www.idtransmission.com
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54.217.95.120
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Submitted URL: https://cdn.exponea.com/id-transmission/e/.eJwTUojhPDd9gXOi_5O9nIZbVhxwb7LVTe6eayARe3ilv9Oqnx-kXDJKSgqKrfT1y8vL9TJTSooS8...
Effective URL: https://www.idtransmission.com/treating/innovation-against-infection?xnpe_tifc=4DHDhFEL4.eLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU_Ous_EklXxF1p...
Submission: On April 12 via manual from US — Scanned from DE
Effective URL: https://www.idtransmission.com/treating/innovation-against-infection?xnpe_tifc=4DHDhFEL4.eLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU_Ous_EklXxF1p...
Submission: On April 12 via manual from US — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 11 forms found in the DOM
Name: deLogin — POST /login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail
<form
action="/login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail"
name="deLogin" id="deLogin" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" class="ao-loginde-vertical" data-dccode="3108"><input type="hidden" name="formID" value="aoLogin"><input type="hidden" name="Age_12_4_2024" value="">
<div class="ao-loginde-email aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="2" type="text" name="email" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Email3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Email"></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-password aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="3" type="password" name="password" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Password3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Password"></div>
<div class="aos-Check aos-DS19-N aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MT5px aos-MB15px"><input type="checkbox" name="RememberLogin" id="aoLogin-RememberLogin" value="1" class="aos-DS19-FField" data-label="Remember Login"><label for="aoLogin-RememberLogin"
class="aoInputLabel"></label><span class="aos-NS">Remember Login</span></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-submit aos-FL100"><input class="aos-DS19-FButton aos-W100 aoLoginButton3108" tabindex="4" type="submit" value="Login"></div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MTXS aos-TAC aos-DS19-N ao-loginde-bottomlinks"><a class="aos-NS" href="/register">Register</a><span class="aos-MLR5px aos-NS">|</span><a class="aos-NS" href="/password-reset">Reset Password</a></div>
</form>Name: ao-srch-form — GET /search
<form method="get" action="/search" name="ao-srch-form" id="ao-searchde-serchform-3033" class="ao-searchde-serchform image" data-idname="3033" data-predictive="true" data-palign="1" data-phspace="0" data-pvspace="0" data-pwidth="0"
data-searchtype="1" data-channelcode="909" data-storeprofcode="1" data-pricecolor="262222" data-cst="28" data-startbreakpoint="" data-channellink="/search" data-showsecuredcontent="1">
<div>
<span class="aos-PosR"><label for="ao-searchde-box-3033" class="aos-searchde-srchbox-label">Search ID Transmission</label><input type="text" autocomplete="off" class="aos-DS19-FField ao-searchde-srchbox" name="q" id="ao-searchde-box-3033"
value="" placeholder="Search ID Transmission">
<div id="ao-searchde-result-3033" class="ao-searchde-result aos-DS28-BGColor aos-DS28-Border" style="width: 100%; left: 0px; display: none;"></div>
</span>
<span>
<button class="aos-Image aos-P0 ao-Pointer aos-DF" id="ao-searchde-btn-3033"><img class="aos-Image" src="/AcuCustom/Sitename/Icon/Icons/tno-icon-search-de.svg" alt="Search" title="Search"></button>
</span>
</div>
</form>Name: deLogin — POST /login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail
<form
action="/login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail"
name="deLogin" id="deLogin" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" class="ao-loginde-vertical" data-dccode="3108"><input type="hidden" name="formID" value="aoLogin"><input type="hidden" name="Age_12_4_2024" value="">
<div class="ao-loginde-email aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="2" type="text" name="email" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Email3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Email"></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-password aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="3" type="password" name="password" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Password3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Password"></div>
<div class="aos-Check aos-DS19-N aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MT5px aos-MB15px"><input type="checkbox" name="RememberLogin" id="aoLogin-RememberLogin" value="1" class="aos-DS19-FField" data-label="Remember Login"><label for="aoLogin-RememberLogin"
class="aoInputLabel"></label><span class="aos-NS">Remember Login</span></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-submit aos-FL100"><input class="aos-DS19-FButton aos-W100 aoLoginButton3108" tabindex="4" type="submit" value="Login"></div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MTXS aos-TAC aos-DS19-N ao-loginde-bottomlinks"><a class="aos-NS" href="/register">Register</a><span class="aos-MLR5px aos-NS">|</span><a class="aos-NS" href="/password-reset">Reset Password</a></div>
</form>Name: deLogin — POST /login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail
<form
action="/login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail"
name="deLogin" id="deLogin" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" class="ao-loginde-vertical" data-dccode="3108"><input type="hidden" name="formID" value="aoLogin"><input type="hidden" name="Age_12_4_2024" value="">
<div class="ao-loginde-email aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="2" type="text" name="email" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Email3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Email"></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-password aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="3" type="password" name="password" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Password3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Password"></div>
<div class="aos-Check aos-DS19-N aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MT5px aos-MB15px"><input type="checkbox" name="RememberLogin" id="aoLogin-RememberLogin" value="1" class="aos-DS19-FField" data-label="Remember Login"><label for="aoLogin-RememberLogin"
class="aoInputLabel"></label><span class="aos-NS">Remember Login</span></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-submit aos-FL100"><input class="aos-DS19-FButton aos-W100 aoLoginButton3108" tabindex="4" type="submit" value="Login"></div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MTXS aos-TAC aos-DS19-N ao-loginde-bottomlinks"><a class="aos-NS" href="/register">Register</a><span class="aos-MLR5px aos-NS">|</span><a class="aos-NS" href="/password-reset">Reset Password</a></div>
</form>Name: deLogin — POST /login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail
<form
action="/login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail"
name="deLogin" id="deLogin" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" class="ao-loginde-vertical" data-dccode="3108"><input type="hidden" name="formID" value="aoLogin"><input type="hidden" name="Age_12_4_2024" value="">
<div class="ao-loginde-email aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="2" type="text" name="email" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Email3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Email"></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-password aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="3" type="password" name="password" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Password3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Password"></div>
<div class="aos-Check aos-DS19-N aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MT5px aos-MB15px"><input type="checkbox" name="RememberLogin" id="aoLogin-RememberLogin" value="1" class="aos-DS19-FField" data-label="Remember Login"><label for="aoLogin-RememberLogin"
class="aoInputLabel"></label><span class="aos-NS">Remember Login</span></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-submit aos-FL100"><input class="aos-DS19-FButton aos-W100 aoLoginButton3108" tabindex="4" type="submit" value="Login"></div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MTXS aos-TAC aos-DS19-N ao-loginde-bottomlinks"><a class="aos-NS" href="/register">Register</a><span class="aos-MLR5px aos-NS">|</span><a class="aos-NS" href="/password-reset">Reset Password</a></div>
</form>Name: deLogin — POST /login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail
<form
action="/login?RefDoc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eidtransmission%2Ecom%2Ftreating%2Finnovation%2Dagainst%2Dinfection%3Fxnpe%5Ftifc%3D4DHDhFEL4%2EeLxuxdhfb84ypZhfEWVjQsVuU%5FOus%5FEklXxF1pxFbDOyXXOfx8hIYX4IYJ4doZhFVX%26utm%5Fsource%3DeNews%26utm%5Fcampaign%3DIDT%2520Week%252015%25202024%2520%2528Newsletter%2529%26utm%5Fmedium%3Demail"
name="deLogin" id="deLogin" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" class="ao-loginde-vertical" data-dccode="3108"><input type="hidden" name="formID" value="aoLogin"><input type="hidden" name="Age_12_4_2024" value="">
<div class="ao-loginde-email aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="2" type="text" name="email" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Email3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Email"></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-password aos-MBXS"><input tabindex="3" type="password" name="password" class="aos-DS19-FField aos-W100 aos-P05em" id="Password3108" maxlength="150" placeholder="Password"></div>
<div class="aos-Check aos-DS19-N aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MT5px aos-MB15px"><input type="checkbox" name="RememberLogin" id="aoLogin-RememberLogin" value="1" class="aos-DS19-FField" data-label="Remember Login"><label for="aoLogin-RememberLogin"
class="aoInputLabel"></label><span class="aos-NS">Remember Login</span></div>
<div class="ao-loginde-submit aos-FL100"><input class="aos-DS19-FButton aos-W100 aoLoginButton3108" tabindex="4" type="submit" value="Login"></div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MTXS aos-TAC aos-DS19-N ao-loginde-bottomlinks"><a class="aos-NS" href="/register">Register</a><span class="aos-MLR5px aos-NS">|</span><a class="aos-NS" href="/password-reset">Reset Password</a></div>
</form>Name: ao-srch-form — GET /search
<form method="get" action="/search" name="ao-srch-form" id="ao-searchde-serchform-3033" class="ao-searchde-serchform image" data-idname="3033" data-predictive="true" data-palign="1" data-phspace="0" data-pvspace="0" data-pwidth="0"
data-searchtype="1" data-channelcode="909" data-storeprofcode="1" data-pricecolor="262222" data-cst="28" data-startbreakpoint="" data-channellink="/search" data-showsecuredcontent="1">
<div>
<span class="aos-PosR"><label for="ao-searchde-box-3033" class="aos-searchde-srchbox-label">Search ID Transmission</label><input type="text" autocomplete="off" class="aos-DS19-FField ao-searchde-srchbox" name="q" id="ao-searchde-box-3033"
value="" placeholder="Search ID Transmission">
<div id="ao-searchde-result-3033" class="ao-searchde-result aos-DS28-BGColor aos-DS28-Border" style="width: 100%; left: 0px; display: none;"></div>
</span>
<span>
<button class="aos-Image aos-P0 ao-Pointer aos-DF" id="ao-searchde-btn-3033"><img class="aos-Image" src="/AcuCustom/Sitename/Icon/Icons/tno-icon-search-de.svg" alt="Search" title="Search"></button>
</span>
</div>
</form>POST
<form id="CommentAndRatingForm0_437360" class="aos-FL aos-W100 aos-M0 " method="post" onsubmit="postComment(437360,32); return false;">
<div class="ao-car-entryform aos-FL aos-W100 aos-MBM">
<div class="aos-DS32-FTitle aos-MT10px aos-MB5px">Add New Comment</div>
<div class="aos-DS32-N">You must be logged in to comment.</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W100 aos-DF aos-DFXpand">
<div id="CommentAndRatingShowingComment_437360" class="aos-FL aos-DS32-FTitle"></div><select id="CommentAndRatingOrderBy_437360" class="aos-DS32-FField aos-P05em aos-Select aos-DN" onchange="getCommentAndRating(437360,true,0,0);">
<option value="1">Newest First</option>
<option value="2">Oldest First</option>
</select>
</div>
<div id="CommentAndRatingList_437360" class="ao-car-list aos-FL aos-W100 aos-DS32-WYSEdit"></div>
</form>POST /mailing-list?bDisableUnsubscribeYN=1
<form id="aoMailingLists6-3198" class="ao-EditForm" action="/mailing-list?bDisableUnsubscribeYN=1" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" data-designstylecode="22" data-currentla="En">
<input type="hidden" name="formID" value="aoMailingLists6-3198">
<div class="aos-FL100 aos-MT20px">
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<label for="aoMailingLists6-3198-FirstName" class="aos-DS22-FTitle aos-CA aos-MTXS aos-PB5px aos-DN FormRequired">First Name</label><input type="text" name="FirstName" id="aoMailingLists6-3198-FirstName" value="" placeholder="First Name"
class="aos-DS22-FField " data-label="First Name" data-required="1" maxlength="100">
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<label for="aoMailingLists6-3198-LastName" class="aos-DS22-FTitle aos-CA aos-MTXS aos-PB5px aos-DN FormRequired">Last Name</label><input type="text" name="LastName" id="aoMailingLists6-3198-LastName" value="" placeholder="Last Name"
class="aos-DS22-FField " data-label="Last Name" data-required="1" maxlength="100">
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS aos-DN">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<label for="aoMailingLists6-3198-InitialsOfFirstNames" class="aos-DS22-FTitle aos-CA aos-MTXS aos-PB5px aos-DN">Initials of First Names</label><input type="text" name="InitialsOfFirstNames" id="aoMailingLists6-3198-InitialsOfFirstNames"
value="" placeholder="Initials of First Names" class="aos-DS22-FField " data-label="Initials of First Names" maxlength="100">
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<label for="aoMailingLists6-3198-Email" class="aos-DS22-FTitle aos-CA aos-MTXS aos-PB5px aos-DN FormRequired">Email</label><input type="text" name="Email" id="aoMailingLists6-3198-Email" value="" placeholder="Email" class="aos-DS22-FField "
data-label="Email" data-required="1" data-validate="email" maxlength="100">
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<input type="hidden" name="MailingListSignUp" id="aoMailingLists6-3198-MailingListSignUp" value="6">
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<button type="button" name="execute" id="aoMailingLists6-3198-execute" class="aos-DS22-FButton aos-FL aos-W100 aos-TAC" value="Sign Up">Sign Up</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>POST /mailing-list?bDisableUnsubscribeYN=1
<form id="aoMailingLists6-3201" class="ao-EditForm" action="/mailing-list?bDisableUnsubscribeYN=1" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" data-designstylecode="30" data-currentla="En">
<input type="hidden" name="formID" value="aoMailingLists6-3201">
<div class="aos-FL100 aos-MT20px">
<div class="aos-FL aos-W25 aos-Br1-W33 aos-PR5px aos-Br3-W100">
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<label for="aoMailingLists6-3201-FirstName" class="aos-DS30-FTitle aos-CA aos-MTXS aos-PB5px aos-DN FormRequired">First Name</label><input type="text" name="FirstName" id="aoMailingLists6-3201-FirstName" value="" placeholder="First Name"
class="aos-DS30-FField " data-label="First Name" data-required="1" maxlength="100">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W25 aos-Br1-W33 aos-PL5px aos-PR5px aos-Br3-W100">
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<label for="aoMailingLists6-3201-LastName" class="aos-DS30-FTitle aos-CA aos-MTXS aos-PB5px aos-DN FormRequired">Last Name</label><input type="text" name="LastName" id="aoMailingLists6-3201-LastName" value="" placeholder="Last Name"
class="aos-DS30-FField " data-label="Last Name" data-required="1" maxlength="100">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W25 aos-Br1-W33 aos-PL5px aos-Br3-W100 aos-DN">
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS aos-DN">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<label for="aoMailingLists6-3201-InitialsOfFirstNames" class="aos-DS30-FTitle aos-CA aos-MTXS aos-PB5px aos-DN">Initials of First Names</label><input type="text" name="InitialsOfFirstNames" id="aoMailingLists6-3201-InitialsOfFirstNames"
value="" placeholder="Initials of First Names" class="aos-DS30-FField " data-label="Initials of First Names" maxlength="100">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W25 aos-Br1-W33 aos-PL5px aos-Br3-W100">
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<label for="aoMailingLists6-3201-Email" class="aos-DS30-FTitle aos-CA aos-MTXS aos-PB5px aos-DN FormRequired">Email</label><input type="text" name="Email" id="aoMailingLists6-3201-Email" value="" placeholder="Email" class="aos-DS30-FField "
data-label="Email" data-required="1" data-validate="email" maxlength="100">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-FL aos-W25 aos-Br1-W100 aos-PL10px">
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<input type="hidden" name="MailingListSignUp" id="aoMailingLists6-3201-MailingListSignUp" value="6">
</div>
</div>
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
<div class="aos-editf aos-FL aos-W100">
<button type="button" name="execute" id="aoMailingLists6-3201-execute" class="aos-DS30-FButton aos-FL aos-W100 aos-TAC" value="Sign Up">Sign Up</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>POST /mailing-list?bDisableUnsubscribeYN=1
<form id="aoMailingLists7-3097" class="ao-EditForm" action="/mailing-list?bDisableUnsubscribeYN=1" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" data-designstylecode="30" data-currentla="En">
<input type="hidden" name="formID" value="aoMailingLists7-3097">
<div class="aos-FL100 aos-MT20px">
<div class="aos-editf ao-FormLine aos-CA aos-MBXS">
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Home / Treating
INNOVATION AGAINST INFECTION
Drug discovery and development26 Mar 2024by Jamie Irvine
With over 800 companies, the Infection Innovation Consortium (iiCON) is helping
pioneer infection innovation by providing companies with access to world-leading
infectious disease research facilities and expertise.
Credit: Headshots supplied by interviewees
Recognizing that the incidence of gonorrhea is increasing worldwide – and the
need to accelerate therapeutic drug discovery, 11 specialist R&D platforms
co-developed and operated by iiCON’s industrial, academic, and clinical
partners, will be used to establish a Neisseria gonorrhea organoid infection
model.
Organoid models are still a relatively new technology – currently with no
standardized protocols governing the generation and characterization of these
tissues. Through direct comparison of organoid infection models against
established methods of assessment, the aim is to facilitate widespread adoption
of this technology and integration into regulatory approval pathways, thereby
supporting the development of new interventions targeting a variety of
infectious diseases.
To find out more, we spoke with iiCON Founding Director Janet Hemingway and
Shaun Pennington, leader of the Organoids Platform and a senior research
associate and laboratory lead for drug discovery at the Liverpool School of
Tropical Medicine (LSTM).
How big a problem is the increasing risk of gonorrhea transmission?
In 2020, there were approximately 82 million new cases of gonorrhea among
adolescents and adults globally – this makes gonorrhea the second most prevalent
bacterial infection in the world. In men, infection can cause localized pain and
result in infertility. In women, infection can cause both of these symptoms, as
well as ectopic pregnancy and an increased risk of HIV transmission. In
newborns, gonococcal conjunctivitis can lead to corneal damage and, in extreme
cases, blindness. The financial costs of these complications are very high for
both individuals and healthcare systems.
Gonorrhea has been and continues to be curable when treated with antibiotics.
However, antimicrobial resistance to gonorrhea has increased over the past 50
years, impacting the efficacy of medicines such as tetracyclines, macrolides
(including azithromycin), sulphonamides and trimethoprim combinations and, more
recently, quinolones. In many countries, ciprofloxacin resistance is exceedingly
high, azithromycin resistance is increasing, and resistance or decreased
susceptibility to cefixime and ceftriaxone continue to emerge.
The emergence of different forms of resistance is often followed by a rapid
spread of the disease. This is not a problem exclusive to low and middle income
populations, as recent treatment failures have also been seen in higher income
countries. Of all sexually transmitted infections, gonorrhea is the most
antibiotic-resistant.
Are there any other barriers to treatment?
Gonorrhea infections can be asymptomatic, especially in women, which means that
individuals may not be aware they are infected. Co-infection, alongside HIV and
chlamydia, is common, which can complicate treatment.
There are currently no robust and predictable intracellular models of infection
that can be used to study N. gonorrhoeae infection, and animal models are
limited. To develop new treatments, we need models that can help us to
understand pathogenesis and assess treatment activity.
The stigma associated with STI diagnosis is also a significant barrier to
treatment. Industry may be able to develop new, single-dose treatments, but
unless efforts are made to remove the stigma, many of the complications
associated with infection will continue to cause suffering.
Which demographic is most at risk?
It is widely accepted that a range of socioeconomic factors can contribute
towards an increased risk of infection, including a lack of healthcare and
education. Due to the nature of transmission, infections most commonly occur in
sexually active individuals; those who practice unprotected sex, those who have
sex with multiple partners, and men who have sex with men are all considered to
be at increased risk of infection.
Of the cases identified in 2020, the most affected are adolescents and adults
aged 15–49 years worldwide, with a global incident rate of 19 per 1,000 women
and 23 per 1,000 men. Most cases were in the WHO African Region and the Western
Pacific Region (1).
What challenges are you likely to face during this project?
N. gonorrhoeae is well-adapted to its ecological niche. Developing a
representative intracellular model will require use of a selection of host-cell
types with varied growth requirements. For the model to be representative of
circulating organisms, we will need to study several in parallel to ensure broad
coverage.
For new treatments to be approved for clinical use, we need to demonstrate that
they have activity against the organisms inside human cells. Unfortunately, the
organism can move freely between the intracellular and extracellular
compartments, which makes it difficult to quantify activity in either
compartment.
How much data is required to tackle the Gonorrhea problem?
A huge amount of data will be required. Currently, the industry doesn’t even
have the models required to generate the data! We are at the very early stages
of this highly innovative program, which involves working at the vanguard of a
new approach to testing treatments in human tissues – helping to address a
significant challenge and unlock industry innovation.
This pathway involves creating new human tissue models. We will then need to
undertake extensive validation work to ensure we have a responsive, reproducible
model before we begin working with industry partners to start the
commercialization process, which will see the model being used for treatment
testing.
What might new potential treatments look like?
The model that iiCON is developing is agnostic, so it would be relevant to a
variety of potential treatments developed by industry – small molecules,
host-directed immunomodulatory compounds, and monoclonal antibody therapies
could all have utility against N. gonorrhoeae.
This collaboration will respond to industry activity – creating a robust, quick,
and effective model for industry to test new treatments in human tissues. This
would support industry innovation and address a significant gap in current
provision. Because we are developing an agnostic model, it will be able to
respond to and test all potential treatment forms – so as industry solutions
evolve, our platform will remain a viable model for treatment testing in human
tissues.
This story previously appeared in our sister brand, The Medicine Maker.
REFERENCE
1. WHO, “Gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection)”, (2023). Available at:
bit.ly/3TyGugq
Drug discovery and developmentGonorrheaiiCONiiCON consortiuminfectious
diseaseinfectious STIsJanet HemingwayLiverpool School of Tropical
MedicineLSTMnew treatments for gonorrheaShaun Pennington
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JAMIE IRVINE
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TREATING
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INNOVATION AGAINST INFECTION
Janet Hemingway and Shaun Pennington of the iiCON consortium led by LSTM discuss
their mission to find new treatments for infectious STIs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TAKING A JAB AT MALARIA
The world’s first routine vaccination program against malaria begins in Cameroon
after successful pilot campaigns in three African countries
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A MUTAGENIC MESS?
Some SARS-CoV-2 mutation patterns have been linked to widespread molnupiravir
use, suggesting potential onward transmission of drug-derived viruses
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THE FLEET OF HOPE
Fungal infections and antifungal resistance are a significant problem; here’s
one approach to consider
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TREATING
INNOVATION AGAINST INFECTION
Janet Hemingway and Shaun Pennington of the iiCON consortium led by LSTM discuss
their mission to find new treatments for infectious STIs
TAKING A JAB AT MALARIA
The world’s first routine vaccination program against malaria begins in Cameroon
after successful pilot campaigns in three African countries
A MUTAGENIC MESS?
Some SARS-CoV-2 mutation patterns have been linked to widespread molnupiravir
use, suggesting potential onward transmission of drug-derived viruses
THE FLEET OF HOPE
Fungal infections and antifungal resistance are a significant problem; here’s
one approach to consider
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