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IMS2022


ARTICLE | APRIL 1, 2019




4 REASONS TO GET A BILOGICAL ANTENNA FIRST FOR DEVICE TESTING

Source: A.H. Systems

Given consumer and corporate trends, products of all types are increasingly
likely to incorporate electronics in the form of processors, memory chips, and
various types of wireless communications. Any such product—whether a car,
toaster oven, programmable logic controller, or cell phone—might generate radio
frequency (RF) interference, whether it intentionally transmits and receives RF
signals as part of its functions or not. According to governments all over the
world, that is a problem.

Product designs incorporating electronics frequently fall subject to
governmental regulations and so more companies must conduct compliance testing.
For efficiency and cost-effectiveness, this often involves internal testing.
Antennas are one piece of necessary testing equipment. Making the right choice
can speed internal testing and save significant money.

The Need For Compliance Testing

RF emissions are governed by regulations that vary by geography. The intent is
to ensure varying types of communications coexist without interference. In part,
regulations work by allotting parts of the available radio spectrum to specific
uses. The regulations also specify how much RF devices can emit. However,
regulations wouldn’t matter without examination of products.

To ensure devices adhere to emissions limits, regulatory bodies authorize
organizations to examine samples from companies. If a product passes, its
manufacturer gets official permission to mark units as compliant and can then
legally sell them in the specific geographic area. A company may require
multiple rounds of testing by different organizations to ensure compliance with
regulations in all the territories in which it will sell the product.

The emissions testing process can be expensive and time-consuming. If a product
fails, which roughly half do at least once during development, the company must
make appropriate changes and resubmit the product for another test. To save time
and avoid needless spending, companies create their own internal precompliance
testing. Such examination isn’t a substitute for official testing and may not
always indicate problems official tests will find. But precompliance testing can
identify many problems in advance, allowing correction before submission to an
official testing organization.

Companies in consumer electronics, industrial controls, embedded computers, and
similar areas are typically experienced in such testing and know how to
incorporate it into their R&D activities. However, companies that are new to
compliance testing need to learn effective testing methods and acquire
equipment, including antennas. There are many types of antennas, but for most
companies, the first investment should be in a bilogical antenna for the
following reasons.

Reason 1: Bilogical Flexibility

Computer processors embedded into a device often work at such high frequencies
that they can generate RF signals. In addition, communications features that
have become popular in many products—Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, and radio
frequency identification (RFID)—all use RF. The types of potential emissions can
be wavelengths that run over a wide range.

And yet, 80 percent of testing needs fall between 30 megahertz and 1 gigahertz.
Because bilogical antennas cover roughly between 20 megahertz and 7 gigahertz,
they can frequently satisfy a company’s precompliance testing needs. The
antennas can also be used in both emissions and immunity testing. Under the
latter, a transmitter attached to an antenna is used to direct RF signals at the
product to see if shielding will prevent interference with the product’s
operations.

Reason 2: Compliance Standards Have  Come To Accept Bilogical Antennas

Antennas not only vary by the wavelengths they can receive, but also whether
individual regulatory agencies will consider their use. For many years,
regulators insisted on half-wave dipole antennas for frequencies above 80
megahertz. Technicians needed multiple antennas, each covering a different
range, and had to adjust them for each wavelength. The approach increased
testing time and expense.

Over the years, many regulators began to accept some antennas that were
broadband and could cover wider wavelength ranges with minimum adjustment. Two
popular types were the biconical (Image 1), which operates between 20 megahertz
and 18 gigahertz, and the log periodic (Image 2), which works well between
roughly 80 megahertz and 7 gigahertz. Many regulators used to require
measurements between 30 and 300 megahertz be performed with a biconical antenna,
while log periodic antennas were used between 300 megahertz and 1 gigahertz.

In recent years, many regulators have accepted use of the bilogical antenna,
which is a hybrid (Image 3) between a biconical and log periodic antenna. Not
all standards will accept the use of bilogical antennas in all types of testing,
but, depending on a company’s particular products and geographic areas of sales,
a bilogical can be a single antenna that will adequately cover its required
frequency range.

Reason 3: Bilogical Antennas Are Convenient And Efficient

Because bilogical antennas can frequently act as the only antenna a company
needs for precompliance testing, their use can simplify the testing process.
There is also only one antenna to set up and calibrate, decreasing the time
needed for technicians to prepare and take readings.

Bilogical antennas are convenient for other reasons as well. They are easy to
set up and adjust, which further speeds in-house testing. Bilogical antennas are
good for use either in a lab or an open-area test site.

Another advantage of bilogical antennas is the range of sizes and portability.
Some units can be disassembled to fit into a carrying case. Many are small and
light enough for easy transportation, which is useful for traveling consultants
or when moving a testing setup from one location to another.



Reason 4: Reduction Of Test Costs

Testing costs won’t equal the full costs of development, manufacturing, or
marketing. But they can be significant with multiple official tests to get all
the necessary compliance ratings, as well as the expense of precompliance
testing, including investment in equipment, maintenance, and the time required
by personnel to conduct the tests.

Bilogical antennas can reduce these costs. Precompliance testing will find many
problems and reduce the rounds of official compliance testing, lowering external
costs.

Internally, bilogical antennas can reduce the amount of equipment necessary for
many companies and simplify the testing process. By using only one antenna
setup, no time is needed to take one antenna down and put another up.



The Next Steps

Preparing a precompliance testing program takes more than purchasing a single
antenna. Technicians and engineers should research the types of compliance
testing their products might require. Then, they should research the test
specifications themselves to see the expectations and the types of equipment,
like antennas, that may be explicitly required.

In addition to the antenna, a company will need other equipment. A receiver is a
must for any sort of emissions testing to detect any signal from the device. If
the signal is low enough, a preamp will be necessary to boost the received
signal above the noise floor so it can be detected.

In some cases, immunity testing may be necessary to ensure the product’s
internal shielding will prevent strong external RF signals from interfering with
operations. A transmitter connected to the antenna will deliver the signal. (A
bilogical antenna can serve a transmitter as well as a receiver.)

A company might find it useful to contact an expert vendor to discuss testing
plans and for further assistance on how to approach them in the most effective
manner. For more information, here are links to material on bilogical antenna
systems and how to use preamps in RF testing.

About Us

A.H. Systems has been established since 1974 and manufactures a complete line of
affordable, reliable, EMI test antennas. Our individually calibrated EMI Test
Antennas, Preamplifiers, Current Probes and Low-Loss Cables satisfy many test
standards including CISPR, MIL-STD, FCC, EN, VDE, IEC and SAE. With a wide
variety of mounting configurations, we can also offer tripods and accessories
that complement other EMI testing equipment used to complete your testing
requirements. We are also committed to providing all of our clients with no cost
prompt and professional technical support. Manufacturing high quality products
at competitive prices with immediate shipment plus prompt technical support are
our goals to improve the quality of your testing requirements.

 

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