab Emirates
 * Uzbekistan
 * Vietnam
   * Northern Domination
 * Yemen

Europe
 * Albania
 * Austria
 * Belarus
 * Belgium
 * Bulgaria
 * Croatia
 * Cyprus
 * Czech Republic
 * Denmark
 * Finland
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Hungary
 * Iceland
 * Ireland
 * Italy
 * Kosovo
 * Lithuania
 * Luxembourg
 * Moldova
 * Montenegro
 * Netherlands
 * Norway
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Russia
 * San Marino
 * Serbia
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Switzerland
 * Ukraine
 * United Kingdom
 * Vatican City

Oceania
 * Australia
 * Fiji
 * Kiribati
 * Micronesia
 * New Zealand
 * Niue
 * Papua New Guinea
 * Samoa
 * Solomon Islands
 * Tonga
 * Vanuatu

Former states
 * Soviet Union
 * Yugoslavia






show
Multilateral relations
 * BCIM Economic Corridor
 * BIMSTEC
 * Africa
 * Arab League
 * BRICS
 * Caribbean
 * China–Japan–South Korea
 * European Union
 * Latin America
 * Oceania
 * Third World
 * United Nations
 * Arctic policy of China
 * China and the Antarctic




show
Diplomacy
 * Central Foreign Affairs Commission (General Secretary)
 * Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
 * Diplomatic missions of China / in China
 * Belt and Road Initiative
 * China's peaceful rise
 * Chinese Century
 * Confucius Institute
 * Dates of diplomatic recognition
 * Foreign policy of China
 * Foreign Relations Law
 * Foreign relations of Hong Kong
 * Nine-dash line
 * Panda diplomacy
 * Political status of Taiwan
   * Chinese unification
 * Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
 * Stadium diplomacy
 * String of Pearls
 * Major historical splits
   * Albania
   * Soviet
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
 * Treaties
 * Theater diplomacy
 * Wolf warrior diplomacy
 * Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy





show
 * v
 * t
 * e

Foreign relations of South Africa


show
Bilateral relations


Africa
 * Algeria
 * Angola
 * Botswana
 * Republic of the Congo
 * Egypt
 * Eswatini
 * Ethiopia
 * Ghana
 * Kenya
 * Lesotho
 * Libya
 * Madagascar
 * Malawi
 * Mauritius
 * Mozambique
 * Namibia
 * Nigeria
 * Rwanda
 * Sahrawi Republic
 * Tanzania
 * Zambia
 * Zimbabwe

Americas
 * Argentina
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil
 * Canada
 * Cuba
 * Mexico
 * Peru
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * United States
 * Uruguay

Asia
 * Azerbaijan
 * Bangladesh
 * China
 * Hong Kong
 * India
 * Indonesia
 * Iran
 * Israel
 * Japan
 * Malaysia
 * North Korea
 * Pakistan
 * Palestine
 * Philippines
 * Qatar
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Singapore
 * Sri Lanka
 * Taiwan
 * Turkey
 * United Arab Emirates

Europe
 * Bulgaria
 * Denmark
 * Finland
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Ireland
 * Italy
 * Netherlands
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Russia
 * Serbia
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Switzerland
 * Ukraine
 * United Kingdom

Oceania
 * Australia
 * New Zealand






show
Multilateral relations
 * European Union
 * Commonwealth of Nations
 * BRICS
 * G8+5
 * G20
 * IBSA
 * SACU
 * Africa–India Forum Summit
 * African Union




show
Diplomacy
 * Diplomatic missions of South Africa
 * Diplomatic missions in South Africa
 * Department of International Relations and Cooperation
 * UNSC reform
 * South African National Antarctic Programme





show
 * v
 * t
 * e

China–India relations
Diplomatic posts
 * Embassy of China, New Delhi
 * Ambassadors of China to India
 * Embassy of India, Beijing
 * Ambassadors of India to China

Diplomacy
 * Greater East Asia Conference
 * Sino-Indian Agreement 1954
   * Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
 * 2007 Delhi security summit

Conflicts
 * Sino-Indian War
   * Origins of the Sino-Indian War
   * 1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China
   * Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962
   * Forward policy
   * Internment of Chinese-Indians
 * Nathu La and Cho La clashes
 * 1987 skirmish
 * 2013 Depsang standoff
 * 2017 border standoff
 * 2020–2021 skirmishes
   * Timeline
   * Chinese Order of battle
   * Indian Order of battle

Sino-Indian border dispute
 * Aksai Chin
 * Dakpa Sheri
 * Dehra Compass
 * Depsang Bulge
 * Doklam
 * Dolam
 * Sirijap
 * Trans-Karakoram Tract
   * Sino-Pakistan Agreement
 * Line of Actual Control
 * Differing perceptions of the LAC
 * Infrastructure
   * Roads
 * Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question
 * Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
 * Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005
 * Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013
 * India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question
 * Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question
 * Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border
   Affairs
 * Border Personnel Meeting Point

Economic relations
 * BRICS
   * BRIC
 * BASIC
 * BCIM Economic Corridor
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

Related
 * India–Hong Kong relations
 * India–Taiwan relations
 * India–Tibet relations
   * Five Fingers of Tibet
 * Chindia
 * Chinas
 * Cheena Bhavana
 * China–India railway
 * China Study Group
   * Tan Yun-Shan
 * Zhengyou
 * Cholas-Chinese relations
 * Tamil-Chinese relations

Category:China–India relations



show
 * v
 * t
 * e

China–Russia relations
Diplomatic posts
 * Embassy of China, Moscow
 * Ambassadors of Russia to China
 * Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai

Diplomacy
 * 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement
 * 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship
 * Altai gas pipeline
 * 2007 Delhi security summit
 * Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
 * Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
 * BRICS
   * BRIC
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
 * 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia

Incidents
 * New Star incident

Military relations
 * Axis of Resistance
 * Vostok 2018
 * Chinese missile warning system
 * Marine Security Belt

Related
 * History of Sino-Russian relations
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