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THE BALTIC PIPE – 30 YEARS IN THE MAKING – WILL HELP WEAN EUROPE OFF RUSSIAN GAS

Dec 5, 2022 | Business, Energy & Climate, Politics

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By Wojciech Jakóbik

The Baltic Pipe, which began pumping Norwegian gas to Poland via Denmark in
October, is the culmination of an idea almost as old as democratic Poland.

Gas supplies from Norway will increase Poland’s security and contribute to
European efforts to become independent from Russian energy. As usual, though,
the devil is in the detail.

THIRD TIME LUCKY FOR THE BALTIC PIPE

The plan to import gas from Norway was first conceived by Prime Minister Jan
Olszewski’s government in 1991, following Poland’s first fully free
parliamentary elections, with then deputy interior minister Piotr Naimski as its
driving force. At the time, the country imported all its gas from Russia.

However, the short duration of Olszewski’s government, which was controversially
brought down after only six months, prevented the fulfilment of the concept.

After this episode, Poland decided to instead concentrate on building the Yamal
Pipeline – bringing Russian gas to Germany through Poland – in order to make
money on transmission and to receive gas supplies in return for the Polish
government’s financial commitment to its construction. That resulted in Poland
remaining 100% dependent on Russian supplies.



The government of Jerzy Buzek – who counted Naimski among his advisors –
returned to the idea of Norwegian gas supplies, signing an agreement for the
construction of a pipeline in 2001. However, his government was voted out of
office later that year, and the new administration, led by Leszek Miller,
abandoned the plans, claiming that they were not economically viable.

The diversification of gas supplies returned to the table under Kazimierz
Marcinkiewicz’s short-lived government in 2006, which discussed the Skanled
project to connect to Sweden and Denmark.

Yet this was abandoned for economic reasons in 2009, with Donald Tusk’s new
administration preferring another diversification projected proposed by
President Lech Kaczyński and his advisor, Naimski: the liquefied natural gas
(LNG) terminal in Świnoujście, which was completed in 2015.

> Poland imports record monthly number of liquefied natural gas shipments



The next government, under Beata Szydło, then returned to the Baltic Pipe
project for a third time, with Naimski again featuring, this time in the role of
government plenipotentiary for strategic energy infrastructure – and this time
finally managing to bring the idea to fruition

THE BALTIC PIPE TODAY

The latest edition of the Baltic Pipe links to the Europipe II gas pipeline,
Which itself transmits gas from Norway to Germany. It is not directly connected
to the deposits, but to the Kårstø facility in Norway, which is used by various
recipients. This is an important detail for the next stage of work.

The operators Poland and Denmark’s gas transmissions systems, Gaz-System and
Energinet.dk, each have half of the shares in the Baltic Pipe venture. The
pipeline has a final annual capacity of 10 billion cubic metres (bcm),
representing half the annual gas usage in Poland, which reached 19 bcm in 2021.

The Baltic Pipe’s route

The project was justified by both economic arguments – with constant, long-term
supply it would provide a more stable price than LNG imports – as well as a
geopolitical one: finally ending reliance on gas from Russia.

The second of those goals – a longstanding aim of the current Polish government
but criticised by the circles that had scrapped the second attempt at a Baltic
Pipe in 2001 – was vindicated this year following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

In spring, Russia stopped supplying gas to Poland completely, but the country’s
security was not threatened since it had already planned to abandon Russian gas
by the end of the year anyway.

As well as reducing gas demand by an estimated 17% this year, Poland has
replaced Russian supplies by maximising LNG imports through Świnoujście and gas
connections with neighbouring countries, as well as now receiving the first
supplies through the Baltic Pipe.

> As Russia turns off the gas, Poland finds ways to keep supplies flowing



To sum up, it looks as if the pipe from Norway along with other sources will
give Poland the gas it needs for late 2022 and early 2023. But what about beyond
that?

THE POWER OF THE BALTIC PIPE

The main line from Norway via Denmark to Poland is ready and apparently has the
gas needed to fill it. In 2022, this will amount to 2.5-3 bcm, as capacity has
been limited by construction delays in the Danish section caused by disputes
over environmental permits

PGNiG declares that it will receive 6.5 bcm in 2023 and 7.7 billion in 2024. The
gas is to come from the company’s own extraction – it owns over 60 licences on
the Norwegian shelf, ultimately totalling 4 bcm per year – as well as agreements
with Lotos, Aker BP, Orsted and Equinor.

> New Polish gas pipeline from Norway to reach full capacity ahead of schedule



Some of these contracts were signed in the midst of the energy crisis and thus
may not satisfy the economic requirements initially set out for the Baltic Pipe,
but they have been essential for security of supply. This became the priority
because of the obvious threat from the east.

Although this gas pipeline has an annual capacity of some 10 bcm, around 2 bcm
must be reserved for third parties in line with EU regulations. PGNiG reserved
around 8 from Gaz-System and uses correspondingly less for various reasons – not
only difficult economic conditions, but also perhaps the reduced demand
signalled by the climate minister.

The verdict on this state of affairs is a mixed one.

The Baltic Pipe opened on time despite the delays in Denmark, giving Poland
security of supply in the face of Russian games. However, Norwegian contracts
were on the table for several years, but were not signed because at the
beginning of the energy crisis in summer 2021 prices might have been expected to
fall at any moment. But they did not fall before the Kremlin’s invasion, in fact
reaching an all-time high.

> Polish state firm buys further Norwegian gas licences



Poland was therefore backed into a corner when it signed the latest contract
with Equinor. But it was essential for security reasons. The Poles were first in
the queue because they had been negotiating for a long time, which was why
suggestions spread by Russian trolls in spring 2022, that Germany would overtake
them and collect the gas Poland had been counting on, proved to be false.

However, the fact that the Baltic Pipe is not routed directly to Norwegian
deposits and that Norway’s Gassco is not involved means that in future there may
be competition between clients for gas from this source in the aforementioned
Europipe II, from which the Baltic Pipe runs.

But one should note that construction of a gas pipeline directly to Norwegian
reserves, bypassing Denmark and by sea through the Denmark Strait, could be
several times more expensive as well as entailing longer work for Poland because
of the need for additional pressure booster stations.

Connecting to Europipe II, meanwhile, could justify the involvement of Denmark,
who would gain a new route allowing them to send gas from their Tyra deposit.
What is key is contracting – already done through agreements – as well as an
allocation permitting resources to be shared in a way that various recipients
are not deprived of gas. Gassco guarantees all companies extracting gas in the
country, PGNiG among them, equal access to the infrastructure.



There is also the option of increasing capacity at Kårstø if clients need more
gas. Also helpful will be the joint gas purchases proposed by the European
Commission, which, together with the US, has been seeking to secure supplies
since autumn 2021, when Brussels and Washington knew that the next stage of
Russia’s war against Ukraine was imminent.

And help will come too from cooperation in using the LNG terminals to be opened
in Germany in the coming months. Sometimes Poland will import more LNG through
Germany, and sometimes Germany might contract something in the surplus capacity
of the Baltic Pipe.

END OF THE GAZPROM ERA

Further diversification of gas supplies will bring about a decline in the demand
for gas from Russia. Further down the line, a successful energy transformation
thanks to the combination of nuclear energy and renewables in Poland will reduce
dependence on this fossil fuel in general.

This means that the Baltic Pipe, as an indispensable piece of the gas security
puzzle in Poland and the region, will contribute to the lessening strategic
importance of natural gas as a fuel – but that is a long way away.

For now, it will help to wean Europe off Russian gas. This has been admitted
even in the Russian media, such as Kommersant, forecasting the closure of this
market to Gazprom as a result of the energy crisis. In 2021, Russia still had
40% of the European market. By the time of writing, this figure has fallen to
around 7%.

Image credits: Baltic Pipe press materials. Article translated from Polish by
Ben Koschalka

Wojciech Jakóbik has been an energy analyst since 2009. He is editor in chief of
BiznesAlert.pl, a publication devoted to energy and climate policy.
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PAULINA OLSZANKA

Solutions journalism project manager
 
 Paulina  is a journalist and writer with a background in anthropology, social
theory & political economy. She has worked for Fairfax Media, the Polish Press
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advisory board member

Senior Research Fellow at the Global Europe Centre, University of Kent.

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contributing editorial assistant 

Weronika Strzyżyńska is currently studying journalism at Goldsmiths as a Scott
Trust Bursary recipient. She  has written on issues immigration and Brexit for
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AGNIESZKA WĄDOŁOWSKA

managing editor

Agnieszka Wądołowska is managing editor of Notes from Poland. She has previously
worked for Gazeta.pl and Tokfm.pl and contributed to Gazeta Wyborcza, Wysokie
Obcasy, Duży Format, Midrasz and Kultura Liberalna”

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JULIETTE BRETAN

contributing writer

Juliette Bretan is a freelance journalist covering Polish and Eastern European
current affairs and culture. Her work has featured on the BBC World Service, and
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DANIEL TILLES

editor-in-chief

Daniel Tilles is editor-in-chief of Notes from Poland and assistant professor of
history at the Pedagogical University of Krakow. He has written on Polish
affairs for a wide range of publications, including Foreign Policy, POLITICO
Europe, The Independent and Dziennik Gazeta Prawna.

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STANLEY BILL

founder, editor-at-large

Stanley Bill is the founder and editor-at-large of Notes from Poland.
He is also Senior Lecturer in Polish Studies and Director of the Polish Studies
Programme at the University of Cambridge, where he works on Polish culture,
politics and history.

Stanley has spent more than ten years living in Poland, mostly based in Kraków
and Bielsko-Biała. He founded Notes from Poland in 2014 as a blog dedicated to
personal impressions, cultural analysis and political commentary. He is
committed to the promotion of deeper knowledge and understanding of Poland.

He is the Chair of the Board of the Notes from Poland Foundation.

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MARIA WILCZEK

deputy editor

Maria Wilczek is deputy editor of Notes from Poland. She also contributes
regularly to The Economist and Al Jazeera, and has also written for The
Times, Politico Europe, The Spectator and Gazeta Wyborcza. She was previously
Marjorie Deane fellow at The Economist in London (2018) and a business
consultant at the Boston Consulting Group in Warsaw. Maria is a graduate of the
University of Oxford and a student at the Polish School of Literary Reportage.
 
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BEN KOSCHALKA

assistant editor

Ben Koschalka is a translator and the assistant editor at Notes from Poland.
Originally from Britain, he has lived in Kraków since 2005.

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NORMAN DAVIES

advisory board member

UNESCO Professor at the Jagiellonian University and Professor Emeritus at
University College London



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TIMOTHY GARTON ASH

advisory board member

Professor of European Studies at Oxford University

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Author, winner of 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature 

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SIOBAN DOUCETTE

author

Siobhan Doucette is a historian whose work focuses the opposition movement in
Communist Poland. Her first book, Books Are Weapons: The Polish Opposition Press
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