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International Criminal Court (ICC)


INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE DAY AND


THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT


JULY 17

International Justice Day commemorates the historic global efforts to end
genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity and to recognize efforts to
prosecute perpetrators of human rights abuses. This is also a day to celebrate
the international community’s work to create a more just and peaceful world.

International Justice Day

On July 17, 1998, the international community adopted the Rome Statute which
established the International Criminal Court (ICC).

July 17 is celebrated annually to honor the international community’s efforts to
provide and enforce human rights law promoting global peace, security, and
well-being. This day also commemorates other critically important achievements
in holding parties accountable for atrocities in World War II and in the former
Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia.



The International Criminal Court

The ICC is the world’s only permanent international criminal tribunal. It is
headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands, and is charged with investigating and
prosecuting crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, aggression,  and war
crimes.

Some of the key features of the ICC

 * The ICC has jurisdiction over the gravest instances of atrocity crimes and
   targets only the highest priority perpetrators of these crimes.

 * The ICC prosecutes individuals, not organizations or governments.

 * The ICC is designed to become involved if the state in question is either
   unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute genocide, crimes against
   humanity, aggression, or war crimes that occur within that state’s own
   jurisdiction. This is referred to as ‘complementarity;’  the ICC acts to
   complement and enhance the legal system.

 * The ICC is not part of the United Nations, though the Court may work at the
   request of the United Nations Security Council.

 * Cases come before the ICC if referred by a state party OR by a non-state
   party in reference to a situation in its country; if the Office of the
   Prosecutor opens an investigation into atrocity crimes that occurred in the
   territory of a state party or crimes committed by a national of a state
   party; or if the Security Council refers a situation.

The adoption of the Rome Statute creating the ICC was a momentous step towards
ending impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious international crimes.
The ICC’s work enhances a future of peace and security for the global community.

To date, 122 countries have ratified the Rome Statute.

The United States was instrumental in the drafting of the Rome Statute, the
document which created the ICC. The US has not yet ratified the Rome Statute but
retains a strong positive relationship with the Court on an ad hoc basis.

Ad Hoc Tribunals

The United Nations established ad hoc international tribunals, building on the
precedence set by criminal justice efforts of the Allies after World War II at
the tribunals in Nuremberg, Tokyo, and elsewhere. These tribunals were designed
to addresses very specific conflicts and cases that occurred during a specific
time.

 * The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was
   established by the UN Security Council in 1992 to try those responsible for
   crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes committed during
   the conflict of the 1990s in the former Yugoslavia.

 * The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established by the
   UN Security Council in 1994 to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity,
   and war crimes occurring between January 1 and December 31, 1994, in Rwanda.

 * The Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Extraordinary Chambers in the
   Courts of Cambodia are hybrid domestic-international courts to try those
   responsible for atrocity crimes committed during Sierra Leone’s civil war and
   the genocide in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge rule, respectively.

Learn about about the crimes and case scenarios below.

Download (PDF, 602KB)

 * Genocides and Justice
 * Afghanistan
   * Mass Graves and Missing Persons in Afghanistan
   * The Taliban, Afghanistan, and the Uyghurs
 * Argentina
 * Armenia: Nagorno-Karabakh
 * Background and Overview Information
   * Eight Stages of Genocide
   * Genocides and Conflicts in the 20th and 21st Century: A Book
   * International Criminal Court (ICC)
     * Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
       * From genocide to a new global human rights crime … crimes against
         humanity
     * Born on the Battlefield: International Humanitarian Law
   * The Justice Project
   * United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide
 * Bangladesh
 * Body Autonomy: End of Life Option Act affords us the right to die with
   dignity
 * Body Autonomy: My husband wanted to die with dignity
 * Bosnia
   * A funeral for 775 people
   * Genocide Denial in Bosnia Contributes to Political Crisis
   * International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
   * Remembering the Holocaust 
 * Burundi
 * Cambodia
   * Criminal Tribunal
   * Young survivors of the worst horror 
 * China – The Uyghurs
   * Selected Bibliography
   * China, Tibet, and the Uyghurs
   * Does genocide have a color, in U.S. consciousness and policy? Consider the
     various victims
   * Forced Organ Harvesting
   * High-tech genocides: From the Jews to the Uyghurs
   * “I was feared” – China’s long arm reaches Uyghurs
   * It’ll take more than food aid to counter Uyghur genocide
   * Persecution of the Uighurs must be opposed
   * The Uyghur Ethnocide – How to Erase a People
   * World must confront China, protect the vulnerable
   * Uyghur Immigration Pathways into Canada
 * China – Tibet
   * China, Tibet, and the Uighurs: a pattern of genocide
   * China, Tibet, and the Uyghurs 
   * Genocide in Tibet
   * Spain: Universal Jurisdiction Prosecution for Genocide in Tibet
 * Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
   * Blood diamonds, conflict minerals and chocolate
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
   * Deep-Seated Violence, Natural Resources, and Foreign Investment Inflame
     Conflict in the DRC
   * International Criminal Court
 * Ecocide and the Climate Crisis
   * Climate Crisis, Conflict, and Legislative Developments
   * Climate Migration and the Law
 * Ethiopia
   * Another Genocide in the 21st Century: Conflict in Ethiopia
   * Ethiopia’s Promise of Human Rights
 * Genocide of the Armenians
   * 100 Years of Denial 
   * Genocide over and over again: From the Armenians to the Syrians
 * Guatemala
   * Ecocide and Femicide in Guatemala: Paper Laws Afford No Protection
 * Holocaust
   * Antisemitism is surging. Here’s a primer.
   * Beyond Anne Frank
   * Christian nationalism and the far right
   * Counterpoint: Yes, 1940s Britain did take in refugees
   * Echoes of 1933?
   * Exploring the role of rail systems in genocide
   * Incitement and Genocide: The Holocaust and Rwanda
   * Nazi Extermination of Russian POWs
   * Nuremburg Trials
   * Operation Paperclip: Nazis and the U.S. Space Program
   * Remembering the Holocaust
   * The Forgotten Holocaust and The Continued Persecution of the Romani
   * Truth and Concentration Camps
 * India
   * India and Genocide Warnings
   * India – Denial of Muslim Citizenship
   * Why the U.S. should designate India a ‘country of particular concern’
 * Iraqi Kurdistan
 * Israel-Palestine
 * Landmark Treaty: The Ljubljana-Hague Convention
 * Laos
 * Myanmar – The Rohingya
   * Genocide by social media posts: Will Facebook be held accountable?
   * If you see something, say something. And then what?
   * Jews to Madagascar, Rohingya to Bhasan Char
 * Namibia – The Herero and Nama
   * We cannot allow hate to flourish
 * Native Americans
   * A Framework for Reconciliation: The 94 Calls to Action and Redress for
     Canada’s Residential School Genocide
   * American and Canadian Indigenous Boarding Schools and Mass Graves
   * Indian Boarding Schools
   * On Indigenous Peoples Day, recalling forced sterilizations of Native
     American women
   * Our ‘disappeareds’: Minnesota must examine issue of missing Indian women
   * The Use of Native Boarding Schools as a Form of Genocide in the United
     States
   * U.S. Department of the Interior’s 2022 report on Indian Boarding Schools
 * Nigeria
 * Pakistan
 * Racial Issues: Being denied voting rights is a form of ‘civil death’
 * Refugee Issues: Nowhere to call home
 * Rwanda
   * ICTR
   * Rwanda’s Application and Misuse of Genocide Denial Laws
   * Story of Rwandan genocide shows how easily the human tide can turn
   * Where innocents are targeted, the global community must respond
 * Senegal
 * Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
   * The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against
     Women (CEDAW)
     * Quiero a Mis Hermanas Vivas: Femicides in Puerto Rico
   * Poland’s Gay-Free Cities
   * Rape – A Crime Against Humanity
   * Rape Kit Reform
   * Title IX
 * Somalia
 * Sudan – Darfur – South Sudan
   * Holocaust education should strive to prevent future genocides 
   * In Sudan, a vote for independence
   * International Criminal Court
 * Syria
   * Ending Impunity in Syria: International Prosecutions and the Challenge of
     Pursuing Justice
   * Syria: The Brutality of Modern Civil War
 * Taiwan
 * The Genocide of the Roma
 * The Ottoman Christian Genocide
 * The World in Initials
 * Transgender Rights
   * ‘Anti-trans … laws are solutions to problems that do not exist’
   * Ban the LGBTQ+ Panic Defense
   * It’s dangerous to be trans in prison
   * Transgender Hate
   * Transmisogynoir: Hatred and Violence towards Trans Women of Color
   * Treatment of Transgender Individuals in the Middle East and North Africa
 * Transnational Repression: A Global Problem
   * Transnational Repression: A Threat to Individuals Worldwide
   * Transnational Repression: Central Asia
   * When foreign agents harass, intimidate or assault people in the U.S.
   * Death of Aleksei Navalny, Russian Pro-Democracy Activist
 * Ukraine
   * Babyn Yar, Ukraine
   * Contemporary Russian Expansionism
   * From the Holocaust to Ukraine: Enforced Disappearances – A Crime against
     Humanity
   * Help People in Ukraine
   * Holodomor
   * Prosecuting War Crimes in Ukraine
   * Putin continues the Russian history of war and genocide in Ukraine
   * Putin, war crimes and war criminals
   * Russia’s invasion of Ukraine: The treatment of non-Ukrainian refugees
   * The cases that can be made against Vladimir Putin
   * Ukraine Selected Bibliography
   * When citizens disappear at the hand of the state
 * Venezuela
 * Vietnam
 * Yemen

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