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THE EVOLUTION OF
TRADE AGREEMENTS

A VISUAL EXPLORATION OF MORE THAN
800 TRADE AGREEMENTS THAT HAVE
BEEN SIGNED BETWEEN 1947
AND 2016. MORE...

PLEASE NOTE: THE INTERACTIVE VERSION OF THE PROJECT HAS BEEN DESIGNED FOR AT
LEAST TABLE TOUCH DEVICES OR DESKTOP COMPUTERS. THIS LIMITIED SCREEN SIZE ONLY
PRESENTS A PREVIEW OF THE COMPLETE, INTERACTIVE VERSION.

DEPTH INDEX ?

N.A.0 Low7 High

AMOUNT OF AGREEMENTS

020406080100
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Global Economic Dynamics (GED) Project by Bertelsmann Stiftung Data by the DESTA
project designoftradeagreements.org

ALANDALANDALBANIAALBANIAANDORRAANDORRAAUSTRIAAUSTRIABELARUSBELARUSBELGIUMBELGIUMBOSNIA
AND HERZEGOVINABOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINABULGARIABULGARIACROATIACROATIACZECH
REPUBLICCZECH REPUBLICDENMARKDENMARKESTONIAESTONIAFAROE ISLANDSFAROE
ISLANDSFINLANDFINLANDFRANCEFRANCEGERMANYGERMANYGREECEGREECEHUNGARYHUNGARYICELANDICELANDIRELANDIRELANDITALYITALYKOSOVOKOSOVOLATVIALATVIALIECHTENSTEINLIECHTENSTEINLITHUANIALITHUANIALUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURGMACEDONIAMACEDONIAMALTAMALTAMOLDOVAMOLDOVAMONACOMONACOMONTENEGROMONTENEGRONETHERLANDSNETHERLANDSNORWAYNORWAYPOLANDPOLANDPORTUGALPORTUGALROMANIAROMANIARUSSIAN
FEDERATIONRUSSIAN FEDERATIONSAN MARINOSAN
MARINOSERBIASERBIASLOVAKIASLOVAKIASLOVENIASLOVENIASPAINSPAINSWEDENSWEDENSWITZERLANDSWITZERLANDUKRAINEUKRAINEUNITED
KINGDOMUNITED
KINGDOMAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTANARMENIAARMENIAAZERBAIJANAZERBAIJANBAHRAINBAHRAINBANGLADESHBANGLADESHBHUTANBHUTANBRUNEI
DARUSSALAMBRUNEI
DARUSSALAMCAMBODIACAMBODIACHINACHINACYPRUSCYPRUSGEORGIAGEORGIAHONG KONGHONG
KONGINDIAINDIAINDONESIAINDONESIAIRANIRANIRAQIRAQISRAELISRAELJAPANJAPANJORDANJORDANKAZAKHSTANKAZAKHSTANKOREA,
NORTHKOREA, NORTHKOREA, SOUTHKOREA,
SOUTHKUWAITKUWAITKYRGYZSTANKYRGYZSTANLAOSLAOSLEBANONLEBANONMACAUMACAUMALAYSIAMALAYSIAMALDIVESMALDIVESMONGOLIAMONGOLIAMYANMARMYANMARNEPALNEPALOMANOMANPAKISTANPAKISTANPALESTINEPALESTINEPHILIPPINESPHILIPPINESQATARQATARSAUDI
ARABIASAUDI ARABIASINGAPORESINGAPORESRI LANKASRI
LANKASYRIASYRIATAIWANTAIWANTAJIKISTANTAJIKISTANTHAILANDTHAILANDTURKEYTURKEYTURKMENISTANTURKMENISTANUNITED
ARAB EMIRATESUNITED ARAB
EMIRATESUZBEKISTANUZBEKISTANVIETNAMVIETNAMYEMENYEMENAUSTRALIAAUSTRALIACOOK
ISLANDSCOOK ISLANDSFIJIFIJIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIMARSHALL ISLANDSMARSHALL
ISLANDSMICRONESIAMICRONESIANAURUNAURUNEW ZEALANDNEW
ZEALANDNIUENIUEPALAUPALAUPAPUA NEW GUINEAPAPUA NEW GUINEASAMOASAMOASOLOMON
ISLANDSSOLOMON
ISLANDSTONGATONGATUVALUTUVALUVANUATUVANUATUALGERIAALGERIAANGOLAANGOLABENINBENINBOTSWANABOTSWANABURKINA
FASOBURKINA FASOBURUNDIBURUNDICAMEROONCAMEROONCAPE VERDECAPE VERDECENTRAL
AFRICAN REPUBLICCENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLICCHADCHADCOMOROSCOMOROSCONGO
(BRAZZAVILLE)CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE)CONGO (KINSHASA)CONGO (KINSHASA)CÔTE
D'IVOIRECÔTE D'IVOIREDJIBOUTIDJIBOUTIEGYPTEGYPTEQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL
GUINEAERITREAERITREAETHIOPIAETHIOPIAGABONGABONGAMBIAGAMBIAGHANAGHANAGUINEAGUINEAGUINEA-BISSAUGUINEA-BISSAUKENYAKENYALESOTHOLESOTHOLIBERIALIBERIALIBYALIBYAMADAGASCARMADAGASCARMALAWIMALAWIMALIMALIMAURITANIAMAURITANIAMAURITIUSMAURITIUSMOROCCOMOROCCOMOZAMBIQUEMOZAMBIQUENAMIBIANAMIBIANIGERNIGERNIGERIANIGERIARWANDARWANDASAO
TOME AND PRINCIPESAO TOME AND PRINCIPESENEGALSENEGALSEYCHELLESSEYCHELLESSIERRA
LEONESIERRA LEONESOMALIASOMALIASOUTH AFRICASOUTH
AFRICASUDANSUDANSWAZILANDSWAZILANDTANZANIATANZANIATOGOTOGOTUNISIATUNISIAUGANDAUGANDAWESTERN
SAHARAWESTERN
SAHARAZAMBIAZAMBIAZIMBABWEZIMBABWEARGENTINAARGENTINABOLIVIABOLIVIABRAZILBRAZILCHILECHILECOLOMBIACOLOMBIAECUADORECUADORGUYANAGUYANAPARAGUAYPARAGUAYPERUPERUSURINAMESURINAMEURUGUAYURUGUAYVENEZUELAVENEZUELAANTIGUA
AND BARBUDAANTIGUA AND
BARBUDABAHAMASBAHAMASBARBADOSBARBADOSBELIZEBELIZECANADACANADACAYMAN
ISLANDSCAYMAN ISLANDSCOSTA RICACOSTA RICACUBACUBADOMINICADOMINICADOMINICAN
REPUBLICDOMINICAN REPUBLICEL SALVADOREL
SALVADORGREENLANDGREENLANDGRENADAGRENADAGUATEMALAGUATEMALAHAITIHAITIHONDURASHONDURASJAMAICAJAMAICAMEXICOMEXICOMONTSERRATMONTSERRATNICARAGUANICARAGUAPANAMAPANAMASAINT
KITTS AND NEVISSAINT KITTS AND NEVISSAINT LUCIASAINT LUCIASAINT VINCENT AND THE
GRENADINESSAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINESTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTRINIDAD AND
TOBAGOUNITED STATES OF AMERICAUNITED STATES OF AMERICAAFRICAASIAEUROPENORTH
AMERICASOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA

HOW TO READ IT?Color: Depth index based on key statementsDot size: Total amount
of agreementsSOURCESGenerated with ftavis.com,GED Project by Bertelsmann
StiftungData by Desta Projectdesignoftradeagreements.org
EUROPEASIAOCEANIAAFRICASOUTH AMERICANORTH AMERICA
Worldwide

+0+20+40
1948

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2016
In Negotiation
+89 in Negotiation
906 Until Now
1. EC MERCOSUR
* 33 Member States, Signed not yet
* Region-Region Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
2. China EC
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
3. EU India
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
4. EU Japan
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
5. EU Malaysia
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
6. EU Morocco
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
7. EC Thailand
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
8. EU US TTIP
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
9. EC New Zealand
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
10. EC Mexico
* 29 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
11. CARICOM CAIS
* 22 Member States, Signed not yet
* Region-Region Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
12. CARICOM MERCOSUR
* 20 Member States, Signed not yet
* Region-Region Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
13. Canada CARICOM
* 16 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
14. Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) Plus
* 15 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
15. MERCOSUR SICA
* 13 Member States, Signed not yet
* Region-Region Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
16. CAIS MERCOSUR
* 12 Member States, Signed not yet
* Region-Region Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
17. EFTA Russian Federation/ Belarus/ Kazakhstan
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Region-Region Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
18. Australia Gulf Cooperation Council
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
19. Japan Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
20. GCC Korea
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
21. GCC India
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
22. GCC New Zealand
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
23. GCC Pakistan
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
24. China GCC
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
25. Bay of Bengal Initiative on Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Pluriteral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
26. Central America Korea
* 7 Member States, Signed not yet
* Pluriteral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
27. China SACU
* 6 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
28. India SACU
* 6 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
29. EFTA Malaysia
* 5 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
30. EFTA Thailand
* 5 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
31. EFTA India
* 5 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
32. EFTA Indonesia
* 5 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
33. EFTA Viet Nam
* 5 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
34. Ecuador EFTA
* 5 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
35. MERCOSUR Mexico
* 5 Member States, Signed not yet
* Plurilateral & Third Country Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
36. Canada El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua
* 5 Member States, Signed not yet
* Pluriteral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
37. Belarus Kazakhstan Russia India
* 4 Member States, Signed not yet
* Pluriteral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
38. Greenland Faroe Islands
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
39. China Norway
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
40. Russian Federation New Zealand
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
41. Ukraine Serbia
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
42. Ukraine Singapore
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
43. Ukraine Singapore
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
44. Bangladesh Pakistan
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
45. China Israel
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
46. China Japan
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
47. China Sri Lanka
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
48. Canada India
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
49. Egypt India
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
50. India Mauritius
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
51. India Korea
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
52. Australia India
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
53. India Indonesia
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
54. India Israel
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
55. India Thailand
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
56. India New Zealand
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
57. Indonesia Korea
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
58. Chile Indonesia
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
59. Australia Indonesia
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
60. Colombia Japan
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
61. Canada Japan
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
62. Japan Korea, Republic of
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
63. Japan Turkey
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
64. Mexico Jordan
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
65. Korea, Republic of Mexico
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
66. Mexico South Korea
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
67. Ecuador Korea
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
68. Morocco Pakistan
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
69. Pakistan Singapore
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
70. Pakistan Turkey
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
71. Mexico Singapore
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
72. Egypt Singapore
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
73. Singapore Turkey
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
74. Dominican Republic Taiwan
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
75. Thailand United States
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
76. Colombia Turkey
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
77. Peru Turkey
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
78. Mexico Turkey
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
79. Canada Singapore
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
80. Canada Morocco
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
81. Chile Trinidad and Tobago
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
82. Colombia Uruguay
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
83. Ecuador US
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
84. EL Salvador Peru
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
85. Canada Dominacan Republic
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
86. El Salvador Trinidad and Tobago
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
87. Guatemala Trinidad and Tobago
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
88. Malaysia United States
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details
89. Panama Trinidad and Tobago
* 2 Member States, Signed not yet
* Bilateral Agreement
* Depth index not available
→ More Details

Membership Type

Member States

Category

Signed

Entered into force

Language

Depth Index

MARKET ACCESS

Encoding explanations
Depth Type

SERVICES

Encoding explanations
Does this agreement include substantive provisions stipulating the
liberalization of trade in services?

Does the agreement contain a reference to the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)?

Does the service chapter contain an MFN clause?

Does the service chapter contain a national treatment clause?

Does the service chapter grant the right of non-establishment (that is, does it
allow the provision of services without local presence)?

Does the service chapter allow the movement of natural persons in the provision
of services?

Does the service chapter include a review provision?

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

Encoding explanations
Does the agreement contain substantive provisions on public procurement?

Does the agreement guarantee national treatment with respect to public
procurement?

Does the chapter on public procurement include a transparency provision?

To which entities/at which level of government do the substantive procurement
provisions apply?

What is the scope of the public procurement provisions in the agreement?

Does the agreement contain a reference to the WTO/GATT procurement agreements?

DISPUTE SETTLEMENT

Encoding explanations
Does this agreement include provisions for solving disputes?

Is there a provision on consultation?

Is there a provision on mediation?

Is there a provision on arbitration?

Is there a provision on the creation of a standing body with delegated powers?

Is there a reference to external DS institutions?

Is there a provision on the choice of DS fora?

Does the ultimate option for forum choice foresee the complainant to choose the
forum?

Does the ultimate option for forum choice foresee the parties to chose the forum
jointly?

Are there restrictions/limits to the use of multiple fora?

Is there a provision on bindingness?

Is it explicitly mentioned that provisions on DS are binding?

Is it explicitly mentioned that provisions on DS are NOT binding?

FORMS OF SANCTIONS/RETALIATION

Are there any provisions related to retaliation in case of non-implementation?

Do both parties select jointly the appropriate level of
retaliation/compensation/sanctions?

Does the complainant select the appropriate level of
retaliation/compensation/sanctions?

Does a third part select the appropriate level of
retaliation/compensation/sanctions

Is there an order in the process of selecting appropriate levels of
retaliation/compensation/sanctions?

Are there provisions on retaliation in the same sector?

Is cross-retaliation possible (sanctions in other sector)?

Are monetary sanctions (compensation) possible?

EXEMPTIONS

Are there any exemptions from DS?

Is there an explicit positive list of areas covered under the DSM of the PTA?

The area mentioned is

Is there an explicit negative list of exemptions from DS?

The area mentioned is

Does the treaty list time frames related to stages and implementation of dispute
settlement decisions?

Does the panel issue an initial/draft/interim report prior to the issuance of
the final report?

What is the ultimate procedure by means of which the chairman of the arbitral
panel is selected? The chairman is selected by consultation of parties.

What is the ultimate procedure by means of which the chairman of the arbitral
panel is selected? The chairman is selected by arbitrators jointly.

What is the ultimate procedure by means of which the chairman of the arbitral
panel is selected? The chairman is selected by lot.

What is the ultimate procedure by means of which the chairman of the arbitral
panel is selected? The chairman is selected a third party (e.g. WTO DG ).

Does the process allow for separate opinions to be included in the panel report?

How many times do parties evoke the concept of “mutually agreeable solution”
(MAS) throughout the text of the DS chapter until the award is out?

How many times do parties evoke the concept of MAS throughout the text of the DS
chapter post award?

Feedback

SELECTION OF FINDINGS AND DATA STORIES

1950 – 1990

"Bloc Agreements" to
Protect Markets
In the 1960s and 70s, Western Europe deepened its economic ties agains the
Soviet bloc.
As a result, the European Community was created by the "EC Treaty" (1957) upon
the later formation of the European Union.
Early Hopes: New Regional Blocs in the Third World
Third world countries embraced free trade to be less dependent on the Western
and Soviet bloc.
New blocs were developed in Africa (1962), Asia (1964) and North America (1968).
Trade Relations of the Third World with Developed Countries
With decolonization on the way and high hopes for a “New International Economic
Order” Third World countries rebalanced trade relations with Developed
countries.
For instance, the Region-Region Agreement "Lomé Convention" (1975).

1990 – 2014

Strong Increase in Amount and Depth of Agreememts Since the Early 1990s
The fall of the iron curtain created demand for PTAs. In the Americas, countries
started to sign PTAs in the wake of the creation of the North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1992.

Europe Has Signed the Most PTAs but Asian Countries Are Rising
Up to the early 1990s, European countries were by far the most avid signers of
PTAs.
By 2002, countries such as China and Japan had not yet signed a PTA but most
recently, Asian countries, such as Singapore or China, have become prominent
actors in the spread of PTAs.
From Plurilateral in the Past to “Mega-Regional” Agreements Today
Early agreements were mostly of a plurilateral type (more than two but not many
member countries).
Recent PTAs are increasingly Region-Region Agreements and not yet captured are
the ongoing negotiations for "mega-regionals", namely, the TTIP and the TPP.

ABOUT

Data
This radial dendrogram distills more than 700 trade agreements that have been
signed between 1947 and 2014. The data is freely available at
designoftradeagreements.org and was collected by an international team of
researchers. It was originally published in: Dür, A., Baccini L., and Elsig M.
2014. The Design of International Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset.
The Review of International Organizations.

Definitions
The generic term for all trade agreements shown in the visualization is
“preferential trade agreement” (or PTA), following Dür and Elsig (2014). A PTA
is defined as an agreement that liberalizes trade between two or more countries
but that does not extend to all or at least a majority of countries.

The PTAs shown here encompass partial free trade agreements, full free trade
agreements and customs unions.

For a general introduction to trade agree-ments, see Dür, A. and Elsig, M. 2014.
Introduction: The Purpose, Design and Effects of Preferential Trade Agreements,
in: Dür, Elsig (eds.), Trade Cooperation – The Purpose, Design and Effects of
Preferential Trade Agreements, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–22
Measuring Depth
The depth index is a simple additive index of 7 key statements that can be part
of a PTA.
The 7 key statements are tariff reduction, intellectual property rights
protection, government purchases, technical barriers to trade, services,
investments and compe-tition. The scale of the index is 0 – 7. The depth measure
used here was developed by Dür, Baccini, and Elsig (2014).

The depth of PTAs is heterogeneous. Some PTAs cover a large number of different
issues, from trade in services to government purchases, whereas others are very
narrow. Some PTAs include far-reaching statements, while others are relatively
shallow.

For example, a PTA with a depth score of 0 is an agreement with no substantive
statements in any of the 7 key statements. On the other extreme, a PTA with a
depth score of 7 is more than an agreement with substantive statements in all 7
key statements.

Further details on the index are provided in Table 1.

Note that the depth index is not available (N.A.) for all PTAs because the
researchers did not find full texts for all agreements.
Credits
The Bertelsmann Foundation launched the Global Economic Dynamics Project to help
make complex economic dynamics trans-parent and understandable.

The project examines the causes and effects of economic trends, as well as the
connec-tions linking one trend to another. Within the GED Project we are working
with latest tools and methods for measuring, forecasting and representing global
economic dynamics.

One example is our award-winning visual-ization tool GED VIZ that makes global
dynamics of trade, finance and migration flows tangible.

The above visualization of trade agreements is a consequent addition to the GED
Project and was initiated by the project team.

The visualization was designed and imple-mented by Sebastian Sadowski.
Dr. Tobias Pfaff helped with bridging the economic and data perspectives.

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