www.elibrary.imf.org
Open in
urlscan Pro
3.248.31.144
Public Scan
URL:
https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/063/2023/011/063.2023.issue-011-en.xml?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023
Submission: On October 25 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Submission: On October 25 via api from US — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 6 forms found in the DOM
POST /configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.searchwithinform.form?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023&t:ac=journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml&t:state:client=Mv7meoBA3bZKltGaenRUXYhEOvo=: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
<form class="search-form single-query-form doc-search-form c-FormControl c-FormControl--dense c-FormControl--fullWidth" data-component-formcontrol="quickSearchTextfield" data-validate="submit" data-generator="tapestry/core/form"
action="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.searchwithinform.form?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023&t:ac=journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml&t:state:client=Mv7meoBA3bZKltGaenRUXYhEOvo=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAH2Tv2/TQBTHLy2hrVIBjVp1QmLoVsmZkJCYStMKqyZESsTA9mw/OwfnO/fdOT8WBAsdGFhgY2Bg7L/CyMCGYIYJCakTd05pSCvHkk/26aN333v3udOfrD66xhjb1sSOFKUe5BAN0DOQozY0uetxaZAkCE8jDXmE2tsXHKXpImmujf065CjinlEEKfpZLnaOcPL19/bblR9nJ0tsOWCNSGW5khb1Y8OawTMYQkuATFs9Q1ym9wO2lrgiHcjwmL1gtYCt5rbaxf84N2w3UjLhaUEQCrTfbmkHhSqe2Lx2UiXn09qwDT1QozYmUAhzqCgDY9jm/xVa++cssQ0XyHOBvAdKCQT5+Q69/PLh7NcSqz1l9SGIAsc50y4Lc8OyYTfcAn1uBAYQonCzdTeszFFbkRICco0dJR8Bt6+x7ayA113JruuiTNQipleExq1cwdx0zIEsMiQwXMlF2F5kj1T7tjO6AtsssSFw4do27WUVu1bugKwmFcCqA3wdVmUqj+0g5tYmDqI/yasKNcpUhRkoqgrTnNWyRo4UxVXkelQQWRfamJtBycxb4VtTUqTm94+f/rw6uWet8P9ZQezWjOsUWYj0+vT97ca7b2+WGLPS2OfqDvfI8EjglF9oQ5wEXD6vCt6wF4BLMNhX0TS3G6/X5s85g/FDhNjetNkG3bBzSVWQXVIpWR/4ENtc5wImF/Du1fZPe1uVrdzoYym4xG4Rtm3IxU7oKie2SuWROOonSlirL124v2vdJgHFBAAA"
method="post" id="form"><input value="nl-com-compd-nn092023" name="cid" type="hidden"><input value="journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml" name="t:ac" type="hidden"><input
value="Mv7meoBA3bZKltGaenRUXYhEOvo=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAH2Tv2/TQBTHLy2hrVIBjVp1QmLoVsmZkJCYStMKqyZESsTA9mw/OwfnO/fdOT8WBAsdGFhgY2Bg7L/CyMCGYIYJCakTd05pSCvHkk/26aN333v3udOfrD66xhjb1sSOFKUe5BAN0DOQozY0uetxaZAkCE8jDXmE2tsXHKXpImmujf065CjinlEEKfpZLnaOcPL19/bblR9nJ0tsOWCNSGW5khb1Y8OawTMYQkuATFs9Q1ym9wO2lrgiHcjwmL1gtYCt5rbaxf84N2w3UjLhaUEQCrTfbmkHhSqe2Lx2UiXn09qwDT1QozYmUAhzqCgDY9jm/xVa cssQ0XyHOBvAdKCQT5 Q69/PLh7NcSqz1l9SGIAsc50y4Lc8OyYTfcAn1uBAYQonCzdTeszFFbkRICco0dJR8Bt6 x7ayA113JruuiTNQipleExq1cwdx0zIEsMiQwXMlF2F5kj1T7tjO6AtsssSFw4do27WUVu1bugKwmFcCqA3wdVmUqj 0g5tYmDqI/yasKNcpUhRkoqgrTnNWyRo4UxVXkelQQWRfamJtBycxb4VtTUqTm94 f/rw6uWet8P9ZQezWjOsUWYj0 vT97ca7b2 WGLPS2OfqDvfI8EjglF9oQ5wEXD6vCt6wF4BLMNhX0TS3G6/X5s85g/FDhNjetNkG3bBzSVWQXVIpWR/4ENtc5wImF/Du1fZPe1uVrdzoYym4xG4Rtm3IxU7oKie2SuWROOonSlirL124v2vdJgHFBAAA"
name="t:state:client" type="hidden"><input
value="d0S73Y3T4xV8GIbsspNA+nIJdmM=: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"
name="t:formdata" type="hidden">
<input value="/journals/063/063-overview.xml" name="source" id="source" type="hidden">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="c-InputLabel">Search within Journal...</div>
<div class="c-Input"><input placeholder="Search within Journal..." data-component-textfield="{"id":"quickSearchTextfield", "labelText":"Search within Journal..."}"
class="form-control search-field c-InputField" name="q" id="q_within" type="text"><button data-component-textfield-righticon="quickSearchTextfield" class="button submit-btn search-button c-InputAffix c-IconButton c-IconButton--search"
type="submit">
<span>Search</span>
</button></div>
</div>
<input name="issueUri" type="hidden">
<fieldset class="form-group radio-group">
<label class="form-label radio-label">
<input value="ISSUE" name="searchWithinTypeFilter" id="radio" type="radio"> Issue </label>
<label class="form-label radio-label">
<input value="JOURNAL" name="searchWithinTypeFilter" id="radio_0" type="radio"> Journal </label>
</fieldset>
</form>Name: viewAnnotationForm — POST /configurable/content.viewannotations.viewannotationform?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023&t:ac=journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml&t:state:client=i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=: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
<form name="viewAnnotationForm" class="annotationsForm hidden" data-validate="submit" data-generator="tapestry/core/form" data-update-zone="viewAnnotationZone"
action="/configurable/content.viewannotations.viewannotationform?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023&t:ac=journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml&t:state:client=i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=: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"
method="post" id="viewAnnotationForm"><input value="nl-com-compd-nn092023" name="cid" type="hidden"><input value="journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml" name="t:ac" type="hidden"><input
value="i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAH1UPW8UMRB1vkiOA0JCIpBQpAhBA2JPCEV8NiGXiFOOcFIiCjrv7tyewWsv9uzlrkHQkIKCBjoKCsr8FUoKOgQ1VEhIqbD3Qo6gnRQ72vWbnXl 8 zdH2xie5wxFljD1rVJAp7xqAMB8gwsmv5SIBSCUVwGFkxXRGCDFSlAYQuMFRbd25oAGW iNjyBRprJi vQ//Lr7JvJ73s7o2ysyaqRTjOtXGojRjbbfMK7vCa5SmqbaIRK7jRZpe2LbPAUnrHnbKTJpjJX7eC7lyG7FWnVFklueCjBvfvWPinUcT/oapmnIKzNwYKDHZv9NdQRsmnb0dvLkWNvG 5Xi2zu32q1lUE5J8KMJxd4csE9rSVw9WnRvPj8fu/nKBt5zCa6XObQy0as58WQXTmKFfpF3d5fdl1PeR5bAiU0eQjS15goKh1jg4I jCGbKfgaFJGEjTwNwRSpPlQPJZ7wiS0vvGprImfK5zSsVQReNFuNhdNMcLnVz6AssYJsPtJS8szChlYPuHAPYjmzig/TRL9Kwdk4L5G/jhMM5gpdulxIr yaNilHe9S2HiopFLTysM6RbneOaLevXEgpNx9x1TI6Mc5Xogt1YTPJ 6XJPswTbQZDjNtNoZ6W7qYgeeEAmfyv7iWy43HKNlFujLNkHTLsDFx4yPoNZ9gEzOy3Dx9/v9y56azf Gt9w04P8wbefLX7bqH69uvrUcZ6mbtM2KHdFXOoQ5vnEgcTI0gVh3RVuTNrOApNiT47tKu7aLa1iSkHVN1BFMoNfktHR0m/mYfozyQp/TWqQWHHHDvakByGbOnRniGR2yRynVIx5b37wGN3rw6n68PV/wpcLkO8qQtJwAiwj4obdHhVlVlskWR4kkSWyqxcIMulpHyokQzOk33uksgCicyQSJ1kcGOI/AEKgWjEUgcAAA=="
name="t:state:client" type="hidden"><input
value="8uo63r25WrphE5Hkcy6ig7vmY2M=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAEWOOwrCQBBAV0EbsdHSxsJ6A0IabQQbhSBCOrtJMsaVZCbsTD6ewMt4AC/lHUyX6r3q8T4/M2lDs02Z7i6vPSQFBkcmRdJd47AFIlZQxyR2cJeJEW8O7HMLFaQPtAoVivpXaFP2WLikZ1kx9SGxJ5dlSJur5xRF4jopnUjfub3Xy271nY7NKDKzfkI9FxcoUc0iekIDQQGUB7F6R/m+q9TMh4lzJn9xnM0VvwAAAA=="
name="t:formdata" type="hidden">
<input value="" name="annotationIds" type="hidden">
<input value="/view/journals/063/2023/011/063.2023.issue-011-en.xml?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023" name="redirectOnDeleteSuccess" type="hidden">
<input class="display-none" value="" id="viewAnnotationFormSubmit" type="submit">
</form>Name: editAnnotationForm — POST /configurable/content.viewannotations.editannotationform?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023&t:ac=journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml&t:state:client=i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=: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
<form name="editAnnotationForm" class="annotationsForm hidden" data-validate="submit" data-generator="tapestry/core/form"
action="/configurable/content.viewannotations.editannotationform?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023&t:ac=journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml&t:state:client=i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=: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"
method="post" id="editAnnotationForm"><input value="nl-com-compd-nn092023" name="cid" type="hidden"><input value="journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml" name="t:ac" type="hidden"><input
value="i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAH1UPW8UMRB1vkiOA0JCIpBQpAhBA2JPCEV8NiGXiFOOcFIiCjrv7tyewWsv9uzlrkHQkIKCBjoKCsr8FUoKOgQ1VEhIqbD3Qo6gnRQ72vWbnXl 8 zdH2xie5wxFljD1rVJAp7xqAMB8gwsmv5SIBSCUVwGFkxXRGCDFSlAYQuMFRbd25oAGW iNjyBRprJi vQ//Lr7JvJ73s7o2ysyaqRTjOtXGojRjbbfMK7vCa5SmqbaIRK7jRZpe2LbPAUnrHnbKTJpjJX7eC7lyG7FWnVFklueCjBvfvWPinUcT/oapmnIKzNwYKDHZv9NdQRsmnb0dvLkWNvG 5Xi2zu32q1lUE5J8KMJxd4csE9rSVw9WnRvPj8fu/nKBt5zCa6XObQy0as58WQXTmKFfpF3d5fdl1PeR5bAiU0eQjS15goKh1jg4I jCGbKfgaFJGEjTwNwRSpPlQPJZ7wiS0vvGprImfK5zSsVQReNFuNhdNMcLnVz6AssYJsPtJS8szChlYPuHAPYjmzig/TRL9Kwdk4L5G/jhMM5gpdulxIr yaNilHe9S2HiopFLTysM6RbneOaLevXEgpNx9x1TI6Mc5Xogt1YTPJ 6XJPswTbQZDjNtNoZ6W7qYgeeEAmfyv7iWy43HKNlFujLNkHTLsDFx4yPoNZ9gEzOy3Dx9/v9y56azf Gt9w04P8wbefLX7bqH69uvrUcZ6mbtM2KHdFXOoQ5vnEgcTI0gVh3RVuTNrOApNiT47tKu7aLa1iSkHVN1BFMoNfktHR0m/mYfozyQp/TWqQWHHHDvakByGbOnRniGR2yRynVIx5b37wGN3rw6n68PV/wpcLkO8qQtJwAiwj4obdHhVlVlskWR4kkSWyqxcIMulpHyokQzOk33uksgCicyQSJ1kcGOI/AEKgWjEUgcAAA=="
name="t:state:client" type="hidden"><input
value="vo1f23p5B8P66SVYUQSSHIM6OPw=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAJ3QsUoDQRAG4ElQCcZKsbKxiKV7UZJGG4MgCkGEw8ZG5m4n58rd7ro7yZ2NrW/hE4i1fQo738EHsLWy8K6QKwJiUs0wxT/fzPMnLOc92IuNHqlk7DBKKTg2mknzwURRjlobRlZGe1H3SoJ3cGRcItBifEOC0ZJnd98XsXGUqqismTW6zPHiVElJunPhTEzeh+MoU96XMVeP2xvF1utKExpDaJcGdiY9x4wY1oe3OMEgRZ0EITulk8PCMqzVhjOZd2H3X3CmgtERVuj+n+gIPYlBVA4x5hNFqeyExGO7czltf2y+fc9I7+ABGpWs9btkIdVgXtXML6cvsjf6enpvAhQ234dgLsN1F3x1yhLDaj1bJKZKaf0Ak7OPjlcCAAA="
name="t:formdata" type="hidden">
<input value="" name="annotationId" type="hidden">
<input value="/view/journals/063/2023/011/063.2023.issue-011-en.xml?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023" name="redirectOnEditSuccess" type="hidden">
<fieldset class="p-3 m-0">
<legend>Edit Annotation</legend>
<div class="annotatedText text-body1 bg-grey-light"></div>
<textarea id="textarea" class="form-control annotatedTextarea hidden" name="textarea"></textarea>
<textarea placeholder="Comment ..." id="textarea_0" class="form-control comment w-1 border border-radius text-body1" name="textarea_0"></textarea>
<!-- Don't add line breaks in the p element. Doing so makes unwanted spaces appear. -->
<!-- OUP-1178 / Trac(oro2)-5674 -->
<p class="rules text-caption"> Character limit <span class="count">500</span>/500 </p>
<div class="formActions">
<button value=" Delete" class="delete button delete-btn c-Button c-Button--contained c-Button--primary" type="button"> Delete</button>
<button value=" Cancel" class="cancel button cancel-btn c-Button c-Button--outlined c-Button--primary" type="button"> Cancel</button>
<button value=" Save" class="save button save-btn c-Button c-Button--contained c-Button--primary" type="submit"> Save</button>
</div>
<input class="display-none" value="" id="editAnnotationFormSubmit" type="submit">
</fieldset>
</form>Name: annotationsForm — POST /configurable/content.viewannotations.annotationsform?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023&t:ac=journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml&t:state:client=i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=: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
<form name="annotationsForm" class="annotationsForm hidden" data-validate="submit" data-generator="tapestry/core/form"
action="/configurable/content.viewannotations.annotationsform?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023&t:ac=journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml&t:state:client=i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=: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"
method="post" id="annotationsForm"><input value="nl-com-compd-nn092023" name="cid" type="hidden"><input value="journals$002f063$002f2023$002f011$002f063.2023.issue-011-en.xml" name="t:ac" type="hidden"><input
value="i3yBLKICQuDCWiOh2iZrXBnbVwc=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAH1UPW8UMRB1vkiOA0JCIpBQpAhBA2JPCEV8NiGXiFOOcFIiCjrv7tyewWsv9uzlrkHQkIKCBjoKCsr8FUoKOgQ1VEhIqbD3Qo6gnRQ72vWbnXl 8 zdH2xie5wxFljD1rVJAp7xqAMB8gwsmv5SIBSCUVwGFkxXRGCDFSlAYQuMFRbd25oAGW iNjyBRprJi vQ//Lr7JvJ73s7o2ysyaqRTjOtXGojRjbbfMK7vCa5SmqbaIRK7jRZpe2LbPAUnrHnbKTJpjJX7eC7lyG7FWnVFklueCjBvfvWPinUcT/oapmnIKzNwYKDHZv9NdQRsmnb0dvLkWNvG 5Xi2zu32q1lUE5J8KMJxd4csE9rSVw9WnRvPj8fu/nKBt5zCa6XObQy0as58WQXTmKFfpF3d5fdl1PeR5bAiU0eQjS15goKh1jg4I jCGbKfgaFJGEjTwNwRSpPlQPJZ7wiS0vvGprImfK5zSsVQReNFuNhdNMcLnVz6AssYJsPtJS8szChlYPuHAPYjmzig/TRL9Kwdk4L5G/jhMM5gpdulxIr yaNilHe9S2HiopFLTysM6RbneOaLevXEgpNx9x1TI6Mc5Xogt1YTPJ 6XJPswTbQZDjNtNoZ6W7qYgeeEAmfyv7iWy43HKNlFujLNkHTLsDFx4yPoNZ9gEzOy3Dx9/v9y56azf Gt9w04P8wbefLX7bqH69uvrUcZ6mbtM2KHdFXOoQ5vnEgcTI0gVh3RVuTNrOApNiT47tKu7aLa1iSkHVN1BFMoNfktHR0m/mYfozyQp/TWqQWHHHDvakByGbOnRniGR2yRynVIx5b37wGN3rw6n68PV/wpcLkO8qQtJwAiwj4obdHhVlVlskWR4kkSWyqxcIMulpHyokQzOk33uksgCicyQSJ1kcGOI/AEKgWjEUgcAAA=="
name="t:state:client" type="hidden"><input
value="MwT/57XJpku/lk9wR7L7dwNTMDY=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAJ2SsUoDQRCGJ4IWiQQ0WNlYxPaOxCSoaQyiWAQJHILYyN7d5LJy2T13J7mzsfUtfAKxtk9h5zv4ALZWFu4ZOSMB8VLtsgPffDP/PrzBctyGXU+KPg9Girkh2odSEAraH3OMmRCSGHEptKUxRO/rSkxREjEagFZwIFVgsYh5A7SIRahJ3TQtTyoMuWvOYSSFwWnrhPs+impPSQ+1dkbukGttcBd3W5Vk82llCQpdKBkVUjI8ZUMkWO9esTGzQyYC2yHFRdBOIoJKpuKkKuc9oxLvQSvfGCj87yGu4RaAYC0rHQl/Cm3BzgK7yYjl36JxA2q5HTPY6qxeXAf7XyjCxLRGdllLw2r+GZbLNFod1zwyj445hn7VQRpF22eT0uvG88dcQqlZIU2k+NNmQbNOXrO5fzR59Bv99/uXJYAkym9Rny66ODtMfRFMSil/AmNTh0NaAwAA"
name="t:formdata" type="hidden">
<input value="" name="selectionStartXPath" type="hidden">
<input value="" name="selectionEndXPath" type="hidden">
<input value="0" name="selectionStart" type="hidden">
<input value="0" name="selectionEnd" type="hidden">
<input value="/view/journals/063/2023/011/063.2023.issue-011-en.xml?cid=nl-com-compd-nn092023" name="redirectOnCreateSuccess" type="hidden">
<!-- <input type="hidden" id="selectionTimestamp" value="2012-02-17"/> -->
<!-- <input type="text" id="selectionOwner" value="Username"/> -->
<fieldset class="p-3 m-0">
<legend>@!</legend>
<div class="annotatedText p-2 mb-2 bg-grey-light border-radius text-body1"></div>
<textarea id="textarea_1" class="form-control annotatedTextarea hidden" name="textarea_1"></textarea>
<textarea placeholder="Comment ..." id="textarea_2" class="form-control comment w-1 border border-radius text-body1" name="textarea_2"></textarea>
<!-- Don't add line breaks in the p element. Doing so makes unwanted spaces appear. -->
<!-- OUP-1178 / Trac(oro2)-5674 -->
<p class="rules text-caption"> Character limit <span class="count">500</span>/500 </p>
<div class="formActions text-align-right">
<button value="Cancel" class="cancel button cancel-btn c-Button c-Button--outlined c-Button--primary" type="button"> Cancel </button>
<button value="Save" class="save button save-btn c-Button c-Button--contained c-Button--primary" type="submit"> Save </button>
</div>
</fieldset>
</form>GET /search
<form style="max-width:800px; background-color:inherit;" class="flex-col flex-align-center px-3 py-3 mx-auto" method="get" action="/search" id="quickLinks">
<span class="search-params" id="searchWithin">
</span>
<div style="background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" class="flex flex-col">
<div style="background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" class="c-Input">
<span class="twitter-typeahead" style="position: relative; display: inline-block; direction: ltr;"><input data-js="typeAheadInput" data-typeahead-suggest="true" data-typeahead-prefetch="true" autocomplete="off" type="text"
class="c-InputField--noLabel c-InputField js-typeahead c-InputField tt-hint" aria-label="Suggestions" readonly="" spellcheck="false" tabindex="-1"
style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; border-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; opacity: 1; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><input data-js="typeAheadInput"
data-typeahead-suggest="true" data-typeahead-prefetch="true" autocomplete="off" name="q1" placeholder="Search" id="q" type="text" class="c-InputField--noLabel c-InputField js-typeahead c-InputField tt-input" aria-label="Suggestions"
spellcheck="false" dir="auto" style="position: relative; vertical-align: top; background-color: transparent;">
<pre aria-hidden="true"
style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden; white-space: pre; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: auto; text-transform: none;"></pre>
<span class="tt-dropdown-menu" style="position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0px; z-index: 100; display: none; right: auto;">
<div class="tt-dataset-suggestions"></div>
</span>
</span>
<button title="Search" tabindex="0" role="button" type="submit" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--primary c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--search c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium submit-btn ">
</button>
</div>
<div class="flex flex-row flex-justify-btw">
<div class="search-utils flex flex-row flex-order-2" id="quickSearchItems">
<a title="Advanced search" href="/advancedsearch" tabindex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--primary c-Button--small c-Icon c-Icon--search c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium ">Advanced search
</a>
<a id="helpBtn" class="ico-help c-IconButton c-IconButton--primary c-IconButton--help" href="/help#configurable">
<span>
Help
</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="search-filters search-scope-selector flex flex-row flex-order-1 pt-1" id="quickSearchContextualFilters">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>GET /search
<form style="max-width:800px; background-color:inherit;" class="flex-col flex-align-center px-3 py-3 mx-auto" method="get" action="/search" id="quickLinks">
<span class="search-params" id="searchWithin">
</span>
<div style="background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" class="flex flex-col">
<div style="background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" class="c-Input">
<span class="twitter-typeahead" style="position: relative; display: inline-block; direction: ltr;"><input data-js="typeAheadInput" data-typeahead-suggest="true" data-typeahead-prefetch="true" autocomplete="off" type="text"
class="c-InputField--noLabel c-InputField js-typeahead c-InputField tt-hint" aria-label="Suggestions" readonly="" spellcheck="false" tabindex="-1"
style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; border-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; opacity: 1; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><input data-js="typeAheadInput"
data-typeahead-suggest="true" data-typeahead-prefetch="true" autocomplete="off" name="q1" placeholder="Search" id="q" type="text" class="c-InputField--noLabel c-InputField js-typeahead c-InputField tt-input" aria-label="Suggestions"
spellcheck="false" dir="auto" style="position: relative; vertical-align: top; background-color: transparent;">
<pre aria-hidden="true"
style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden; white-space: pre; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: auto; text-transform: none;"></pre>
<span class="tt-dropdown-menu" style="position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0px; z-index: 100; display: none; right: auto;">
<div class="tt-dataset-suggestions"></div>
</span>
</span>
<button title="Search" tabindex="0" role="button" type="submit" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--primary c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--search c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium submit-btn ">
</button>
</div>
<div class="flex flex-row flex-justify-btw">
<div class="search-utils flex flex-row flex-order-2" id="quickSearchItems">
<a title="Advanced search" href="/advancedsearch" tabindex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--primary c-Button--small c-Icon c-Icon--search c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium ">Advanced search
</a>
<a id="helpBtn" class="ico-help c-IconButton c-IconButton--primary c-IconButton--help" href="/help#configurable">
<span>
Help
</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="search-filters search-scope-selector flex flex-row flex-order-1 pt-1" id="quickSearchContextualFilters">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>Text Content
Jump to Content Jump to Main Navigation This site uses cookies, tags, and tracking settings to store information that help give you the very best browsing experience. Dismiss this warning Sign in IMF Sites Browse Topics Countries Series Resources About Search * Previous Issue Central Bank Digital Currency's Role in Promoting Financial Inclusion Author: Ashley Lannquist Ashley Lannquist Search for other papers by Ashley Lannquist in Current site Google ScholarClose and Brandon Tan Brandon Tan Search for other papers by Brandon Tan in Current site Google ScholarClose Series: Fintech Notes Volume/Issue: Volume 2023: Issue 011 Language: English Publication Date: 22 Sep 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400253331.063 ISBN: 9798400253331 ISSN: 2664-5912 Pages: 37 Keywords: Central bank digital currency; financial inclusion; digital inclusion; digital payments; central bank digital currency's role; IMF Fintech Note 2023/011; IMF Library; publication order; publications service; Central Bank digital currencies; Digital financial services; Payment systems; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa Legal-disclaimer: Fintech Notes offer practical advice from IMF staff members to policymakers on important issues. The views expressed in Fintech Notes are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management. Series: Fintech Notes Volume/Issue: Volume 2023: Issue 011 Language: English Publication Date: 22 Sep 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400253331.063 ISBN: 9798400253331 ISSN: 2664-5912 Pages: 37 Keywords: Central bank digital currency; financial inclusion; digital inclusion; digital payments; central bank digital currency's role; IMF Fintech Note 2023/011; IMF Library; publication order; publications service; Central Bank digital currencies; Digital financial services; Payment systems; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa Legal-disclaimer: Fintech Notes offer practical advice from IMF staff members to policymakers on important issues. The views expressed in Fintech Notes are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management. Download PDF (2.6 MB) Download Epub * Abstract/Excerpt * Table of Contents Financial inclusion is a key policy objective that central banks, especially those in emerging and low-income countries, are considering for retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). If properly designed to address the barriers to financial inclusion, CBDCs have the opportunity to gain acceptance by the financially excluded for digital payments. CBDC can then serve as an entry point to the broader formal financial system. CBDC has special aspects that may benefit financial inclusion, such as being a risk-free and widely acceptable form of digital money, availability for offline payments, and potentially lower costs and greater accessibility. However, CBDC is not a panacea to financial inclusion, and additional experience is needed to fully understand its potential impact. Front Matter Central Bank Digital Currency's Role in Promoting Financial Inclusion * Save * * Email this content SHARE LINK -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/063/2023/011/063.2023.issue-011-en.xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfully Copy link -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * Collapse * Expand * Top FinTech Notes ISSN: 2664-5912 Publisher: International Monetary Fund Search within Journal... Search Issue Journal Volume 2023: Issue 011 * Volume: 2023 (2023) Show Items * Volume: 2022 (2022) Show Items * Volume: 2021 (2021) Show Items * Volume: 2020 (2020) Show Items * Volume: 2019 (2019) Show Items METRICS International Monetary Fund Copyright © 2010-2021. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy Copyright and Usage Contact Us IMF.org Publications Powered by PubFactory * [178.162.209.140] * 178.162.209.140 Sign in to annotate Close Edit Annotation Character limit 500/500 Delete Cancel Save @! Character limit 500/500 Cancel Save View Expanded View Table View Full Size AREAER Online IMF.org Bookstore IMF Data MCM Data Browse TOPICS Business and Economics Agribusiness Banks and Banking Budgeting Corporate Finance Corporate Governance Corporate Taxation Crowdfunding Econometrics Economic Development Economic Theory Economics: General Environmental Economics Exports and Imports Finance: General Financial Risk Management Forecasting Foreign Exchange Globalization Industries: Automobile Industries: Energy Industries: Fashion and Textile Industries: Financial Services Industries: Food Industries: General Industries: Hospital,Travel and Tourism Industries: Information Technololgy Industries: Manufacturing Industries: Service Inflation Information Management Infrastructure Insurance International Economics International Taxation Investments: Bonds Investments: Commodities Investments: Derivatives Investments: Energy Investments: Futures Investments: General Investments: Metals Investments: Mutual Funds Investments: Options Investments: Stocks Islamic Banking and Finance Labor Macroeconomics Money and Monetary Policy Natural Resource Extraction Personal Finance -Taxation Production and Operations Management Public Finance Real Estate Statistics Sustainable Development Taxation Urban and Regional Computers Intelligence (AI) & Semantics Cloud Computing Computer Science Data Processing Data Transmission Systems Databases Internet: General Management Information Systems Online Safety & Privacy Web Services & APIs Web: Social Media Health and Fitness Diet and Nutrition Diseases: Contagious Diseases: AIDS and HIV Diseases: Respiratory Law Banking Business and Financial Medical Health Policy Nature Natural Resources Environmental Conservation and Protection Natural Disasters Political Science Environmental Policy Social Services and Welfare Agriculture & Food Policy Civics and Citizenship NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) National and International Security Political Economy Science Energy Social Science Women's Studies Criminology Demography Emigration and Immigration Gender Studies Poverty and Homelessness Technology and Engineering Automation Inventions Mobile and Wireless Communications Transportation Aviation COUNTRIES Africa Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros, Union of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Eritrea, The State of Eswatini, Kingdom of Ethiopia, The Federal Democratic Republic of Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho, Kingdom of Liberia Madagascar, Republic of Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique, Republic of Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa South Sudan, Republic of Tanzania, United Republic of Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia and Pacific Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China, People's Republic of Cook Islands Fiji, Republic of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China India Indonesia Japan Kiribati Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic of Lao People's Democratic Republic Macao Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China Malaysia Maldives Marshall Islands, Republic of the Micronesia, Federated States of Mongolia Myanmar Nauru, Republic of Nepal New Zealand Norfolk Island Palau, Republic of Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Taiwan, Province of China Thailand Timor-Leste, Democratic Republic of Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Vietnam Europe land Islands Albania Andorra, Principality of Austria Belarus, Republic of Belgium Bermuda Bosnia and Herzegovina British Virgin Islands Bulgaria Cayman Islands Croatia, Republic of Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia, Republic of Faroe Islands Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Germany Gibraltar Greece Greenland Guernsey Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jersey Kosovo, Republic of Latvia, Republic of Liechtenstein Lithuania, Republic of Luxembourg Malta Mayotte Moldova, Republic of Monaco Montenegro Netherlands, The New Caledonia North Macedonia, Republic of Norway Poland, Republic of Portugal Romania Russian Federation San Marino, Republic of Serbia, Republic of Slovak Republic Slovenia, Republic of Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye, Republic of Turks and Caicos Islands Ukraine United Kingdom Wallis and Futuna Islands Middle East and Central Asia Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of Algeria Armenia, Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Bahrain, Kingdom of Djibouti Egypt, Arab Republic of Georgia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Mauritania, Islamic Republic of Morocco Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan, Republic of Tunisia Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan, Republic of Yemen, Republic of Western Hemisphere American Samoa Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas, The Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curacao Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guam Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St. Martin St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela SERIES Archived Series Balance of Payments Statistics Direction of Trade Statistics Economic Issues Government Finance Statistics IMF Policy Discussion Papers IMF Special Issues IMF Staff Papers IMF Staff Position Notes IMF Survey International Financial Statistics Occasional Papers Pamphlet Series Seminar Volumes World Economic and Financial Surveys Books and Analytical Papers Books Departmental Papers High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports IMF Staff Country Reports IMF Working Papers Miscellaneous Publications Per Jacobsson lecture Policy Papers Selected Issues Papers Flagships External Sector Report Fiscal Monitor Global Financial Stability Report Regional Economic Outlook World Economic Outlook Notes and Manuals Analytical Notes Fintech Notes Gender Notes Global Financial Stability Notes Glossary IMF How To Notes IMF Notes Manuals & Guides Spillover Notes Staff Climate Notes Staff Discussion Notes Tax Law Technical Note Technical Notes and Manuals Official Reports and Documents Annual Report of the Executive Board Articles of Agreement By Laws, Rules & Regulations IMF Speeches Independent Evaluation Office Reports Selected Decisions Selected Legal and Institutional Papers Series Summary Proceedings Periodicals Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions Finance & Development IMF Research Bulletin IMF Research Perspectives ABOUT About Us Contact Us Content Directory Frequently Asked Questions IMF eLibrary Startup Guide Set Up A Personal Account RESOURCES Brochures and Posters Corrections Essential Reading IMF Virtual Publications Booth Metadata Rights and Permissions Advanced search Help IMF.org Bookstore AREAER Online IMF Data MCM Data Business and Economics Computers Health and Fitness Law Medical Nature Political Science Science Social Science Technology and Engineering Transportation Agribusiness Banks and Banking Budgeting Corporate Finance Corporate Governance Corporate Taxation Crowdfunding Econometrics Economic Development Economic Theory Economics: General Environmental Economics Exports and Imports Finance: General Financial Risk Management Forecasting Foreign Exchange Globalization Industries: Automobile Industries: Energy Industries: Fashion and Textile Industries: Financial Services Industries: Food Industries: General Industries: Hospital,Travel and Tourism Industries: Information Technololgy Industries: Manufacturing Industries: Service Inflation Information Management Infrastructure Insurance International Economics International Taxation Investments: Bonds Investments: Commodities Investments: Derivatives Investments: Energy Investments: Futures Investments: General Investments: Metals Investments: Mutual Funds Investments: Options Investments: Stocks Islamic Banking and Finance Labor Macroeconomics Money and Monetary Policy Natural Resource Extraction Personal Finance -Taxation Production and Operations Management Public Finance Real Estate Statistics Sustainable Development Taxation Urban and Regional Intelligence (AI) & Semantics Cloud Computing Computer Science Data Processing Data Transmission Systems Databases Internet: General Management Information Systems Online Safety & Privacy Web Services & APIs Web: Social Media Diet and Nutrition Diseases: Contagious Diseases: AIDS and HIV Diseases: Respiratory Banking Business and Financial Health Policy Natural Resources Environmental Conservation and Protection Natural Disasters Environmental Policy Social Services and Welfare Agriculture & Food Policy Civics and Citizenship NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) National and International Security Political Economy Energy Women's Studies Criminology Demography Emigration and Immigration Gender Studies Poverty and Homelessness Automation Inventions Mobile and Wireless Communications Aviation Africa Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East and Central Asia Western Hemisphere Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros, Union of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Eritrea, The State of Eswatini, Kingdom of Ethiopia, The Federal Democratic Republic of Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho, Kingdom of Liberia Madagascar, Republic of Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique, Republic of Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa South Sudan, Republic of Tanzania, United Republic of Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China, People's Republic of Cook Islands Fiji, Republic of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China India Indonesia Japan Kiribati Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic of Lao People's Democratic Republic Macao Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China Malaysia Maldives Marshall Islands, Republic of the Micronesia, Federated States of Mongolia Myanmar Nauru, Republic of Nepal New Zealand Norfolk Island Palau, Republic of Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Taiwan, Province of China Thailand Timor-Leste, Democratic Republic of Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Vietnam land Islands Albania Andorra, Principality of Austria Belarus, Republic of Belgium Bermuda Bosnia and Herzegovina British Virgin Islands Bulgaria Cayman Islands Croatia, Republic of Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia, Republic of Faroe Islands Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Germany Gibraltar Greece Greenland Guernsey Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jersey Kosovo, Republic of Latvia, Republic of Liechtenstein Lithuania, Republic of Luxembourg Malta Mayotte Moldova, Republic of Monaco Montenegro Netherlands, The New Caledonia North Macedonia, Republic of Norway Poland, Republic of Portugal Romania Russian Federation San Marino, Republic of Serbia, Republic of Slovak Republic Slovenia, Republic of Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye, Republic of Turks and Caicos Islands Ukraine United Kingdom Wallis and Futuna Islands Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of Algeria Armenia, Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Bahrain, Kingdom of Djibouti Egypt, Arab Republic of Georgia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Mauritania, Islamic Republic of Morocco Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan, Republic of Tunisia Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan, Republic of Yemen, Republic of American Samoa Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas, The Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curacao Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guam Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St. Martin St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Archived Series Books and Analytical Papers Flagships Notes and Manuals Official Reports and Documents Periodicals Balance of Payments Statistics Direction of Trade Statistics Economic Issues Government Finance Statistics IMF Policy Discussion Papers IMF Special Issues IMF Staff Papers IMF Staff Position Notes IMF Survey International Financial Statistics Occasional Papers Pamphlet Series Seminar Volumes World Economic and Financial Surveys Books Departmental Papers High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports IMF Staff Country Reports IMF Working Papers Miscellaneous Publications Per Jacobsson lecture Policy Papers Selected Issues Papers External Sector Report Fiscal Monitor Global Financial Stability Report Regional Economic Outlook World Economic Outlook Analytical Notes Fintech Notes Gender Notes Global Financial Stability Notes Glossary IMF How To Notes IMF Notes Manuals & Guides Spillover Notes Staff Climate Notes Staff Discussion Notes Tax Law Technical Note Technical Notes and Manuals Annual Report of the Executive Board Articles of Agreement By Laws, Rules & Regulations IMF Speeches Independent Evaluation Office Reports Selected Decisions Selected Legal and Institutional Papers Series Summary Proceedings Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions Finance & Development IMF Research Bulletin IMF Research Perspectives Brochures and Posters Corrections Essential Reading IMF Virtual Publications Booth Metadata Rights and Permissions About Us Contact Us Content Directory Frequently Asked Questions IMF eLibrary Startup Guide Set Up A Personal Account Advanced search Help Posted by 1 X users See more details