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MIGRATION
Migration is the movement of people, either within a country or across
international borders. It includes all kinds of movements, irrespective of the
drivers, duration and voluntary/involuntary nature. It encompasses economic
migrants, displaced persons, refugees and asylum seekers, returnees and people
moving for other purposes, including family reunification. FAO’s work focuses on
rural migration, from, to and between rural areas.
FAO AND MIGRATION
Migration is intimately linked to the work of FAO. With its mission of ending
food insecurity and malnutrition, eliminating poverty and promoting the
sustainable management of natural resources, FAO is uniquely placed to support
countries in addressing the rural dimensions of migration, its implications for
rural populations and its impact on the future of agriculture and food systems.
Working with governments, UN agencies, academia, the private sector, civil
society, migrants and diaspora associations, and local communities, FAO is
expanding on its work to strengthen the positive contribution that migrants are
making to rural development and ensure safe, orderly and regular migration.
In 2020, there were a total of 281 million international migrants.
There are an estimated 1.3 billion internal migrants in developing countries.
As of May 2024, 120 million individuals were forcibly displaced worldwide.
In 2023, low- and middle-income countries hosted 75 percent of the world's
refugees.
Women account for almost half of all international migrants.
Remittances to low- and middle-income countries reached an estimated $669
billion in 2023. An estimated 50 percent flow to rural areas.
In 2023, disasters triggered 26.4 million internal displacements, with the
largest amounts caused by floods (9.8 million) and storms (9.5 million).
MIGRATION, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESILIENCE
Migration should be a choice, not a necessity. International cooperation should
work to make sure that people in rural areas are resilient to threats and
crises, have access to sustainable livelihood opportunities and live in peace
and prosperity in their homelands. This is key to address the adverse drivers of
migration such as conflicts, natural and human-made crises, rural poverty, food
insecurity, inequality, unemployment, lack of social protection as well as
environmental degradation and climate change.
Migration brings both opportunities and challenges to agriculture and rural
communities. When migration occurs, migrants and their families, as well as
communities at origin and destinations, need to be supported in maximizing the
benefits of migration. Promoting the investment of remittances, mobilizing
migrants and diaspora, facilitating the transfer of knowledge and skills,
supporting the sustainable reintegration of returnees, and facilitating
migration as an adaptation strategy to climate change are key elements to
harness the opportunities associated with migration.
In many places, migrant workers are essential for food systems, employed in
planting to harvesting, but also in distribution and processing, often
seasonally. However, rural areas of origin may be challenged by the loss of
productive work force, with risks for household members and rural people who
stay behind - especially women and children. At the same time, rural areas also
host a significant portion of the world’s forcibly displaced. Forced
displacement can strongly influence local dynamics and community relationships,
particularly when it impacts access to natural resources, services, and local
markets. For this reason, interventions in such contexts need to combine
humanitarian assistance with resilience-building approaches.
HIGHLIGHTS
Atlas: Rural Africa in motion
VIDEO: Agribusiness as a sustainable tool to mitigate rural-urban migration of
youth in Kenya
STORY: What water means for one farmer, once a migrant now a returnee, in Kenya
VIDEO: Working with diaspora to boost employment opportunities in agri-food
systems in Uganda
FAO’S RESPONSE
FAO provides a unique support to countries on how to address the rural
dimensions of migration and forced displacement. By gathering statistics and
data on rural migration and forced displacement in rural and peri-urban areas,
FAO supports evidence-based policies, programmes and investments. By raising
awareness on the critical role migration plays in agriculture and rural
development, FAO helps to shape emerging global, regional and national agendas
on migration and strives to increase coherence between migration and rural
development policies. FAO advocates for safe and regular migration pathways, and
for the socio-economic inclusion of migrants and the forcibly displaced. It also
works with stakeholders to strengthen their capacities to provide viable
livelihood opportunities in agriculture and rural areas.
FAO’s work on migration can be divided into four key areas:
1. addressing the adverse drivers of migration and providing rural people with
the possibility to remain in their communities of origin (if it is safe for
them to do so) by creating alternatives in rural areas;
2. facilitating rural mobility and ensuring people can move regularly and
safely between rural and urban areas as well as across international
borders;
3. reinforcing the positive contribution of migrants and displaced people to
agriculture and rural communities;
4. promoting resilient, agricultural livelihoods for migrants, displaced
people, returnees and host communities, including migration as an adaptation
strategy to climate change.
MORE ON FAO'S WORK ON MIGRATION
* Migration and rural development
* Forced displacement
* Policy support and governance gateway
* Migration toolbox
* A global response to migration
RELATED RESOURCES
FAO MIGRATION FRAMEWORK – MIGRATION AS A CHOICE AND AN OPPORTUNITY FOR RURAL
DEVELOPMENT. THE IN BRIEF VERSION IS AVAILABLE HERE
Toolkit for integrating migration into rural development interventions
Toolkit for sustainable reintegration of return migrants in rural areas
Global lessons learned on sustainable reintegration in rural areas
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW E-LEARNING COURSE
Migration and climate change
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RELATED LINKS
Global Forum on Migration and Development
Global Compact for Migration and on refugees
UN Network on Migration
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POLICY BRIEFS ON MIGRATION AND COVID-19
Migrant workers and the COVID-19 pandemic
Reverse migration to rural areas of origin in the context of the COVID-19
pandemic
Seasonal migration in Europe and Central Asia in the context of the COVID-19
pandemic
Migrant workers and remittances in the context of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONTACT
Jacqueline Demeranville, FAO Rural Migration Officer
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