en.wikipedia.org
Open in
urlscan Pro
2620:0:860:ed1a::1
Public Scan
URL:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index
Submission: On December 03 via api from US — Scanned from US
Submission: On December 03 via api from US — Scanned from US
Form analysis 6 forms found in the DOM
/w/index.php
<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button">
<div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved">
<div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon">
<input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" autocomplete="off">
<span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">
</div>
<button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button>
</form><form id="frb-form">
<div class="frb-step frb-step-1">
<button class="frb-icon-btn frb-close skin-invert" aria-label="Close"></button>
<fieldset class="frb-frequency">
<legend class="frb-numbered error-highlight"> How often would you like to donate? </legend>
<ul>
<li>
<input class="frb-radio" type="radio" name="frequency" id="frb-frequency-onetime" onclick="frb.toggleMonthly(false);" value="onetime" checked="">
<label class="frb-radio-label" for="frb-frequency-onetime">One time</label>
</li>
<li>
<input class="frb-radio" type="radio" name="frequency" id="frb-frequency-monthly" onclick="frb.toggleMonthly(true);" value="monthly">
<label class="frb-radio-label frb-frequency-monthly-label" for="frb-frequency-monthly">Give monthly</label>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="frb-monthly-pitch">
<svg class="frb-monthly-pitch-arrow" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="18" width="18" viewBox="0 0 57.3 50.8">
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</path>
</svg> Sustain our mission long term
</div>
<div class="frb-monthly-pitch-thanks">
<svg class="frb-monthly-pitch-thanks-heart" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 31 31">
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</svg> Thanks for your generous support
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="frb-amounts">
<legend class="frb-numbered">
<span class="error-highlight">Please select an amount (<span class="frb-replace-currencycode">USD</span>)</span><br> The average donation in <span class="frb-replace-countryname">the United States</span> is around <span
class="frb-replaced">$13</span>.
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<ul>
<li>
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<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps2" value="15">
<label for="frb-amt-ps2" class="frb-radio-label">$15</label>
</li>
<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps3" value="25">
<label for="frb-amt-ps3" class="frb-radio-label">$25</label>
</li>
<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps4" value="50">
<label for="frb-amt-ps4" class="frb-radio-label">$50</label>
</li>
<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps5" value="100">
<label for="frb-amt-ps5" class="frb-radio-label">$100</label>
</li>
<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps6" value="250">
<label for="frb-amt-ps6" class="frb-radio-label">$250</label>
</li>
<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps7" value="500">
<label for="frb-amt-ps7" class="frb-radio-label">$500</label>
</li>
<li class="frb-amt-other">
<label for="input_amount_other" class="sr-only">Other amount</label>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="input_amount_other" value="Other">
<input name="otherAmount" type="text" inputmode="decimal" id="frb-amt-other-input" size="3" autocomplete="off" value="" placeholder="Other" tabindex="-1" maxlength="10">
<label for="frb-amt-other-input" class="frb-amt-other-label sr-only">Other</label>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="frb-ptf frb-checkbox-wrapper" style="display: none;">
<input class="frb-checkbox" type="checkbox" name="ptf" id="frb-ptf-checkbox" value="true" onclick="frb.updateFeeDisplay();">
<label class="frb-checkbox-label" for="frb-ptf-checkbox">I'll generously add <span class="frb-ptf-fee frb-replaced">a little</span> to cover the transaction fees so you can keep 100% of my donation.</label>
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="frb-methods">
<legend class="frb-numbered error-highlight"> Please select a payment method </legend>
<div class="frb-payment-options">
<div data-name="Credit Card" class="frb-button frb-pm-cc frb-cctypes-vmad">
<input id="frb-pm-cc" type="radio" name="frb-methods" class="frb-radio" onchange="frb.setMethod({ method:'cc' });">
<label for="frb-pm-cc" class="frb-label">
<span class="frb-pm-cc-label">Credit / Debit Card</span>
<span class="frb-cc-logo-wrapper">
<svg class="frb-cc-logo-visa" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="frb-cc-logo-visa-title" viewBox="0 0 200 120">
<title id="frb-cc-logo-visa-title">Visa</title>
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<title id="frb-cc-logo-mastercard-title">MasterCard</title>
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CONTENTS
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* (Top)
* 1 Origins
* 2 Dimensions and calculation
Toggle Dimensions and calculation subsection
* 2.1 New method (2010 HDI onwards)
* 2.2 Old method (HDI before 2010)
* 3 2022 Human Development Index (2024 report)
* 4 Past top countries
Toggle Past top countries subsection
* 4.1 In each original HDI
* 5 Geographical coverage
* 6 Country/region specific HDI lists
* 7 Criticism
Toggle Criticism subsection
* 7.1 Sources of data error
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links
Toggle the table of contents
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
PAGE VERSION STATUS
This is an accepted version of this page
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 6 November 2024.
Composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices
"HDI" redirects here. For other uses, see HDI (disambiguation).
For the complete ranking of countries, see List of countries by Human
Development Index.
World map of countries and territories by HDI scores in increments of 0.050
(based on 2022 data, published in 2024)
* ≥ 0.950
* 0.900–0.950
* 0.850–0.899
* 0.800–0.849
* 0.750–0.799
* 0.700–0.749
* 0.650–0.699
* 0.600–0.649
* 0.550–0.599
* 0.500–0.549
* 0.450–0.499
* 0.400–0.449
* ≤ 0.399
* Data unavailable
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life
expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of
schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators,
which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country
scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is
higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was
developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq and was further used to measure a
country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human
Development Report Office.[1][2][3][4]
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an inequality-adjusted Human
Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that
"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for this
inequality), while the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human
development (or the maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no
inequality."[5]
The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Mahbub
ul-Haq, anchored in Amartya Sen's work on human capabilities, and often framed
in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life.
Examples include — being: well-fed, sheltered, and healthy; doing: work,
education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is
considered central — someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. when fasting for
religious reasons) is considered different from someone who is hungry because
they cannot afford to buy food, or because the country is going through a
famine.[6]
The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per
capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to
lower the ranking of some of the most developed countries, such as the G7
members and others.[7]
ORIGINS
[edit]
The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports
produced by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). These annual reports were devised and launched by
Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to
shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to
people-centered policies". He believed that a simple composite measure of human
development was needed to convince the public, academics and politicians that
they can, and should, evaluate development not only by economic advances but
also improvements in human well-being.
The underlying principle behind the Human Development Index[6]
DIMENSIONS AND CALCULATION
[edit]
NEW METHOD (2010 HDI ONWARDS)
[edit]
HDI trends between 1990 and 2021
World
OECD countries
Developing countries:
Arab States
East Asia and the Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human
Development Report calculated the HDI combining three dimensions:[8][9]
* A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
* Education: Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling
* A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP international dollars)
In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of
calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:
1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE − 20 85 − 20 = LE − 20 65 {\displaystyle
={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{65}}}
LEI is equal to 1 when life expectancy at birth is 85 years, and 0 when life
expectancy at birth is 20 years.
2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI + EYSI 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm
{MYSI}}+{\textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}} [10]
2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = MYS 15 {\displaystyle ={\frac
{\textrm {MYS}}{15}}} [11] Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator
for 2025. 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = EYS 18 {\displaystyle
={\frac {\textrm {EYS}}{18}}} [12] Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a
master's degree in most countries.
3. Income Index (II) = ln ( GNIpc ) − ln ( 100 ) ln ( 75 , 000 ) − ln (
100 ) = ln ( GNIpc ) − ln ( 100 ) ln ( 750 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac
{\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(75,000)-\ln(100)}}={\frac {\ln({\textrm
{GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(750)}}}
II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.
Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:
HDI = LEI ⋅ EI ⋅ II 3 . {\displaystyle {\textrm {HDI}}={\sqrt[{3}]{{\textrm
{LEI}}\cdot {\textrm {EI}}\cdot {\textrm {II}}}}.}
LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has
spent in formal education)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for
children under 18 years of age, incl. young men and women aged 13–17)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
OLD METHOD (HDI BEFORE 2010)
[edit]
The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 report:
* Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to
HDI
* Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with
two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross
enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).
* Standard of living, as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic
product per capita at purchasing power parity.
HDI trends between 1975 and 2004
OECD
Europe (not in the OECD), and CIS
Latin America and the Caribbean
East Asia
Arab League
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report.
The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP).[13] In general, to transform a raw variable, say x
{\displaystyle x} , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows
different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:
* x index = x − a b − a {\displaystyle x{\text{ index}}={\frac {x-a}{b-a}}}
where a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are the lowest and highest
values the variable x {\displaystyle x} can attain, respectively.
The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum
with 1⁄3 contributed by each of the following factor indices:
* Life Expectancy Index = LE − 25 85 − 25 = LE − 25 60 {\displaystyle ={\frac
{{\text{LE}}-25}{85-25}}={\frac {{\text{LE}}-25}{60}}}
* Education Index = 2 3 × ALI + 1 3 × GEI {\displaystyle ={\frac {2}{3}}\times
{\text{ALI}}+{\frac {1}{3}}\times {\text{GEI}}}
* Adult Literacy Index (ALI) = ALR − 0 100 − 0 = ALR 100 {\displaystyle
={\frac {{\text{ALR}}-0}{100-0}}={\frac {\text{ALR}}{100}}}
* Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = CGER − 0 100 − 0 = CGER 100 {\displaystyle
={\frac {{\text{CGER}}-0}{100-0}}={\frac {\text{CGER}}{100}}}
* GDP = log ( GDPpc ) − log ( 100 ) log ( 40000 ) − log ( 100 ) = log
( GDPpc ) − log ( 100 ) log ( 400 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac
{\log({\text{GDPpc}})-\log(100)}{\log(40000)-\log(100)}}={\frac
{\log({\text{GDPpc}})-\log(100)}{\log(400)}}}
2022 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (2024 REPORT)
[edit]
Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index
See also: List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Average annual HDI growth from 2010 to 2021 (published in 2022)
* ≥ 1.4%
* 1.2%…1.4%
* 1%…1.2%
* 0.8%…1%
* 0.6%…0.8%
* 0.4%…0.6%
* 0.2%…0.4%
* 0%…0.2%
* −0.5%…0%
* −1%…−0.5%
* < −1%
* No data
The Human Development Report 2023/24 by the United Nations Development Programme
was released on 13 March 2024; the report calculates HDI values based on data
collected in 2022.
Ranked from 1 to 69 in the year 2022, the following countries are considered to
be of "very high human development":[14]
Table of countries by HDI Rank Nation HDI 2022 data (2024 report) Change since
2015 2022 data (2024 report) [14] Average annual growth (2010–2022) 1
Switzerland 0.967 0.24% 2 (1) Norway 0.966 0.25% 3 Iceland 0.959 0.28% 4 (2)
Hong Kong 0.956 0.38% 5 (1) Denmark 0.952 0.35% Sweden 0.38% 7 (8) Ireland
0.950 0.38% (3) Germany 0.19% 9 (1) Singapore 0.949 0.25% 10 (1) Netherlands
0.946 0.26% (1) Australia 0.20% 12 (2) Liechtenstein 0.942 0.23% (3) Belgium
0.26% Finland 0.27% 15 (3) United Kingdom 0.940 0.24% 16 (7) New Zealand
0.939 0.13% 17 (19) United Arab Emirates 0.937 1.04% 18 (5) Canada 0.935 0.22%
19 (3) South Korea 0.929 0.36% 20 (5) United States 0.927 0.10% (1)
Luxembourg 0.14% 22 (1) Slovenia 0.926 0.33% (1) Austria 0.21% 24 (4) Japan
0.920 0.16% 25 (1) Israel 0.915 0.26% (3) Malta 0.50% 27 Spain 0.911 0.40% 28
(3) France 0.910 0.28% 29 (3) Cyprus 0.907 0.45% 30 Italy 0.906 0.24% 31 (2)
Estonia 0.899 0.33% 32 (6) Czechia 0.895 0.22% 33 (3) Greece 0.893 0.18% 34
(3) Bahrain 0.888 0.80% 35 (3) Andorra 0.884 0.20% 36 (2) Poland 0.881 0.35%
37 (2) Latvia 0.879 0.51% (2) Lithuania 0.32% 39 (6) Croatia 0.878 0.53% 40
Qatar 0.875 0.45% (6) Saudi Arabia 0.70% 42 Portugal 0.874 0.42% 43 (10) San
Marino 0.867 0.32% 44 Chile 0.860 0.47% 45 (9) Turkey 0.855 1.10% (5)
Slovakia 0.14% 47 Hungary 0.851 0.22% 48 (6) Argentina 0.849 0.15% 49 Kuwait
0.847 0.36% 50 (1) Montenegro 0.844 0.38% 51 (2) Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.838
0.49% 52 (8) Uruguay 0.830 0.47% 53 (3) Romania 0.827 0.14% 54 (1) Antigua
and Barbuda 0.826 0.18% 55 (7) Brunei 0.823 0.02% 56 (3) Russia 0.821 0.25% 57
(3) Bahamas 0.820 0.21% (5) Panama 0.47% 59 (7) Oman 0.819 0.22% 60 (3)
Trinidad and Tobago 0.814 0.30% (4) Georgia 0.54% 62 (2) Barbados 0.809 0.18%
63 (6) Malaysia 0.807 0.41% 64 (5) Costa Rica 0.806 0.39% 65 (3) Serbia 0.805
0.39% 66 (6) Thailand 0.803 0.65% 67 (1) Seychelles 0.802 0.30% (4)
Kazakhstan 0.38% 69 (11) Belarus 0.801 0.12%
PAST TOP COUNTRIES
[edit]
The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human
Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest sixteen times, Canada
eight times, and Switzerland, Japan, and Iceland have each ranked twice.
IN EACH ORIGINAL HDI
[edit]
The year represents the time period from which the statistics for the index were
derived. In parentheses is the year when the report was published.
* 2022 (2024): Switzerland
* 2021 (2022): Switzerland
* 2019 (2020): Norway
* 2018 (2019): Norway
* 2017 (2018): Norway
* 2015 (2016): Norway
* 2014 (2015): Norway
* 2013 (2014): Norway
* 2012 (2013): Norway
* 2011 (2011): Norway
* 2010 (2010): Norway
* 2007 (2009): Norway
* 2006 (2008): Iceland
* 2005 (2007): Iceland
* 2004 (2006): Norway
* 2003 (2005): Norway
* 2002 (2004): Norway
* 2001 (2003): Norway
* 2000 (2002): Norway
* 1999 (2001): Norway
* 1998 (2000): Canada
* 1997 (1999): Canada
* 1995 (1998): Canada
* 1994 (1997): Canada
* 1993 (1996): Canada
* 1992 (1995): Canada
* 1994 (1994): Canada
* 1993 (1993): Japan
* 1990 (1992): Canada
* 1990 (1991): Japan
GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
[edit]
The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United
Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a
report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI
for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169
countries.[15][16]
COUNTRY/REGION SPECIFIC HDI LISTS
[edit]
* Afghan regions
* Angolan provinces
* African countries
* Albanian counties
* Algerian regions
* Argentine provinces
* Armenian provinces
* Australian states
* Austrian states
* Azerbaijani regions
* Baltic regions
* Bangladeshi districts and divisions
* Belgian provinces
* Bolivian departments
* Bosnia and Herzegovina regions
* Brazilian states
* Canadian provinces and territories
* Chilean regions
* Chinese administrative divisions
* Colombian departments
* Croatian counties
* Danish regions
* Dutch provinces
* Egyptian governorates
* Ethiopian regions
* European countries
* Finnish regions
* French regions
* German states
* Georgian regions
* Greek regions
* Indian states
* Tamil Nadu districts (India)
* Indonesian provinces
* Iranian provinces
* Iraqi governorates
* Italian regions
* Kazakhstan regions
* Japanese prefectures
* Latin American countries
* Malaysian states
* Mexican states
* Myanmar administrative divisions
* Nepalese provinces
* New Zealand regions
* Nigerian states
* Norwegian regions
* Pakistani administrative units
* Philippine provinces
* Palestinian regions
* Polish voivodeships
* Romanian regions
* Russian federal subjects
* Serbian Regions
* South African provinces
* South Korean regions
* Spanish communities
* Swedish regions
* Syrian governorates
* Swiss regions
* Thai regions
* Turkish regions
* UK regions
* Ukrainian regions
* U.S. states (American Human Development Report (AHDR))
* Venezuelan states
* Vietnamese regions
CRITICISM
[edit]
HDI in relation to consumption-based CO2 emissions per capita
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds,
including focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of
attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the
underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to
severe misclassification of "low", "medium", "high" or "very high" human
development countries.[17]
There have also been various criticism towards the lack of consideration
regarding sustainability[18] (which later got addressed by the planetary
pressures-adjusted HDI), social inequality[19] (which got addressed by the
inequality-adjusted HDI), unemployment[20] or democracy.[20]
SOURCES OF DATA ERROR
[edit]
Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI
from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and
income statistics used to construct the HDI. They have identified three sources
of data error which are: (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii)
thresholds to classify a country's development status. They conclude that 11%,
21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in
the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively.
Wolff, Chong and Auffhammer suggest that the United Nations should discontinue
the practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off
values seem arbitrary, and the classifications can provide incentives for
strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, as well as having the
potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who
use the HDI at large.[17]
In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism by updating the thresholds to
classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a
comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report
Office responded[21] to an article published in the magazine on 6 January
2011[22] which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report
Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for
the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the
critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating
the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.
In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate
of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators
that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal
welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to
shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a
mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the
population.[23]
SEE ALSO
[edit]
* Modern history portal
* World portal
* Corruption Perceptions Index
* Gender Inequality Index
* OECD Better Life Index (BLI)
* World Happiness Report
* International development
* List of sovereign states by percentage of population living in poverty
* Right to an adequate standard of living
* Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
REFERENCES
[edit]
1. ^ A. Stanton, Elizabeth (February 2007). "The Human Development Index: A
History". PERI Working Papers. ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst: 14–15. Archived
from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
2. ^ "Human Development Index". Definition of 'Human Development Index'.
Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
3. ^ "About Human Development". HDR. UNDP. Archived from the original on 15
April 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
4. ^ "Human development index". World Health Organization. Archived from the
original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
5. ^ "Composite indices — HDI and beyond". Human Development Reports. Archived
from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
6. ^ Jump up to: a b "What is Human Development". HDR. UNDP. 19 February 2015.
Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
... human development approach, developed by the economist Mahbub Ul
Haq ...
7. ^ The Courier. Commission of the European Communities. 1994.
8. ^ Nations, United (4 November 2010). "Human Development Report 2010". UNDP.
Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
9. ^ "Technical notes" (PDF). UNDP. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on
16 June 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
10. ^ "New method of calculation of Human Development Index (HDI)". India Study
Channel. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017.
Retrieved 19 November 2017.
11. ^ Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the
average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older
in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population
converted into years of schooling based on theoretical duration of each
level of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee, J.-W. (2010). "A
New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010". NBER
Working Paper No. 15902. Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w15902. Archived
from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
12. ^ (ESYI is a calculation of the number of years a child is expected to
attend school, or university, including the years spent on repetition. It
is the sum of the age-specific enrollment ratios for primary, secondary,
post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated
assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates were to
stay the same throughout the child's life. Expected years of schooling is
capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010).
Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)
13. ^ "Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site". Archived from the original
on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
14. ^ Jump up to: a b Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock:
Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development
Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
15. ^ Hastings, David A. (2009). "Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index".
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,
Working Paper WP/09/02. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.
Retrieved 1 December 2009.
16. ^ Hastings, David A. (2011). "A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232
Countries". HumanSecurityIndex.org. Archived from the original on 3 May
2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011. Information Note linked to data
17. ^ Jump up to: a b Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Maximilian
(2011). "Classification, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence
from the Human Development Index". Economic Journal. 121 (553): 843–870.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x. hdl:1813/71597. ISSN 0013-0133.
S2CID 18069132. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 13
July 2019.
18. ^ WWF, WWF. "Living Planet Report 2014" (PDF). Living Planet Report. 2014:
60–62.
19. ^ Harttgen, Kenneth; Klasen, Stephan (1 May 2012). "A Household-Based Human
Development Index". World Development. 40 (5): 878–899.
doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.011. hdl:10419/37505. ISSN 0305-750X.
20. ^ Jump up to: a b Leiwakabessy, Erly; Amaluddin, Amaluddin (2 May 2020). "A
Modified Human Development Index, Democracy And Economic Growth In
Indonesia". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews. 8 (2): 732–743.
doi:10.18510/hssr.2020.8282. ISSN 2395-6518.
21. ^ "UNDP Human Development Report Office's comments". The Economist. January
2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 12 January
2011.
22. ^ "The Economist (pages 60–61 in the issue of Jan 8, 2011)". 6 January
2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January
2011.
23. ^ Monni, Salvatore; Spaventa, Alessandro (2013). "Beyond Gdp and HDI:
Shifting the focus from Paradigms to Politics". Development. 56 (2):
227–231. doi:10.1057/dev.2013.30. S2CID 84722678.
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