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Article
29-10-2010
3 languages English Français العربية


INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT


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The Statute of the International Criminal Court was adopted in Rome in July
1998, an event welcomed by the ICRC as an important step towards ensuring that
war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide would no longer go unpunished.

One hundred and forty years ago, Gustave Moynier, one of the founders of the
ICRC, first proposed the establishment of an international criminal court. It
was not until the UN came into existence that the international community began
to consider the idea, and not until 1998 that it decided to act.

For the ICRC the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a crucial mechanism for
the strengthening of the fight to end impunity, and specifically the failure to
punish grave breaches of international humanitarian law.

As stated in the ICC Statute, States retain the primary responsibility in the
prosecution of international crimes. Under the Geneva Conventions and Additional
Protocol I of 1977, States must prosecute people accused of war crimes before
their own national courts or extradite them for trial elsewhere.

In that sense, the ICC may only exercise a complementary jurisdiction in respect
of international crimes, meaning it may only take up a case when a State is
unable or unwilling to prosecute the suspects. It may also initiate proceedings
when requested by the UN Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the UN
Charter.

The ICC shall have jurisdiction over war crimes, crimes against humanity and
genocide. This includes most of the serious violations of IHL covered by the
1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols whether committed
during an international or non-international armed conflict.

The Statute includes specific war crimes such as all forms of sexual violence
committed during an armed conflict and the use in hostilities of children under
15 years old.

On genocide, the ICC reiterates the definition of the crime found in the 1948
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. It defines
genocide as actions (such as intentional killing) intended to destroy, in whole
or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.

The ICC also has jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, which include a
range of acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against any civilian population.

The crime of aggression, also mentioned in the Statute, was not defined during
the establishment of the Court, but will come within the ICC's jurisdiction once
it is.

Contrary to other international courts, the ICC may take action against
individuals but not States. However, nothing in the ICC Statute releases States
from their obligations under existing IHL or customary international law.

The ICRC is actively encouraging States to ratify the ICC Statute as soon as
possible, and actively works with States on the review of their existing
national legislation to ensure it meets their obligations under IHL and
international criminal law to end impunity.

The ICRC has also welcomed the granting to ICRC personnel of immunity from
providing evidence to the court, as found in Rule 73 of the Statute.

The rule recognizes the essential role confidentiality plays and shall continue
to play in all ICRC's operations. The ICRC will continue to have total control
over the information it may acquire when working closely with all parties to a
conflict. This will enable it to keep in strict confidence all communications or
reports it may produce on combatants and other weapon-bearers and fulfil its
humanitarian mission to limit the suffering caused by armed conflict.


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