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Occupational Outlook Handbook > Life, Physical, and Social Science >


PSYCHOLOGISTS

PRINTER-FRIENDLY

 * Summary
 * What They Do
 * Work Environment
 * How to Become One
 * Pay
 * Job Outlook
 * State & Area Data
 * Similar Occupations
 * More Info


SUMMARY

Please enable javascript to play this video.


Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZw9ZPv6lts.

Quick Facts: Psychologists 2023 Median Pay $92,740 per year
$44.59 per hour Typical Entry-Level Education See How to Become One Work
Experience in a Related Occupation None On-the-job Training Internship/residency
Number of Jobs, 2022 196,000 Job Outlook, 2022-32 6% (Faster than average)
Employment Change, 2022-32 12,000


WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO

Psychologists study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior by
observing, interpreting, and recording how people relate to one another and to
their environments.


WORK ENVIRONMENT

Psychologists work in a variety of settings, such as schools, hospitals, and
private practice. Most are full time, but part-time work is common. Some work
evenings or weekends to accommodate their clients' schedules.


HOW TO BECOME A PSYCHOLOGIST

Psychologists typically need an advanced degree, such as a master’s or doctoral
degree, in psychology. Licensing requirements vary by state and position.


PAY

The median annual wage for psychologists was $92,740 in May 2023.


JOB OUTLOOK

Overall employment of psychologists is projected to grow 6 percent from 2022 to
2032, faster than the average for all occupations.

About 12,800 openings for psychologists are projected each year, on average,
over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to
replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force,
such as to retire.


STATE & AREA DATA

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for psychologists.


SIMILAR OCCUPATIONS

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of psychologists with
similar occupations.


MORE INFORMATION, INCLUDING LINKS TO O*NET

Learn more about psychologists by visiting additional resources, including
O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.


What They Do ->



WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO ABOUT THIS SECTION

Industrial-organizational psychologists apply psychological research and methods
to workplace issues.

Psychologists study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior by
observing, interpreting, and recording how people relate to one another and to
their environments. They use their findings to help improve processes and
behaviors.


DUTIES

Psychologists typically do the following:

 * Study behavior and brain function by observing, interviewing, and surveying
   individuals
 * Identify psychological, emotional, behavioral, or organizational issues and
   diagnose disorders
 * Research and identify behavioral or emotional issues, such as anxiety and
   depression
 * Test for patterns that will help them better understand and predict behavior
 * Discuss the results of testing with clients or their families and, if needed,
   develop treatment plans
 * Write articles, research papers, and reports to share findings

Psychologists seek to understand and explain thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
Through techniques such as observation, assessment, and experimentation, they
try to gain a better understanding about how beliefs and feelings influence
people.

Psychologists often gather information and evaluate behavior through controlled
laboratory experiments, psychoanalysis, or psychotherapy. They may administer
personality, performance, aptitude, or intelligence tests. They look for
patterns of behavior or relationships between events, and they use this
information in their research or when treating clients.

The following are examples of types of psychologists:

Clinical and counseling psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat mental,
emotional, and behavioral disorders. They help people deal with problems ranging
from everyday issues to severe, chronic conditions.

Clinical and counseling psychologists typically interview clients, administer
diagnostic tests, and provide psychotherapy to individuals, families, and
groups. They help clients identify their strengths and available resources to
prevent or manage problems, and they design behavior modification plans that
they help clients to implement.

Clinical and counseling psychologists sometimes work with a specific population,
such as older people, or focus on a specific condition, such as cognitive
disorders. Some states permit clinical psychologists to prescribe medication.

Industrial–organizational psychologists apply psychological principles to solve
workplace problems and improve work-life quality. They study issues such as
productivity, employee testing and selection, and organizational dynamics. They
may work closely with top executives, training and development managers, and
training and development specialists.

School psychologists study strategies to address educational, behavioral, or
developmental problems that impact students’ learning. They may design and
implement performance plans, evaluate performance, and counsel students and
families. They may consult with teachers, administrators, and other educators.

Other psychologists include forensic psychologists, who work with judges,
attorneys, and related specialists to understand the psychological aspects of a
legal case; neuropsychologists, who study how dysfunction or damage to the
brain, spine, or nerves affects behavior and cognition; and rehabilitation
psychologists, who help foster independence in clients who have physical or
developmental disabilities due to illness or injury.

Psychologists are among several specialists who focus on mental and behavioral
health. For more information about some of these specialists, see the profiles
on psychiatrists, a type of physician; marriage and family therapists, substance
abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors, and social workers.


<- Summary Work Environment ->



WORK ENVIRONMENT ABOUT THIS SECTION

Counseling psychologists often have their own practices.

Psychologists held about 196,000 jobs in 2022. Employment in the detailed
occupations that make up psychologists was distributed as follows:

Clinical and counseling psychologists 67,500 School psychologists 62,200
Psychologists, all other 56,300 Industrial-organizational psychologists 10,100

The largest employers of psychologists were as follows:

Self-employed workers 28% Elementary and secondary schools; state, local, and
private 27 Ambulatory healthcare services 21 Government 8 Hospitals; state,
local, and private 4

Some psychologists work alone when researching, consulting with clients, or
counseling clients. Others work as part of a team, collaborating with
specialists to treat clients and promote overall wellness.


WORK SCHEDULES

Most psychologists work full time, but part-time work is common. They may work
evenings or weekends to accommodate their clients’ schedules.


<- What They Do How to Become One ->



HOW TO BECOME A PSYCHOLOGIST ABOUT THIS SECTION

In most states, practicing psychology or using the title of “psychologist”
requires licensure.

Psychologists typically need an advanced degree, such as a master’s or doctoral
degree, in psychology. Licensing requirements vary by state and position.


EDUCATION

Psychologists typically need at least a master’s degree to enter the occupation.
Applicants to graduate-level psychology programs typically have a bachelor's
degree in a field such as psychology, education, or social science. 

Clinical and counseling psychologists typically need a Doctor of Philosophy
(Ph.D.) in psychology or a Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) degree. Ph.D. programs
usually emphasize research that culminates in a dissertation, while Psy.D.
programs focus on applying psychological principles to working with clients or
patients. As part of either program, students are typically required to complete
an internship.

Industrial–organizational psychologists typically need a master’s degree.
Programs for these psychologists usually include courses in statistics, research
design, and topics specific to understanding the relationships between people
and workplaces.

School psychologists typically need at least a master’s degree in school
psychology. Other degrees for school psychologists include education specialist
(Ed.S.) and doctoral (Ph.D. or Psy.D.) degrees. School psychologist programs
include coursework in education and psychology to address both of these
components in students’ development. These programs also usually require
completion of an internship.


TRAINING

Most psychologists need supervised experience to qualify for licensure, which
may include an internship or postdoctoral training. These experiences provide an
opportunity for prospective psychologists to use their knowledge in an applied
setting. The required number of hours for internships varies by state.


LICENSES, CERTIFICATIONS, AND REGISTRATIONS

Most states require licensure for those who provide psychology services or use
the title “psychologist.” All states and the District of Columbia require that
psychologists who practice independently be licensed where they work. Licensing
laws vary by state and by type of position. For more information, contact your
state’s licensing board.

Clinical and counseling psychologists are licensed in every state. School
psychologists also typically need a credential, such as a license or
certification from their state’s board of education. Licensure typically
requires applicants to have earned a master’s or doctoral degree and completed
supervised experience. They also may need to have passed the Examination for
Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) administered by the Association of
State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB).

All states require psychologists to complete continuing education to maintain
licensure. For more information about specific state requirements, visit the
ASPPB.

Certification, which may be optional or may be required by employers, is
available from professional associations. For example, the American Board of
Professional Psychology offers certification in areas such as clinical health
psychology, couple and family psychology, and rehabilitation psychology. The
American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology offers certification in
neuropsychology. Board certification typically requires candidates to have a
doctoral degree and pass an examination.


IMPORTANT QUALITIES

Analytical skills. Psychologists examine the information they collect and draw
logical conclusions.

Communication skills. Psychologists spend much of their time speaking with
people, writing reports, and describing their research. They must be able to
convey ideas both orally and in writing.

Compassion. Psychologists often work with people who are dealing with stressful
and difficult situations, so they must empathize with their clients.

Integrity. Psychologists need to keep client discussions confidential. Clients
must be able to trust psychologists’ expertise in treating sensitive issues.

Interpersonal skills. Psychologists must be able to build a rapport with clients
and work well with a variety of specialists.

Observational skills. Psychologists study individuals and groups to understand
their interactions. For example, they may observe facial expressions and other
body language for clues about their clients’ attitudes and behaviors.

Patience. Psychologists must be able to remain calm when working with all types
of clients, including those who may be distressed.

Problem-solving skills. Psychologists collect information, design research,
evaluate programs, and find treatments or solutions to mental and behavioral
problems.


<- Work Environment Pay ->



PAY ABOUT THIS SECTION


PSYCHOLOGISTS

Median annual wages, May 2023

Psychologists





$92,740

Social scientists and related workers





$89,440

Total, all occupations





$48,060

 













Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage
Statistics

The median annual wage for psychologists was $92,740 in May 2023. The median
wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than
that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than
$52,430, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $151,880.



Median annual wages for psychologists in May 2023 were as follows:

Industrial-organizational psychologists $147,420 Psychologists, all other
117,750 Clinical and counseling psychologists 96,100 School psychologists 84,940

In May 2023, the median annual wages for psychologists in the top industries in
which they worked were as follows:

Government $115,400 Hospitals; state, local, and private 102,660 Ambulatory
healthcare services 98,380 Elementary and secondary schools; state, local, and
private 84,440

Psychologists work in variety of settings, such as schools, hospitals, and
private practice. Most are full time, but part-time work is common. Some work
evenings or weekends to accommodate their clients’ schedules.


<- How to Become One Job Outlook ->



JOB OUTLOOK ABOUT THIS SECTION


PSYCHOLOGISTS

Percent change in employment, projected 2022-32

Psychologists





6%

Social scientists and related workers





5%

Total, all occupations





3%

 













Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program

Overall employment of psychologists is projected to grow 6 percent from 2022 to
2032, faster than the average for all occupations.

About 12,800 openings for psychologists are projected each year, on average,
over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to
replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force,
such as to retire.


EMPLOYMENT

Employment of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists is projected to
grow due to demand for psychological services in schools, hospitals, mental
health centers, and social service agencies.

Demand for clinical and counseling psychologists will increase as more people
turn to psychologists for help with their problems.

Employment of school psychologists will continue to grow because of an increased
awareness of the connection between mental health and learning. These workers
also will be needed to help students whose educational, behavioral, or
developmental issues impact their ability to learn. 

Organizations will continue to employ industrial–organizational psychologists to
help with tasks such as selecting and retaining employees, implementing
trainings, and improving office morale.

Employment projections data for psychologists, 2022-32 Occupational Title SOC
Code Employment, 2022 Projected Employment, 2032 Change, 2022-32 Employment by
Industry Percent Numeric

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program

Psychologists

19-3030 196,000 208,000 6 12,000 Get data

Industrial-organizational psychologists

19-3032 10,100 10,600 6 600 Get data

Clinical and counseling psychologists

19-3033 67,500 75,200 11 7,700 Get data

School psychologists

19-3034 62,200 63,000 1 800 Get data

Psychologists, all other

19-3039 56,300 59,100 5 2,900 Get data


<- Pay State & Area Data ->



STATE & AREA DATA ABOUT THIS SECTION


OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGE STATISTICS (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces
employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates
are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for
metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps
for employment and wages by state and area.

 * Clinical and counseling psychologists
 * Industrial-organizational psychologists
 * Psychologists, all other
 * School psychologists


PROJECTIONS CENTRAL

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market
Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state
projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. Information on
this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared
among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce
projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data
may be retrieved.


CAREERONESTOP

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by
state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare
occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro
area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.


<- Job Outlook Similar Occupations ->



SIMILAR OCCUPATIONS ABOUT THIS SECTION

This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those
of psychologists.

Occupation Job Duties ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION 2023 MEDIAN PAY Market Research
Analysts

Market research analysts study consumer preferences, business conditions, and
other factors to assess potential sales of a product or service.

Bachelor's degree $74,680 Marriage and Family Therapists

Marriage and family therapists diagnose and treat cognitive, behavioral, or
similar disorders in the context of couples and other relationships.

Master's degree $58,510 Physicians and Surgeons

Physicians and surgeons diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses and address
health maintenance.

Doctoral or professional degree This wage is equal to or greater than $239,200
per year. Postsecondary Teachers

Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a variety of academic subjects
beyond the high school level.

See How to Become One $84,380 School and Career Counselors and Advisors

School counselors help students develop academic and social skills. Career
counselors and advisors help people choose a path to employment.

Master's degree $61,710 Social Workers

Social workers help people prevent and cope with problems in their everyday
lives.

See How to Become One $58,380 Sociologists

Sociologists study society and social behavior.

Master's degree $101,770 Substance Abuse, Behavioral Disorder, and Mental Health
Counselors

Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors advise people
on a range of issues, such as those relating to alcoholism, addictions, or
depression.

Bachelor's degree $53,710 Survey Researchers

Survey researchers design and conduct surveys and analyze data.

Master's degree $60,960 Training and Development Specialists

Training and development specialists plan and administer programs that improve
the skills and knowledge of their employees.

Bachelor's degree $64,340


<- State & Area Data More Info ->



CONTACTS FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS SECTION

For more information about careers in all fields of psychology, visit

American Psychological Association

For more information about industrial–organizational psychologists, visit

Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology

For more information about careers and certification in neuropsychology, visit

American Board of Professional Neuropsychology

For more information about careers for school psychologists, visit

National Association of School Psychologists

For more information about state licensing requirements, visit

Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards

For more information about psychology specialty certifications, visit

American Board of Professional Psychology


OCCUPATIONAL REQUIREMENTS SURVEY

For a profile highlighting selected BLS data on occupational requirements, see

School psychologists (PDF)


CAREERONESTOP

For career videos on psychologists, visit

Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists

Industrial-Organizational Psychologists


O*NET

Clinical Neuropsychologists

Clinical and Counseling Psychologists

Industrial-Organizational Psychologists

Neuropsychologists

Psychologists, All Other

School Psychologists


<- Similar Occupations

Suggested citation:

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook
Handbook, Psychologists,
at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm
(visited May 14, 2024).



Last Modified Date: Wednesday, April 17, 2024


WHAT THEY DO

The What They Do tab describes the typical duties and responsibilities of
workers in the occupation, including what tools and equipment they use and how
closely they are supervised. This tab also covers different types of
occupational specialties.


WORK ENVIRONMENT

The Work Environment tab includes the number of jobs held in the occupation and
describes the workplace, the level of physical activity expected, and typical
hours worked. It may also discuss the major industries that employed the
occupation. This tab may also describe opportunities for part-time work, the
amount and type of travel required, any safety equipment that is used, and the
risk of injury that workers may face.


HOW TO BECOME ONE

The How to Become One tab describes how to prepare for a job in the occupation.
This tab can include information on education, training, work experience,
licensing and certification, and important qualities that are required or
helpful for entering or working in the occupation.


PAY

The Pay tab describes typical earnings and how workers in the occupation are
compensated—annual salaries, hourly wages, commissions, tips, or bonuses. Within
every occupation, earnings vary by experience, responsibility, performance,
tenure, and geographic area. For most profiles, this tab has a table with wages
in the major industries employing the occupation. It does not include pay for
self-employed workers, agriculture workers, or workers in private households
because these data are not collected by the Occupational Employment and Wage
Statistics (OEWS) survey, the source of BLS wage data in the OOH.


STATE & AREA DATA

The State and Area Data tab provides links to state and area occupational data
from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program, state
projections data from Projections Central, and occupational information from the
Department of Labor's CareerOneStop.


JOB OUTLOOK

The Job Outlook tab describes the factors that affect employment growth or
decline in the occupation, and in some instances, describes the relationship
between the number of job seekers and the number of job openings.


SIMILAR OCCUPATIONS

The Similar Occupations tab describes occupations that share similar duties,
skills, interests, education, or training with the occupation covered in the
profile.


CONTACTS FOR MORE INFORMATION

The More Information tab provides the Internet addresses of associations,
government agencies, unions, and other organizations that can provide additional
information on the occupation. This tab also includes links to relevant
occupational information from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET).


2023 MEDIAN PAY

The wage at which half of the workers in the occupation earned more than that
amount and half earned less. Median wage data are from the BLS Occupational
Employment and Wage Statistics survey. In May 2023, the median annual wage for
all workers was $48,060.


ON-THE-JOB TRAINING

Additional training needed (postemployment) to attain competency in the skills
needed in this occupation.


ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION

Typical level of education that most workers need to enter this occupation.


WORK EXPERIENCE IN A RELATED OCCUPATION

Work experience that is commonly considered necessary by employers, or is a
commonly accepted substitute for more formal types of training or education.


NUMBER OF JOBS, 2022

The employment, or size, of this occupation in 2022, which is the base year of
the 2022-32 employment projections.


JOB OUTLOOK, 2022-32

The projected percent change in employment from 2022 to 2032. The average growth
rate for all occupations is 3 percent.


EMPLOYMENT CHANGE, 2022-32

The projected numeric change in employment from 2022 to 2032.


ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION

Typical level of education that most workers need to enter this occupation.


ON-THE-JOB TRAINING

Additional training needed (postemployment) to attain competency in the skills
needed in this occupation.


EMPLOYMENT CHANGE, PROJECTED 2022-32

The projected numeric change in employment from 2022 to 2032.


GROWTH RATE (PROJECTED)

The percent change of employment for each occupation from 2022 to 2032.


PROJECTED NUMBER OF NEW JOBS

The projected numeric change in employment from 2022 to 2032.


PROJECTED GROWTH RATE

The projected percent change in employment from 2022 to 2032.


2023 MEDIAN PAY

The wage at which half of the workers in the occupation earned more than that
amount and half earned less. Median wage data are from the BLS Occupational
Employment and Wage Statistics survey. In May 2023, the median annual wage for
all workers was $48,060.

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