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Clearing the way toward robust quantum computing
by Michaela Jarvis for MIT News
Boston MA (SPX) Jun 22, 2021



A tunable coupler can switch the qubit-qubit interaction on and off. Unwanted,
residual (ZZ) interaction between the two qubits is eliminated by harnessing
higher energy levels of the coupler.

MIT researchers have made a significant advance on the road toward the full
realization of quantum computation, demonstrating a technique that eliminates
common errors in the most essential operation of quantum algorithms, the
two-qubit operation or "gate."

"Despite tremendous progress toward being able to perform computations with low
error rates with superconducting quantum bits (qubits), errors in two-qubit
gates, one of the building blocks of quantum computation, persist," says
Youngkyu Sung, an MIT graduate student in electrical engineering and computer
science who is the lead author of a paper on this topic published in Physical
Review X. "We have demonstrated a way to sharply reduce those errors."

In quantum computers, the processing of information is an extremely delicate
process performed by the fragile qubits, which are highly susceptible to
decoherence, the loss of their quantum mechanical behavior.

In previous research conducted by Sung and the research group he works with, MIT
Engineering Quantum Systems, tunable couplers were proposed, allowing
researchers to turn two-qubit interactions on and off to control their
operations while preserving the fragile qubits. The tunable coupler idea
represented a significant advance and was cited, for example, by Google as being
key to their recent demonstration of the advantage that quantum computing holds
over classical computing.

Still, addressing error mechanisms is like peeling an onion: Peeling one layer
reveals the next. In this case, even when using tunable couplers, the two-qubit
gates were still prone to errors that resulted from residual unwanted
interactions between the two qubits and between the qubits and the coupler. Such
unwanted interactions were generally ignored prior to tunable couplers, as they
did not stand out - but now they do. And, because such residual errors increase
with the number of qubits and gates, they stand in the way of building
larger-scale quantum processors. The Physical Review X paper provides a new
approach to reduce such errors.

"We have now taken the tunable coupler concept further and demonstrated near
99.9 percent fidelity for the two major types of two-qubit gates, known as
Controlled-Z gates and iSWAP gates," says William D. Oliver, an associate
professor of electrical engineering and computer science, MIT Lincoln Laboratory
fellow, director of the Center for Quantum Engineering, and associate director
of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, home of the Engineering Quantum
Systems group. "Higher-fidelity gates increase the number of operations one can
perform, and more operations translates to implementing more sophisticated
algorithms at larger scales."

To eliminate the error-provoking qubit-qubit interactions, the researchers
harnessed higher energy levels of the coupler to cancel out the problematic
interactions. In previous work, such energy levels of the coupler were ignored,
although they induced non-negligible two-qubit interactions.

"Better control and design of the coupler is a key to tailoring the qubit-qubit
interaction as we desire. This can be realized by engineering the multilevel
dynamics that exist," Sung says.

The next generation of quantum computers will be error-corrected, meaning that
additional qubits will be added to improve the robustness of quantum
computation.

"Qubit errors can be actively addressed by adding redundancy," says Oliver,
pointing out, however, that such a process only works if the gates are
sufficiently good - above a certain fidelity threshold that depends on the error
correction protocol. "The most lenient thresholds today are around 99 percent.
However, in practice, one seeks gate fidelities that are much higher than this
threshold to live with reasonable levels of hardware redundancy."

The devices used in the research, made at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, were
fundamental to achieving the demonstrated gains in fidelity in the two-qubit
operations, Oliver says.

"Fabricating high-coherence devices is step one to implementing high-fidelity
control," he says. Sung says "high rates of error in two-qubit gates
significantly limit the capability of quantum hardware to run quantum
applications that are typically hard to solve with classical computers, such as
quantum chemistry simulation and solving optimization problems."

Up to this point, only small molecules have been simulated on quantum computers,
simulations that can easily be performed on classical computers.

"In this sense, our new approach to reduce the two-qubit gate errors is timely
in the field of quantum computation and helps address one of the most critical
quantum hardware issues today," he says.


Related Links
Center for Quantum Engineering
Computer Chip Architecture, Technology and Manufacture
Nano Technology News From SpaceMart.com








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Physicists uncover secrets of world's thinnest superconductor
Boston MA (SPX) Jun 22, 2021
Physicists from across three continents report the first experimental evidence
to explain the unusual electronic behavior behind the world's thinnest
superconductor, a material with myriad applications because it conducts
electricity extremely efficiently. In this case, the superconductor is only an
atomic layer thick. The work, led by an MIT professor and a physicist at
Brookhaven National Laboratory, was possible thanks to new instrumentation
available at only a few facilities in the world. The ... read more



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