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Posted by

Vivek Janakiraman

Posted on

May 26, 2023

Posted under

AlwaysON

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ALWAYS ON – TROUBLESHOOTING AVAILABILITY GROUP DATABASE STUCK IN INITIALIZING /
IN RECOVERY MODE

Introduction

In this blog post, we will discuss an issue encountered with an Always On
Availability Group where a database remained stuck in the Initializing / In
Recovery state on the secondary replica after a failover. We will explore the
steps taken to resolve the problem and provide insights into the underlying
causes.

Issue

During a failover from the primary to the secondary replica in an Always On
Availability Group, one particular database entered the Initializing / In
Recovery state on the secondary replica. Despite restarting SQL services and
attempting to suspend data movement, the database remained stuck in this state.

Resolution

 1. Logging off users and restarting SQL services: Initially, all users were
    logged off from the secondary replica, and the SQL services on the replica
    were restarted. However, these steps did not resolve the issue.
    
 2. Suspending data movement: The next approach involved suspending the data
    movement of the problematic database from the SQL Server Management Studio
    on the secondary replica. However, this operation resulted in a “lock
    request time out period exceeded” error.
    
 3. Identifying the blocking process: To investigate further, a query was
    executed to identify any blocking processes using the following query:
    SELECT * FROM sysprocesses WHERE blocked > 0
    It was discovered that the DB Startup thread for the specific database was
    blocking the SPID attempting to suspend data movement.
    
 4. Checking recovery status: The SQL Server error log was examined to determine
    if the database’s recovery had completed. The log indicated that recovery
    for the database had finished in 43 seconds, with no user action required.
    Recovery completed for database JB_DB (database ID 7) in 43 second(s)
    (analysis 64 ms, redo 324 ms, undo 0 ms.) This is an informational message
    only. No user action is required.
    
 5. Analyzing DB Startup thread wait type: Monitoring the DB Startup thread
    revealed that it was in a wait state with the HADR_RECOVERY_WAIT_FOR_UNDO
    type. This wait type occurs when the secondary database is waiting for the
    reverting and initializing phases to synchronize with the primary database
    after failover.
    
 6. Monitoring undo progress: The “Log remaining for undo” performance monitor
    counter was used to track the amount of log in kilobytes remaining for the
    undo phase. Surprisingly, the counter showed 0, indicating that there was
    nothing to undo, and the recovery completed message in the SQL Server error
    log confirmed that the undo took 0 milliseconds.
    
 7. Failing over to another synchronous secondary replica: To further
    troubleshoot the issue, a failover was performed from the primary replica to
    another synchronous secondary replica. This time, all databases returned to
    a synchronized state without any issues.



Summary

The issue of a database stuck in the Initializing / In Recovery state after an
Always On Availability Group failover was resolved by failing over to another
synchronous secondary replica. Although the root cause and exact timing of the
issue remain unknown, this blog post aims to provide guidance and assistance to
others who may encounter similar challenges within the community.

Thank You,
Vivek Janakiraman

Disclaimer:
The views expressed on this blog are mine alone and do not reflect the views of
my company or anyone else. All postings on this blog are provided “AS IS” with
no warranties, and confers no rights.



Standard

Posted by

Vivek Janakiraman

Posted on

May 20, 2023

Posted under

SQL Server 2022

Comments

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ELEVATE YOUR DATABASE PERFORMANCE: INTRODUCING SQL SERVER 2022 ENHANCEMENTS

SQL Server 2022 has arrived with a myriad of exciting performance enhancements
that are set to revolutionize database management. In this article, we will
explore the various aspects of these enhancements, their significance in the
realm of database management, and the benefits they offer to businesses and
organizations. From query optimizer improvements to in-memory enhancements,
storage enhancements, security upgrades, scalability improvements, and
integration with cloud technologies, we will dive into the details of each
feature and understand how they contribute to elevating the performance of SQL
Server.

Overview of SQL Server 2022

To begin our journey, let’s take a moment to understand SQL Server 2022. It is
the latest iteration of Microsoft’s flagship relational database management
system, known for its robustness, reliability, and scalability. SQL Server 2022
builds upon the strengths of its predecessors and introduces an array of
performance-enhancing features that address common challenges faced in database
management.



Importance of Performance Enhancements in Database Management





Performance is a crucial aspect of any database management system. Slow queries,
inefficient data retrieval, and inadequate scalability can hinder the overall
productivity and efficiency of an organization. Recognizing this, SQL Server
2022 has placed a strong emphasis on performance enhancements, aiming to deliver
lightning-fast query execution, improved optimization, and enhanced data
processing capabilities. These enhancements enable businesses to extract
insights from their data more efficiently, leading to better decision-making and
ultimately, a competitive edge.

Understanding SQL Server Performance

Before delving into the specifics of SQL Server 2022’s performance enhancements,
it is important to familiarize ourselves with the key metrics used to evaluate
database performance. Metrics such as response time, throughput, and resource
utilization provide valuable insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of
the database system. Additionally, we will explore common performance challenges
encountered in SQL Server, including suboptimal query plans, index
fragmentation, and contention issues, which the enhancements in SQL Server 2022
aim to address.

Introducing SQL Server 2022 Performance Enhancements

Now let’s take a closer look at the performance enhancements introduced in SQL
Server 2022.

Overview of New Features and Enhancements

SQL Server 2022 introduces an impressive array of new features and enhancements
that have been designed to tackle the performance challenges faced by
organizations. These advancements span various aspects of the database engine,
including the query optimizer, in-memory processing, storage operations,
security, scalability, and integration with cloud technologies. By
comprehensively addressing these areas, SQL Server 2022 aims to optimize
performance and provide a seamless and efficient user experience.

Benefits of Upgrading to SQL Server 2022

Upgrading to SQL Server 2022 brings numerous benefits for businesses. Enhanced
query optimization ensures improved query plans and faster execution, resulting
in reduced response times and increased overall database performance. In-memory
enhancements provide accelerated data access and manipulation, allowing for
real-time analytics and quicker decision-making. Storage enhancements, such as
resumable index operations and intelligent indexing, minimize downtime and
optimize space utilization. Furthermore, the security enhancements bolster data
protection and compliance, safeguarding sensitive information from unauthorized
access.

Query Optimizer Enhancements

The query optimizer is at the heart of SQL Server’s performance. In SQL Server
2022, the query optimizer has received significant enhancements to improve
cardinality estimation, adapt to changing workload patterns through adaptive
query processing, and employ intelligent query processing techniques. These
advancements result in more accurate query plans, optimal resource allocation,
and overall improved query performance.

Improved Cardinality Estimation

Cardinality estimation plays a critical role in determining the optimal query
plan. SQL Server 2022 introduces improvements in cardinality estimation
algorithms, enabling the query optimizer to make better-informed decisions about
data distribution and selectivity. This results in more accurate cardinality
estimates, which ultimately lead to improved query plans and better query
performance.

Adaptive Query Processing

Workload patterns can vary significantly over time, making it challenging to
create a single static query plan that remains optimal under all circumstances.
Adaptive query processing, a new feature in SQL Server 2022, allows the database
engine to adapt dynamically to changing conditions. It enables the optimizer to
adjust query plans based on actual runtime statistics, ensuring optimal
performance even in the face of varying data and query patterns.

Intelligent Query Processing

Intelligent query processing takes performance optimization to the next level by
employing intelligent algorithms and techniques. Features like batch mode on
rowstore, table variable deferred compilation, and memory grant feedback
leverage machine learning and intelligent algorithms to optimize query execution
and resource allocation. These advancements result in faster query processing,
reduced CPU and memory usage, and overall improved performance.

In-Memory Enhancements



In-memory processing has gained significant popularity in recent years due to
its ability to deliver lightning-fast data access. SQL Server 2022 further
enhances in-memory capabilities with features like accelerated database recovery
and memory-optimized Tempdb metadata.

Accelerated Database Recovery

Database recovery after a failure or crash can be a time-consuming process. SQL
Server 2022 introduces accelerated database recovery, which drastically reduces
the time required for recovery by utilizing a novel log-based recovery
mechanism. This enhancement ensures minimal downtime and faster database
availability, leading to improved overall system performance and resilience.

Memory-Optimized Tempdb Metadata

Tempdb is a crucial component of SQL Server, used for temporary storage and
sorting operations. In SQL Server 2022, memory-optimized Tempdb metadata enables
faster metadata operations by leveraging memory-optimized technology. This
enhancement improves concurrency, reduces contention, and speeds up
Tempdb-related operations, leading to enhanced performance and scalability.

Storage Enhancements

Efficient storage operations are vital for optimal database performance. SQL
Server 2022 introduces several storage enhancements that address common
challenges, such as resumable index operations, intelligent indexing, and
accelerated database recovery for big data clusters.

Resumable Index Operations

Creating or rebuilding indexes on large tables can be a time-consuming process,
often leading to significant downtime. With resumable index operations in SQL
Server 2022, administrators can pause and resume index operations, allowing for
greater flexibility and minimizing the impact on database availability. This
enhancement enables organizations to perform index maintenance tasks efficiently
without disrupting ongoing operations.

Intelligent Indexing

Creating and maintaining indexes is a critical aspect of database optimization.
SQL Server 2022 introduces intelligent indexing, which automates the index
management process by analyzing query patterns and recommending optimal indexes.
This feature simplifies index management, improves query performance, and
reduces manual effort required for index maintenance.



Accelerated Database Recovery for Big Data Clusters



Big data clusters require robust storage and recovery mechanisms to handle large
volumes of data. SQL Server 2022 provides accelerated database recovery
specifically tailored for big data clusters, significantly reducing the time
required for database recovery operations. This enhancement ensures faster data
availability and improves the performance of big data workloads.



Security Enhancements

Data security is of paramount importance in today’s digital landscape. SQL
Server 2022 introduces security enhancements that further fortify the protection
of sensitive data, including features like Always Encrypted with Secure Enclaves
and dynamic data masking improvements.

Always Encrypted with Secure Enclaves

Always Encrypted is a feature introduced in previous versions of SQL Server that
allows sensitive data to be encrypted at rest and in transit. In SQL Server
2022, Always Encrypted with Secure Enclaves takes data security to a whole new
level. By leveraging secure enclaves, SQL Server can perform computations on
encrypted data without exposing the plaintext to the outside world. This feature
provides an additional layer of security and ensures that sensitive data remains
protected throughout its lifecycle.

Dynamic Data Masking Improvements

Dynamic data masking is a feature that allows organizations to mask sensitive
data in real-time, ensuring that only authorized individuals can view the actual
values. SQL Server 2022 introduces improvements to dynamic data masking,
providing more granular control over data masking rules and enhancing the
flexibility and effectiveness of data protection mechanisms.

Enhanced Availability and Scalability

High availability and scalability are crucial for mission-critical applications
that demand continuous uptime and the ability to handle growing workloads. SQL
Server 2022 introduces enhancements in these areas to meet the evolving needs of
modern businesses.

High Availability Enhancements

SQL Server 2022 introduces several high availability enhancements, including
improved failover capabilities, enhanced resiliency, and simplified management.
Features like accelerated database recovery, always-on availability groups, and
enhanced automatic failover mechanisms ensure continuous availability of
critical databases, minimizing downtime and improving overall system
reliability.

Scalability Improvements

As data volumes and user concurrency increase, scalability becomes a key
consideration for any database system. SQL Server 2022 incorporates scalability
improvements that enable organizations to scale their databases vertically and
horizontally. These enhancements, such as improved parallelism, increased
resource utilization, and optimized query processing, ensure that SQL Server can
handle growing workloads efficiently and deliver consistent performance.

Sharding Improvements

Sharding is a technique used to horizontally partition large databases across
multiple servers, enabling distributed data storage and parallel processing. SQL
Server 2022 introduces improvements in sharding capabilities, providing enhanced
support for sharded databases, simplified management, and improved query
performance. These enhancements enable organizations to leverage the power of
distributed computing and achieve seamless scalability for their applications.

Integration with Cloud Technologies

With the increasing adoption of cloud computing, SQL Server 2022 offers enhanced
integration with cloud technologies to provide organizations with the
flexibility and scalability required for modern data platforms.

Hybrid Cloud Capabilities

SQL Server 2022 enables seamless integration between on-premises and cloud
environments through its hybrid cloud capabilities. Organizations can leverage
features like Azure Arc-enabled data services to manage and operate their SQL
Server instances from a centralized location. This integration allows for a
unified management experience and the ability to extend on-premises SQL Server
deployments to the cloud, providing greater agility and scalability.

SQL Server 2022 and Azure Integration

SQL Server 2022 integrates tightly with Microsoft Azure, unlocking a wide range
of cloud-based services and capabilities. Organizations can leverage Azure SQL
Database and Azure Synapse Analytics to offload certain workloads, take
advantage of cloud-based analytics and machine learning, and benefit from
built-in automation and scalability features. This integration empowers
organizations to leverage the power of the cloud while maintaining the
familiarity and capabilities of SQL Server.



Performance Tuning Best Practices

Optimizing the performance of a SQL Server database requires a combination of
best practices, tools, and techniques. SQL Server 2022 introduces various
performance tuning features and improvements, which, when combined with
established best practices, can deliver outstanding performance.

Analyzing and Optimizing Query Performance

Analyzing and optimizing query performance is a critical task for database
administrators. SQL Server 2022 provides advanced tools and techniques for query
tuning, including query plan analysis, index optimization, and statistics
management. By understanding the query execution plans, identifying bottlenecks,
and applying appropriate optimizations, administrators can significantly enhance
query performance and overall system efficiency.

Monitoring and Tuning Indexes

Indexes play a vital role in query performance. SQL Server 2022 offers
comprehensive indexing capabilities, including tools for index monitoring,
analysis, and optimization. By monitoring index usage, identifying fragmented or
redundant indexes, and optimizing index design, administrators can improve data
retrieval speed, reduce disk I/O, and boost overall database performance.

Utilizing Query Store for Performance Insights

Query Store, introduced in previous versions of SQL Server, is a powerful tool
for query performance monitoring and troubleshooting. SQL Server 2022 enhances
the capabilities of Query Store, providing administrators with valuable insights
into query performance, plan regressions, and historical trends. By utilizing
Query Store, administrators can identify and rectify performance issues, track
query behavior over time, and ensure optimal performance for their databases.

Conclusion

In conclusion, SQL Server 2022 introduces a wide range of performance
enhancements that address common challenges in database management. From query
optimizer improvements to in-memory enhancements, storage enhancements, security
upgrades, scalability improvements, and integration with cloud technologies,
these enhancements pave the way for faster query execution, improved resource
utilization, enhanced data access, and superior overall performance.

By upgrading to SQL Server 2022 and leveraging its performance-enhancing
features, organizations can unlock new possibilities, optimize their databases,
and stay ahead in today’s data-driven landscape. It is crucial for businesses to
explore and leverage these benefits to maximize their productivity, gain
valuable insights, and maintain a competitive edge in their respective
industries.

Thank You,
Vivek Janakiraman

Disclaimer:
The views expressed on this blog are mine alone and do not reflect the views of
my company or anyone else. All postings on this blog are provided “AS IS” with
no warranties, and confers no rights.


Standard

Posted by

Vivek Janakiraman

Posted on

May 8, 2023

Posted under

Core

Comments

1 Comment


INTRODUCTION TO SQL SERVER 2022: WHAT’S NEW AND EXCITING

SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) developed by
Microsoft Corporation. It has been around for several years and has become one
of the most popular database management systems in the world. With each new
release, SQL Server has brought with it several new features and enhancements
that have made it even more powerful and easier to use.



In this article, we will be taking a closer look at SQL Server 2022 and the new
and exciting features it has to offer. We will discuss the performance
enhancements, security features, high availability and disaster recovery, query
processing and analytical features, data virtualization and integration,
developer features, and tools and management improvements. Additionally, we will
explore the recent changes to SQL Server licensing and pricing.

Overview

SQL Server is a database management system that stores, organizes, and manages
data using a structured query language (SQL). It allows organizations to manage
large amounts of data efficiently and effectively. SQL Server has evolved over
the years, and each new version has brought with it several new features and
enhancements.

SQL Server 2022 is the latest version of the software, and it promises to be the
most exciting release yet. It includes several new features and enhancements
that will help organizations manage their data more efficiently and securely.

Performance Enhancements

One of the most significant improvements in SQL Server 2022 is its performance
enhancements. The following are some of the new features that have been added to
SQL Server 2022 to improve performance:



Use of persistent memory to improve speed: SQL Server 2022 uses Intel Optane
persistent memory to improve performance. This technology allows data to be
stored in memory even after a power outage or system restart, resulting in
faster access times and improved performance.

Batch mode over row mode enhancements: Batch mode processing has been improved
in SQL Server 2022 to allow for faster processing of large data sets. This
feature is particularly useful for data warehousing scenarios where large
amounts of data need to be processed quickly.



Improved indexing and query execution: SQL Server 2022 includes several
improvements to indexing and query execution, resulting in faster query
processing times. These improvements include the ability to create indexes on
memory-optimized tables and enhanced query execution plans.

Security Features

SQL Server 2022 includes several new security features designed to help
organizations protect their data from unauthorized access. The following are
some of the new security features in SQL Server 2022:

Use of trusted enclave technology for secure enclaves: SQL Server 2022 includes
support for trusted enclave technology, which provides a secure environment for
running sensitive code. This feature is particularly useful for scenarios where
sensitive data needs to be processed.

Introduction of always encrypted feature for SQL Server: Always Encrypted is a
new feature in SQL Server 2022 that allows organizations to encrypt sensitive
data at rest and in transit. This feature ensures that data is always encrypted,
even when it is being processed.

Row-Level Security enhancements: SQL Server 2022 includes enhancements to
Row-Level Security (RLS), which allows organizations to restrict access to
sensitive data at the row level. This feature is particularly useful for
scenarios where different users need to access the same data but should only be
able to see certain rows.

High Availability and Disaster Recovery

Ensuring high availability and disaster recovery is critical for businesses that
rely on databases for their operations. With SQL Server 2022, Microsoft has made
several improvements to high availability and disaster recovery features that
can help businesses minimize downtime and recover quickly from any outages or
disasters.

One of the key improvements in SQL Server 2022 is the enhanced failover
clustering feature, which allows administrators to configure more flexible
failover policies. The new Always On availability groups feature enables high
availability and disaster recovery solutions with better performance and
scalability. This feature also allows you to add more secondary replicas to your
availability group, which provides higher availability and better workload
distribution.

SQL Server 2022 also introduces the resumable online index rebuild feature,
which allows you to pause an index rebuild operation and resume it later from
where it left off, without starting the operation from the beginning. This
feature can be particularly useful for large databases with long-running index
operations that may need to be paused and resumed for maintenance or other
reasons.

In addition to these features, SQL Server 2022 also includes enhancements to
backup and restore capabilities. You can now take advantage of the faster
restore speed of Instant File Initialization, which allows for faster restores
of large databases. SQL Server 2022 also includes support for backup encryption,
which encrypts database backups as they are created, providing an additional
layer of protection against data breaches.



With these improvements, SQL Server 2022 offers enhanced high availability and
disaster recovery capabilities, making it an ideal choice for businesses that
require high levels of uptime and protection against data loss.



Query Processing and Analytical Features

SQL Server has always been a powerful platform for querying and analyzing data,
and SQL Server 2022 takes this to the next level with new and enhanced features
that enable faster and more efficient query processing and analysis.

One of the most exciting new features in SQL Server 2022 is the enhanced support
for graph processing. With this feature, you can easily model and analyze
complex relationships between data points, making it ideal for applications that
deal with complex data structures, such as social networks, fraud detection, and
supply chain optimization.

SQL Server 2022 also introduces new machine learning capabilities, which allow
you to build and deploy machine learning models directly within the database.
This feature can be used to build predictive models for a wide range of
applications, from fraud detection to customer churn analysis.

In addition to these features, SQL Server 2022 includes several enhancements to
query processing and performance. The new batch mode over row mode processing
enables faster execution of complex queries by processing multiple rows at a
time, while improved indexing and query execution algorithms help to optimize
query performance and reduce query execution times.

Data Virtualization and Integration

Data virtualization is a powerful technique for integrating and accessing data
from multiple sources, without the need to move or replicate the data. With SQL
Server 2022, Microsoft has made several improvements to data virtualization
capabilities, making it easier and more efficient to integrate and access data
from a variety of sources.

One of the key improvements in SQL Server 2022 is the enhancements to PolyBase
for data virtualization. PolyBase now supports more data sources, including
Oracle and Teradata, making it easier to integrate data from a wide range of
sources. PolyBase also includes support for intelligent query processing, which
can help to optimize query performance and reduce query execution times.

SQL Server 2022 also includes enhancements to data integration with Azure
Synapse Analytics, which provides a comprehensive data integration and analytics
platform. The new Azure Synapse Analytics integration features allow you to
easily integrate data from a wide range of sources, including on-premises and
cloud-based data sources, and perform analytics and reporting on the integrated
data.

Finally, SQL Server 2022 introduces a new feature called Data Services for
Analytics, which allows users to easily extract insights from big data without
needing to move it to a separate analytics platform. With Data Services for
Analytics, users can directly query big data stored in Hadoop clusters or Azure
Data Lake Storage Gen2. This feature provides the ability to scale out queries
using Spark or Databricks clusters and leverage the power of distributed
computing to perform complex analytics.

Data Services for Analytics simplifies the process of setting up and managing
data connections between SQL Server and big data stores, allowing users to focus
on analysis rather than infrastructure. It also supports popular data science
languages such as Python and R, allowing data scientists to use their favorite
tools to analyze big data.

Developer Features

SQL Server 2022 brings several new features aimed at developers. These features
provide enhanced functionality and ease of use for developers, making it easier
for them to build applications that take advantage of SQL Server’s capabilities.

One of the key developer features in SQL Server 2022 is the enhancements to JSON
support. With the rise of web and mobile applications, JSON has become a popular
format for data exchange. SQL Server 2022 introduces several enhancements to
make working with JSON data easier and more efficient. These enhancements
include support for JSON path queries, computed columns using JSON values, and
improved indexing for JSON data.

In addition to JSON enhancements, SQL Server 2022 also includes improvements to
In-Memory OLTP, a feature that allows users to store and process data entirely
in memory for faster performance. In-Memory OLTP has been enhanced to support
larger databases and provides better diagnostics and troubleshooting
capabilities.

SQL Server 2022 also introduces enhancements to temporal tables, a feature
introduced in SQL Server 2016 that allows users to keep a history of data
changes over time. Temporal tables now support schema changes and improved query
optimization, making it easier to work with historical data.

Tools and Management

SQL Server 2022 includes several new tools and management features aimed at
making it easier to manage and maintain SQL Server deployments.



One of the key enhancements to tools and management is the enhanced SQL Server
Management Studio (SSMS), the primary tool for managing SQL Server instances.
SSMS now includes new features such as schema compare, data classification, and
data discovery and classification.

SQL Server 2022 also introduces new features for Azure Data Studio, a
cross-platform database tool that provides a modern, user-friendly interface for
working with SQL Server. New features in Azure Data Studio include query plan
diagrams, IntelliCode, and a new notebook experience for managing and sharing
code snippets.

Finally, SQL Server 2022 includes enhancements to SQL Server Integration
Services (SSIS), a platform for building and deploying data integration
solutions. These enhancements include support for Data Flow Debugging, Azure
Data Lake Storage Gen2 connectivity, and improved usability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, SQL Server 2022 is a significant update to Microsoft’s relational
database management system, bringing a range of new features and improvements
across all areas of the product. The performance enhancements in SQL Server 2022
are particularly exciting, with the use of persistent memory, batch mode over
row mode enhancements, and improved indexing and query execution all
contributing to faster and more efficient database processing.

The new security features in SQL Server 2022 also provide enhanced protection
for your data, with the use of trusted enclave technology, always encrypted
feature, and row-level security enhancements.

In addition, the high availability and disaster recovery features in SQL Server
2022 ensure that your data remains highly available and protected against any
disruptions, with improved failover clusters and availability groups, resumable
online index rebuild, and enhancements to backup and restore.

SQL Server 2022 also includes a range of new analytical and data virtualization
features, making it easier to process large amounts of data and work with data
from a range of different sources. Finally, the new developer features and
improvements to tools and management make it easier to work with SQL Server 2022
and develop new applications that take advantage of its capabilities.

Overall, SQL Server 2022 is an exciting release that provides a range of new
features and improvements for users across all areas of the product. If you’re
currently using an earlier version of SQL Server, or you’re considering
implementing a new database management system, upgrading to SQL Server 2022 is
definitely worth considering. With its improved performance, enhanced security,
and new features, SQL Server 2022 is sure to provide significant benefits for
organizations of all sizes.

Thank You,
Vivek Janakiraman

Disclaimer:
The views expressed on this blog are mine alone and do not reflect the views of
my company or anyone else. All postings on this blog are provided “AS IS” with
no warranties, and confers no rights.


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