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CARBON DIOXIDE NOW MORE THAN 50% HIGHER THAN PRE-INDUSTRIAL LEVELS

Focus areas:
Research
Topics:
climate change
carbon dioxide
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June 3, 2022

The Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii is a benchmark site for measuring carbon
dioxide, or CO2. NOAA and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography make
independent measurements from this station on the slopes of Mauna Loa volcano.
(Image credit: NOAA)

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RESOURCES

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Carbon dioxide measured at NOAA’s Mauna Loa Atmospheric Baseline Observatory
peaked for 2022 at 421 parts per million in May, pushing the atmosphere further
into territory not seen for millions of years, scientists from NOAA and Scripps
Institution of Oceanography offsite link at the University of California San
Diego announced today. 

NOAA's measurements of carbon dioxide at the mountaintop observatory on Hawaii’s
Big Island averaged 420.99 parts per million (ppm), an increase of 1.8 ppm over
2021. Scientists at Scripps, which maintains an independent record, calculated a
monthly average of 420.78 ppm. 

“The science is irrefutable: humans are altering our climate in ways that our
economy and our infrastructure must adapt to,” said NOAA Administrator Rick
Spinrad, Ph.D. “We can see the impacts of climate change around us every day.
The relentless increase of carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa is a stark
reminder that we need to take urgent, serious steps to become a more Climate
Ready Nation.” 

CO2 pollution is generated by burning fossil fuels for transportation and
electrical generation, by cement manufacturing, deforestation, agriculture and
many other practices. Along with other greenhouse gases, CO2 traps heat
radiating from the planet’s surface that would otherwise escape into space,
causing the planet’s atmosphere to warm steadily, which unleashes a cascade of
weather impacts, including episodes of extreme heat, drought and wildfire
activity, as well as heavier precipitation, flooding and tropical storm
activity.   

Impacts to the world's oceans from greenhouse gas pollution include increasing
sea surface temperatures, rising sea levels, and an increased absorption of
carbon, which makes sea water more acidic, leads to ocean deoxygenation, and
makes it more difficult for some marine organisms to survive.

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, CO2 levels were consistently around 280 ppm
for almost 6,000 years of human civilization. Since then, humans have generated
an estimated 1.5 trillion tons of CO2 pollution offsite link, much of which will
continue to warm the atmosphere for thousands of years. 

CO2  levels are now comparable to the Pliocene Climatic Optimum, between 4.1 and
4.5 million years ago, when they were close to, or above 400 ppm. During that
time, sea levels were between 5 and 25 meters higher than today offsite link,
high enough to drown many of the world’s largest modern cities. Temperatures
then averaged 7 degrees Fahrenheit higher than in pre-industrial times, and
studies indicate offsite link that large forests occupied today’s Arctic tundra.


This graph shows the monthly mean carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa
Observatory, Hawaii, the longest record of direct measurements of CO2 in the
atmosphere. Monitoring was Initiated by C. David Keeling of the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography in March of 1958 at a NOAA weather station. NOAA
started its own independent and complementary CO2 measurements in May of 1974.
(NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Scripps Institute of Oceanography at the
University of California San Diego. )
Download Image

Mauna Loa ideally located to monitor global pollution 

NOAA’s observatory, situated high on the slopes of the Mauna Loa volcano, is the
global benchmark location for monitoring atmospheric CO2. At an elevation of
11,141 feet above sea level, the observatory samples air undisturbed by the
influence of local pollution or vegetation, and produces measurements that
represent the average state of the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere. 

Charles David Keeling, a scientist with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
initiated on-site measurements of CO2 at NOAA’s weather station on Mauna Loa in
1958. Keeling was the first to recognize that CO2 levels in the Northern
Hemisphere fell during the growing season, and rose as plants died back in the
fall, and he documented these CO2 fluctuations in a record that came to be known
as the Keeling Curve offsite link. He was also the first to recognize that,
despite the seasonal fluctuation, CO2 levels were rising every year. 

NOAA began measurements in 1974, and the two research institutions have made
complementary, independent observations ever since. Keeling’s son, geochemist
Ralph Keeling, runs the Scripps program at Mauna Loa. 

“It's depressing that we've lacked the collective will power to slow the
relentless rise in CO2,” said Keeling. “Fossil-fuel use may no longer be
accelerating, but we are still racing at top speed towards a global
catastrophe.”

The Mauna Loa data, together with measurements from sampling stations around the
world, are incorporated by NOAA’s Global Monitoring Laboratory into the Global
Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, a foundational research dataset for
international climate scientists and a benchmark for policymakers attempting to
address the causes and impacts of climate change.

Despite decades of negotiation, the global community has been unable to
significantly slow, let alone reverse, annual increases in atmospheric CO2
levels. 

“Carbon dioxide is at levels our species has never experienced before — this is
not new,” said Pieter Tans, senior scientist with the Global Monitoring
Laboratory. “We have known about this for half a century, and have failed to do
anything meaningful about it. What's it going to take for us to wake up?" 

To visualize how sea level rise may affect your community, visit NOAA’s sea
level rise viewer, at: https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/

 

Media contact

Theo Stein, theo.stein@noaa.gov, (303) 819-7409


RELATED FEATURES //

How does NOAA map and expore the ocean?

During a year of extremes, carbon dioxide levels surge faster than ever


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Last updated June 3, 2022
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