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FOUR KEY QUESTIONS TO ASK BEFORE MAKING A HEDGE FUND INVESTMENT

    
 1. Alternatives Resource Center
 2. iCapital
 3. Four Key Questions to Ask Before Making a Hedge Fund Investment
 4. Feb 07, 2024

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Written by: Joe Burns, iCapital

If you are thinking of investing in hedge funds, you’re likely spending a fair
amount of time understanding the different investment strategies and their
associated risk/return characteristics.

While this is essential to your decision-making process, it is equally important
to understand the operations and underlying economics of a fund – the associated
fees and expenses charged by the fund, the fund manager and any third-party
service providers, and how often can subscriptions or redemptions be made. These
considerations may determine whether an investment is appropriate for an
investor’s risk profile and investment objectives. The hedge fund world is
complex and there is a lot to take into consideration.

Before making a hedge fund investment, investors and their advisors should
consider four key questions:


1. WHERE DOES A HEDGE FUND FIT IN YOUR OVERALL PORTFOLIO?

Hedge fund strategies extend across all markets, from equities and bonds, to
commodities, currencies, credit, and derivatives. They can be guided by
fundamental research, or they may be driven by quantitative methods, which
explore not only the value of individual assets, but also make use of
statistical analysis to exploit trading patterns, sectoral trends, or the rise
and fall of volatility, for example. Hedge fund managers have developed a wide
range of investment strategies that target an equally diverse range of
investment objectives, including return enhancement, risk mitigation, and
capital preservation. When considering an allocation to hedge funds, it is
important to develop an understanding of the strategy objectives and investment
styles to determine how hedge funds can complement your existing portfolio and
align with your overall investment goals.




2. ARE YOU COMFORTABLE WITH THE MANAGER’S INVESTMENT PROCESS AND OPERATIONS
AFTER COMPLETING DUE DILIGENCE?

It is critical to understand a manager’s investment strategy, process,
structure, and the underlying drivers of the fund’s returns. Within each
strategy, different managers take on different amounts of risk to achieve their
individual return targets, leading to a wide range of prospective risk/return
profiles. An investor should analyze the fund’s track record from a quantitative
standpoint, checking to see how returns compare to those of suitable benchmarks
and the level of risk that was taken to achieve those returns. This includes an
assessment of how the strategy would be expected to perform under various market
scenarios.

Investment due diligence, however, is only half of the equation. A separate part
of the due diligence process is operational due diligence, which analyzes the
management firm’s operational procedures and compliance/regulatory framework.
Hedge funds are much more complex than mutual funds or other publicly traded
investment types, and they engage with a variety of third-party service
providers in the execution of their investment strategy. Operational due
diligence is a continual process of evaluating the operational aspects of a
hedge fund and verifying what is conveyed in a fund’s offering documents,
audited financials, and reference checks before, and while, invested. Investors
are looking for any red flags that would indicate an unnecessary risk. If a
hedge fund does not pass operational due diligence checks, an investor should
not invest or, if already invested, seek to resolve the issue or withdraw from
the fund.


3. WHAT IS THE HEDGE FUND’S LIQUIDITY PROFILE?

In contrast to mutual funds or ETFs, hedge funds do not offer daily liquidity,
but instead offer redemption terms that vary from fund to fund – some managers
offer monthly or quarterly redemptions while others may require investments for
a multiyear period. Investors must also give written notice of their intention
to redeem, with notice periods typically ranging from 30 to 90 days in advance,
allowing the manager to position the hedge fund’s portfolio to finance the
redemption request.

In addition, most hedge funds have “lock-up periods,” a length of time starting
on the date of the initial investment, during which the investor cannot redeem,
even upon request. The length of the lock-up period is typically one year but
will vary by fund. In some cases, there may be a “hard lock,” with no redemption
possible, while in other cases the investor may be able to withdraw funds early
after paying a penalty (“soft lock”). Even after a lock-up has expired,
withdrawals may be subject to a “gate” or redemption limit that constrains the
amount of investor capital that can be withdrawn from the fund at any one time.
The main purpose of gates is to prevent large scale, sudden withdrawals that
could require the fund to liquidate large amounts of securities at fire-sale
prices. Gates also help to align the fund’s liquidity with the characteristics
of the underlying asset and/or trading strategy.

For investors considering an allocation to hedge funds, redemption windows,
lock-up periods, and gate provisions are all crucial factors in determining if
the redemption terms suit their liquidity needs.


4. ARE YOU COMFORTABLE WITH THE HEDGE FUND’S FEE STRUCTURE?

Hedge funds charge management fees to cover their operating costs, including
staff salaries, investment infrastructure, and general business expenses. The
management fee typically ranges between 1–2% of assets under management, with
newer or lower performing funds sometimes charging less, and high performing,
high demand funds occasionally charging more. In addition to the management fee,
hedge fund managers typically charge an incentive, or performance fee, which
works to align their interests with those of investors. The standard hedge fund
incentive fee has traditionally been 15–20% of fund profits, although like
management fees, hedge fund managers may charge more or less, depending on the
level of demand for their funds.

The purpose of the incentive fee is to motivate the hedge fund manager to
generate profits for investors and to increase the fund’s net asset value (NAV).
Incentive fees are charged on net capital appreciation, or the growth of the
fund’s NAV.

While the fee structure may seem onerous, there are also several common
protections for investors. High water marks stipulate that incentive fees can
only be charged for any performance above an investor’s highest NAV in the fund
(the high water mark). In other words, the high water mark ensures that a fund
manager does not receive incentive fees for gains that merely recover previous
losses. An additional protection sometimes offered in relation to the incentive
fee is a hurdle rate, or a minimum level of return that must be generated in a
certain period before any performance fee can be taken. Hurdle rates are much
less common in hedge funds than high water marks, although funds with a hurdle
rate also typically have a high water mark.

Fund expense fees are other fees incurred in the process of operating the fund
and may include legal, audit, and administrative fees. In addition, certain, but
not all hedge funds, may charge an additional layer of costs known as pass
through fees. Pass through fees are often utilized by “platform” firms which
employ multiple portfolio management teams who make investments on behalf of the
fund. Pass through fees are used to cover payouts to these portfolio management
teams, who receive a portion of profits they generate for the fund, and to cover
other expenses incurred by the teams.

Investors considering an allocation to hedge funds should keep in mind that
hedge fund performance should always be assessed net of fees, and that these
fees generally should be viewed in relation to the level and quality of money
management that is being provided.

Related: The Importance of Private Markets

The material herein has been provided for informational purposes only by
iCapital, Inc. (“iCapital”) or one of its affiliates (iCapital Network together
with its affiliates, “iCapital”). This material is not intended as and may not
be relied on in any manner as legal, tax or investment advice, a recommendation,
or as an offer to sell, a solicitation of an offer to purchase or a
recommendation of any interest in any fund or security. For full disclosures,
please see Four Key Questions to Ask Before Making a Hedge Fund Investment.




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