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Skip to Content * * * * * * Company * About Us * Operations * Leadership * Stories * Commitments * Overview * Diversity, Equity & Inclusion * Sustainability * Corporate Giving * Innovation * Electrification * Vehicle Safety * Path to Autonomous * Brands * Customers * Careers * Investors * Newsroom * Search GM RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GM’s Research & Development team’s mission is to drive innovation for the benefit of its customers through the invention and commercialization of high-impact technologies. Originally founded in 1920 by Charles “Boss” Kettering, GM’s Research & Development team represented the world’s first automotive research organization, helping to accelerate GM’s evolution into a leading transportation technology company. KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREAS Led by GM’s Chief Technology Officer, the R&D organization enables and accelerates the development and commercialization of advanced technology throughout GM’s portfolio of products and connected service offerings. While the requirements and expectations of future mobility evolve, GM’s R&D team continues to play a significant role in helping to make our vision a reality of a world with zero crashes, zero emissions, and zero congestion. Each year, GM researchers publish a variety of papers, each representing a new potential technological breakthrough or innovation spanning across key focus areas: KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 1: BATTERY MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS GM Research and Development work relating to Materials and Methods, Battery Cell and Architecture Designs, and Process and Quality. Recent Publications GM HERITAGE INITIATIVES PRESERVING THE GM HERITAGE PHOTO AND VIDEO ARCHIVAL Photography, motion picture film, video and digital media spanning from the 19th Century to the present. These one-of-a-kind visual works chronicle the products, workforce, fashion, culture and events of the day. * 8M+ photographic images * 250,000+ video masters, motion picture films * TV Advertisements * Promotional films * Running footage VEHICLE INFORMATION SERVICES The General Motors Heritage Center Permanent Reference Collection is home to the company’s collection of historic literature, documenting GM's legacy as a corporation and cultural entity. * Historical brochures * Vehicle information kits, build sheets, dealer invoices * Specs, RPO/Engine codes, VIN decoding * Fisher body trim tags, service parts indetification labels * Historical executive biographies SPORT YOUR GM HERITAGE GM COMPANY STORE Are you looking for a slick GM t-shirt, hat, or cozy sweater? How about a travel mug for your commute? Or a more rare find, like a one of a kind necklace made from recycled auto parts, the GM Company Store has some incredible finds. Find your favorite General Motors swag at the GM Company Store. Shop Now GM PHOTO STORE Utilizing the image resources of the GM Media Archive, researchers, archivists and product experts have selected fascinating classic and contemporary images from the Archive's collection, enabling automotive enthusiasts to view and purchase high-quality GM automotive photography. Shop Now KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 2: ENERGY AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS GM Research and Development work relating to Electrification Systems, and Controls. Recent Publications KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 3: MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS GM Research and Development work relating to Battery Manufacturing, Next Generation Fabrication & Assembly, Lightweight Material Systems & Processing, and Sustainable Materials & Processing. Recent Publications KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 4: CONNECTED VEHICLE EXPERIENCE GM Research and Development work relating to Occupant Safety & Comfort, Connectivity, Information Display, Accessibility, and Biosensing. Recent Publications KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 5: SOFTWARE DEFINED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY GM Research and Development work relating to AV and ADAS Technologies, Electrical and Software Architecture, and Chassis Controls. Recent Publications GM’S R&D THROUGHOUT THE YEARS 1920s The World’s First Lacquer Paint System Learn more 1920STHE WORLD’S FIRST LACQUER PAINT SYSTEM R&D developed the first successful Lacquer paint system for cars, cutting production time from 15 days to less than one day. This tremendously reduced manufacturing time for vehicles while also adding greater customization of the automobile. 1929 The First Commercial Room Air Conditioner Learn more 1929THE FIRST COMMERCIAL ROOM AIR CONDITIONER R&D had many innovations that made refrigeration commercially practical. As a result, GM's Frigidaire division was able to produce the first room air conditioner small enough for the home, as well as air conditioners for cars and trucks. 1930s Hydraulic Valve Lifter Learn more 1930SHYDRAULIC VALVE LIFTER R&D developed the first hydraulic valve lifters that were ultimately used on the Cadillac V-16. These have become universally adopted by the automotive industry to increase engine life and overall vehicle quality and performance. 1939 – 1944 The Arsenal of Democracy Learn more 1939 – 1944THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY While the company manufactured tanks and planes for World War II, R&D developed a number of technologies to support the war effort including: two cycle engines and super fuel for aircrafts, controllable pitch marine propellers used for Navy PT boats, chasers, landing crafts, and DC amplifiers for detection of tiny voltages for use in military surveillance equipment. GM also leveraged a revolutionary metallurgical hardenability process to help develop critical steels to support the war effort. 1952 The First Mechanical Open-Heart Surgery Heart Pump Learn more 1952THE FIRST MECHANICAL OPEN-HEART SURGERY HEART PUMP GM’s research team developed a mechanical heart pump that made the world’s first open-heart surgery possible. The device was ultimately donated to the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. 1955 Blood and Vaccine Sterilization Learn more 1955BLOOD AND VACCINE STERILIZATION Centri-Filmer for sterilizing blood and vaccines was developed based on R&D’s bearing and balancing expertise. It found wide application in the manufacturing of vaccines, such as the Salk polio vaccine. 1956 Computer Operating System Learn more 1956COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM R&D recognized the potential of digital computers and helped lead the computer revolution in the 1950's when it partnered with North American Aviation to develop the world’s first operating system for automatically controlling workflow, making it the forerunner of all computer operating systems at the time. This operating system was developed for use on IBM’s first production computers. 1963 The First PCV Valve Learn more 1963THE FIRST PCV VALVE GM developed the industry’s first vehicle emissions control device, the Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) valve. This breakthrough in reducing hydrocarbon emissions was soon adopted by the rest of the industry. 1964 Electrovair Learn more 1964ELECTROVAIR The Electrovair was developed to test the viability of electric power for passenger cars. The engine and transmission were replaced with electric system components and R&D helped develop a 450-volt silver-zinc battery pack which ultimately allowed for a top speed of 80 mph and a range of 40-80 miles in the 1966 Electrovair II. 1970s Vehicle Structural Analysis Learn more 1970SVEHICLE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS R&D helped GM pioneer vehicle structural analysis. This work led to methods used today for for optimization and better ride handling, structural mass and vehicle safety. 1970 The First Use of Unleaded Gasoline Learn more 1970THE FIRST USE OF UNLEADED GASOLINE R&D performed critical experiments to demonstrate that unleaded gasoline would eliminate lead poisoning of the catalyst. Ultimately, this led to GM becoming the first automaker to offer cars that run on unleaded gasoline, a major breakthrough in reducing vehicle exhaust emissions. 1972 The New Standard for Frontal Crash Testing Learn more 1972THE NEW STANDARD FOR FRONTAL CRASH TESTING GM’s Hybrid II series of crash-test dummies was such a durable and repeatable assessment tool that the U.S. government made it the standard for all frontal crash testing for compliance with regulations governing restraint systems. R&D developed human injury criteria that led to the development of these safety standards. 1973 The First Air Bags Learn more 1973THE FIRST AIR BAGS GM became the first automaker to offer an air cushion restraint system, later known as the air bag, in its vehicles. R&D combined breakthroughs on human injury tolerance and performed critical simulations and experiments to demonstrate the potential effectiveness of airbags. 1974 The First Catalytic Converter Learn more 1974THE FIRST CATALYTIC CONVERTER GM introduced the catalytic converter, a technology in the 1960s and the most important step in reducing automotive emissions to-date. R&D played a pivotal role in developing material innovations and catalyst technologies. This research lead to GM R&D becoming one of the first groups to predict the correlation between atmospheric pollution the earth’s surface temperature. All 1975 model year GM cars sold in the U.S. and Canada were equipped with the catalytic converter, as are all cars sold by all competitors today. GM made its technology available to the rest of the industry at no cost. 1984 Magnequench Learn more 1984MAGNEQUENCH R&D discovered Magnequench, the world’s first high-strength, rare-earth, permanent magnet material, which is composed of neodymium, iron, and boron. This powerful new material could be made into small lightweight magnets for use in a wide range of motor and sensor applications. GM commercialized the Magnequench material and related production processes in 1986. 1987 The First Solar-Powered Vehicle Race Winner Learn more 1987THE FIRST SOLAR-POWERED VEHICLE RACE WINNER The Sunraycer was a solar powered race car designed to compete in the world's first solar-powered vehicle competition, the 1,950-mile (3,138-kilometer) World Solar Challenge Race, held in Australia. The engine was created using a brand-new electric motor based on Magnequench permanent magnets developed at R&D, and won the first race in 1987 by a huge margin. 1997 The New Crash-Test Standard (Hybrid III Crash-Test Dummies) Learn more 1997THE NEW CRASH-TEST STANDARD (HYBRID III CRASH-TEST DUMMIES) GM’s human-like Hybrid III crash-test dummies were declared the official frontal impact test device for occupant restraint compliance testing by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). R&D developed the injury criteria used for these dummies and the group continues leadership in the space today with virtual, biofidelic models which will be critical to future vehicles. 2002 MR Shock Absorber Learn more 2002MR SHOCK ABSORBER GM R&D developed the MR shock absorber, which is a damper filled with magnetorheological (MR) fluid that can change its properties in the presence of a magnet. GM first introduced these in 2002 on the Cadillac STS and has applied it on many Cadillacs and Corvettes. To-date, this feature can be found in many luxury vehicles across numerous brands. 2005 The First Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications for Safety Learn more 2005THE FIRST VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE (V2V) COMMUNICATIONS FOR SAFETY GM demonstrated a prototype V2V system that allows equipped vehicles to share information, inform drivers about a variety of driving conditions, and alert them to potential hazards. The system supports advanced safety features such as lane change alert, blind spot detection, forward collision warning with automatic braking, and intersection collision warning - bringing us closer to a Zero Crashes vision. 2010 The First Extended-Range Electric Vehicle to Reach the Market Learn more 2010THE FIRST EXTENDED-RANGE ELECTRIC VEHICLE TO REACH THE MARKET GM began selling the Chevrolet Volt extended-range electric vehicle (E-REV) in North America in 2010. To make this iconic vehicle possible, R&D developed several key innovations in power electronics, battery, control and manufacturing systems, as well as a multi-scale model and design for battery cooling channels. 2010 Electric Networked-Vehicles Learn more 2010ELECTRIC NETWORKED-VEHICLES At the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, GM introduced the EN-V electric, networked vehicles, the company’s first autonomous shared urban mobility concept designed to address personal transportation of inner cities, business campuses, retirement communities, etc. GM researchers were crucial to the development of the technology found in these vehicles. 2010s Accelerating a Zero-Emissions Portfolio Learn more 2010SACCELERATING A ZERO-EMISSIONS PORTFOLIO The R&D team developed groundbreaking methods that allow us to better understand customer preferences and gauge the feasibility of implementing future vehicle technologies. With these methods, we are able to evaluate the likelihood of adoption as we transform our zero-emissions vision into a reality. 2010 Robonaut 2 Learn more 2010ROBONAUT 2 In 2010, GM and NASA used advances in controls, sensors, and vision technology to build a dexterous humanoid robot capable of working safely side-by-side with people. Robonaut 2, also known as R2, is currently deployed on the International Space Station and its technologies have application to space travel, safe manufacturing, and advanced vehicle safety systems. 2011 Vehicle Cybersecurity Learn more 2011VEHICLE CYBERSECURITY GM R&D was instrumental in the creation of the GM Product Cybersecurity organization, the first dedicated vehicle cybersecurity organization in the automotive industry. The Global A Cybersecurity Technical Solution was released in 2016 and includes several security elements designed to mitigate impact to customer safety, security and privacy. In 2019 the Global B Cybersecurity Technical Solution was released with enhanced protections including in-vehicle message authentication (MAC), secure unlock, and improved gateway, firewall capabilities. 2012 New 6-speed FWD transmission Architecture Learn more 2012NEW 6-SPEED FWD TRANSMISSION ARCHITECTURE GM R&D developed new compact, smooth-shifting candidate architectures for conventional and electrified hybrid transmissions. These were used on GM’s 6-speed FWD and 8-speed RWD transmission families. 2013 Elastic Averaging Learn more 2013ELASTIC AVERAGING An industry-first, elastic averaging (EA) is a new part alignment method that delivers accurate, stable, and rattle-free assemblies. EA was first applied on the 2013 Buick Enclave center console trim and Chevy and GMC emblems. Since this “umbrella” patent filing, over 100 EA applications are now in production. 2013 Safety Alert Seat Learn more 2013SAFETY ALERT SEAT R&D played a critical role in the development of the GM-patented "Industry First" Safety Alert Seat*, used with nearly all crash avoidance systems to communicate crash threat direction via left and, or right seat vibration locations. The improved owner satisfaction and higher system usage associated with using seat vibration rather than auditory alerts helps ensure GM customers fully realize feature safety benefits and brings GM closer to a Zero Crashes vision. *Total number of active GM dealers in the U.S. and by individual state as of January 1, 2023. 2015 Rear Video Camera Mirror Learn more 2015REAR VIDEO CAMERA MIRROR With a high-resolution streaming video, the current Rear Camera Mirror* (RCM) improves drivers’ field of vision by an estimated 200 percent – roughly three times the field-of-view of a standard rearview mirror. In addition to the increased field of view, the technology eliminates any rear seat, rear pillar or passenger obstructions, allowing the driver an unimpeded view of the lanes behind the vehicle and traditional blind-spots. This industry-first feature utilizes an industry-first, 60 frame-per-second automotive grade camera and industry-first software (RCM virtual view generation). *Total number of active GM dealers in the U.S. and by individual state as of January 1, 2023. 2015 Proactive Alerts Learn more 2015PROACTIVE ALERTS R&D led the development of the algorithms to enable Proactive Alerts* for select Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac vehicles. The alerts cover 12V batteries and starters and help give customers the confidence they can turn unexpected problems into planned maintenance. *Approximate number includes both hourly and salaried retirees as of January 1, 2023. 2016 Chevrolet Bolt EV Learn more 2016CHEVROLET BOLT EV In 2016, GM rolled out its first affordable, long-range all-electric car, the Chevrolet Bolt EV, with 200 miles of range*. R&D developed and manufactured a rechargeable energy storage system, a high-volume, low-cost, high-energy-density battery pack. Its compact cooling system greatly improves the energy efficiency of the battery pack while also reducing manufacturing costs and pricing for the customer. Today, the 2020 Bolt EV produces an impressive 259 miles full charge*. *Direct investment amount announced in GM facilities in the U.S. since 2013. 2016 Joining Technologies Learn more 2016JOINING TECHNOLOGIES In an effort to join dissimilar materials for the purpose of lightweighting, new joining technologies have been developed. This started with GM's patented resistance spot welding process and continued with aluminum to steel spot welding – a process previously thought impossible. Following this, ultrasonic welding for battery packs was developed and most recently, remote laser welding, which is used on the C8 Corvette. 2017 Super Cruise Learn more 2017SUPER CRUISE Super Cruise* is the industry’s first true hands-free driving technology for the highway. Through the development of advanced technologies, such as the industry-first driver monitoring system, the driver is permitted to leave their hands off the steering wheel for a short duration of time to allow the brief handling of other tasks. Super Cruise is preceded by a 1990 hands-free driving vehicle leveraging R&D-developed detection, estimation and control algorithms. The vehicle was successfully demonstrated on Interstate 696 and on some curvy roads at the time. *Population is based on employee count by location and not by full-time equivalent. Data as of June 30, 2023, excluding GM Financial and Cruise. 2018 GMC CarbonPro Bed Learn more 2018GMC CARBONPRO BED The first carbon fiber composite pickup bed which uses a thermoplastic carbon fiber preform to mold the box and deliver best-in-class dent, scratch and corrosion resistance. The CarbonPro bed is currently available on the Sierra Denali 1500 and the Sierra AT4 1500. 2020 New Aluminum Alloy and Die Cast Magnesium for Corvette Learn more 2020NEW ALUMINUM ALLOY AND DIE CAST MAGNESIUM FOR CORVETTE GM R&D developed a new aluminum casting alloy and a die cast magnesium beltline reinforcement which are used on the C8 Corvette. The industry first one-piece casting replaces a five-piece reinforcement and the industry first high performance cast HuCrAlloy aluminum alloy, provides an optimized engine mount bracket. CELEBRATING 100 YEARS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION By Matt Tsien Throughout history, research and innovation have driven humanity forward in remarkable ways, allowing us to solve some of the world’s most vexing challenges and satisfying human curiosity along the way. The thrill of discovery and innovation is what propels us at General Motors, not just because we want to be “the first” or “the only,” but because we recognize that technology must continue to advance to improve individual lives. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world experienced firsthand the importance of ingenuity and innovation; companies and individuals alike relied on these traits to survive and thrive. While researchers continue to race to develop a vaccine for this deadly virus, brick-and-mortar businesses have discovered how to prosper online, influencers are throwing virtual events attracting millions, and companies like GM are retooling vehicle manufacturing facilities for mask and ventilator production. INNOVATING TO CHANGE THE WORLD: THE ROBONAUT 2 AND MACHINES FOR THE SALK POLIO VACCINE For the past 100 years, GM’s R&D team has played a decisive role in how our company acts with resilience, takes risks and leverages resources to drive meaningful change – even outside of our industry. Take the Centri-Filmer for example. This vaccine purifying machine was developed in the 1950s based on the R&D team’s bearing and balancing expertise. Ultimately, this technology enabled large-scale manufacturing of critical vaccines such as the Salk polio vaccine. In the early 2000s, our researchers worked closely with NASA scientists to develop Robonaut 2 for the International Space Station, as well as the RoboGlove which is capable of being used by our team members in manufacturing facilities. TRANSFORMING MOBILITY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION Of course, through the years our R&D team has also stayed true to its mission, developing transformative advanced vehicle technologies for our customers. Super Cruise1 gave drivers the ability to experience true hands-free driving on compatible highways. The CarbonPro composite pickup bed provided truck lovers with a compartment featuring unprecedented dent, scratch and corrosion resistance. And OnStar Proactive Alerts delivered customers advanced notice of potential vehicle problems, turning what was an unexpected and serious repair into routine maintenance. And while we have 100 years of incredible history behind us, GM R&D remains focused on preparing for the next century of innovation. We clearly see the path toward an all-electric future for our company and for the industry. Our team’s pioneering work developing a 450-volt silver-zinc battery pack for the 1966 Electrovair II helped pave the way for the Chevrolet Volt, the Chevrolet Bolt EV and soon, the GMC HUMMER EV pickup and SUV, the Cadillac LYRIQ, and the Chevrolet Silverado electric pickup truck. Through electrification, we see a cleaner, more sustainable planet. We see the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning leading us to self-driving vehicles. And we see a safer world for all, powered by our ability to deploy our innovations at scale. DISCLAIMERS: 1Even while using the Super Cruise driver assistance feature, always pay attention while driving and do not use a hand-held device. Visit cadillacsupercruise.com for compatible highways and more information. Requires active OnStar plan, active Wi-Fi Hotspot, working electrical system, cell reception and GPS signal 2Safety or driver assistance features are no substitute for the driver's responsibility to operate the vehicle in a safe manner. The driver should remain attentive to traffic, surroundings and road conditions at all times. Visibility, weather, and road conditions may affect feature performance. Read the vehicle's owner's manual for more important feature limitations and information. 3Diagnostic capabilities vary by model and plan. Message and data rates may apply. Requires contact method on file and enrollment to receive alerts. Not all issues will deliver alerts. See onstar.com for details and limitations. 4Your actual range will vary based on several factors, including temperature, terrain, battery age and how you use and maintain your vehicle. LATEST STORIES BUILDING A FUTURE-READY WORKFORCE AT GENERAL MOTORS Read Story DEFINING THE TALENT BEHIND THE ULTIFI PLATFORM Read Story THE SOUNDTRACK TO YOUR DRIVE Read Story OUR DRIVE TO ADVANCE ACCESSIBILITY WITH ONSTAR GUARDIAN Read Story ADDRESSING DETROIT’S DIGITAL DIVIDE Read Story GM REVEALS ALL-NEW FLEXIBLE PLATFORM AND ULTIUM BATTERIES Read Story All Stories FOLLOW US AND THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION. ENTERPRISE SERVICE AND PARTS * Certified Service * GM Genuine Parts & ACDelco * Chevrolet Performance Parts FINANCIAL * My Rewards * GM Financial * My GM Rewards Card * GM Business Card * Corporate Offers PARTNERS * Diversity Dealer Relations * Global Connect * Motors Holdings * SupplyPower * Supplier Diversity INDUSTRY SOLUTIONS * GM Envolve * GM Defense * GM Ventures * GM Powered Solutions * Ultium Cells MORE * Alumni and Retirees * GM Heritage * Electric Vehicles Glossary OWNERS * My GM Account * Ignition Updates * Recall Center * Takata Information SHOP * Chevrolet * Buick * GMC * Cadillac * OnStar and Connected Services * OnStar Insurance * Certified Pre-Owned * GM Company Store * GM Parts Store * GM Energy LEGAL * Copyright/Trademark * Privacy Statement * Cybersecurity * Supply Chain Responsibility * Texting Policy * User Guidelines * Accessibility * Washington Health Policy Your Privacy Choices & Opt-Out Rights © General Motors Contact Us Sitemap Global Sites KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 1: BATTERY MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS Document Title Authors Source Year Terminally Fluorinated Glycol Ether Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Batteries Chi-Cheung Su, Jiayan Shi, Rachid Amine, Meinan He, Seoung-Bum Son, Juchen Guo, Meng Jiang, Khalil Amine Nano Energy, 110, 108335 2023 Data-Driven Battery Electrode Production Process Modeling Enabled by Machine Learning Changbai Tan, Raffaello Ardanese, Erik Huemiller, Wayne Cai, Houssen Yang, Jennifer Bracey, Gabriele Pozzato Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 316, 117967 2023 Novel Peo-Based Composite Electrolyte for Low-Temperature All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Interfacial Cation-Assistance Xueyan Zhang, Chuankai Fu, Shichao Cheng, Chunbo Zhang, Licao Zhang, Meng Jiang, Jiajun Wang, Yulin Ma, Pengjian Zuo, Chunyu Du, Yunzhi Gao, Geping Yin, Hua Huo Energy Storage Materials, 56 (2023), 121-131 2023 All-Climate Outstanding-Performances Lithium-Ion Batteries Enabled by In-Situ Constructed Gel Polymer Electrolytes Lijiao Quan, Qili Su, Haojun Wu, Weiyi Huang, Mingzhu Liu, Yong Lu, Zhe Li, Haijing Liu, Lidan Xing, Weishan Li Chemical Engineering Journal, 454(1), 140086 2023 Efficient Reformulation of Linear and Nonlinear Solid-Phase Diffusion in Lithium-Ion Battery Models Using Symmetric Polynomials: Mass Conservation and Computational Efficiency Raghav Sai Thiagarajan, Akshay Subramaniam, Suryanarayana Kolluri, Taylor R. Garrick, Yuliya Preger, Valerio De Angelis, Jin-hyung Lim, Venkat R. Subramanian Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 170, 010528 2023 Effect of Binder Content on Silicon Microparticle Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Anita Li, Jacob L. Hempel, Michael P. Balogh, Yang-Tse Cheng, Alan I. Taub ECS Meeting Abstracts, MA2022-01, 423 2023 Impact of Ni Content on the Electrochemical Performance of the Co-Free, Li and Mn-Rich Layered Cathode Materials Gongshin Qi, Jiazhi Hu, Michael Balogh, Lei Wang, Devendrasinh Darbar, Wei Li Electrochem 2023, 4(1), 21-30 2023 Selecting the Optimal Fluorinated Ether Co-Solvent for Lithium Metal Batteries Chi-Cheung Su, Khalil Amine, Mei Cai, Meinan He Applied Material Interfaces 15(2), 2804–2811 2023 High-Strength and High-Conductivity Cu-Cu Bonding Fabricated by Resistance Micro-Welding with Amorphous Ni-P Coatings and Multi-Pulse Discharging Nannan Chen, Hongliang Wang, Vic Liu, Bo Pan, Jingjing Li Scripta Materialia, 226, 115190 2023 Best Practices in Lithium Battery Cell Preparation and Evaluation Fang Dai, Mei Cai Communications Materials, 3, 64 2022 Metal-Organic Framework Confined Solvent Ionic Liquid Enables Long Cycling Life Quasi-Solid-State Lithium Battery in Wide Temperature Range Zhaoen Liu, Zewei Hu, Xueao Jiang, Xiwen Wang, Zhe Li, Zhengjian Chen, Yan Zhang, Shiguo Zhang Small, 18(3), 2203011 2022 KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 2: ENERGY AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS Document Title Authors Source Year Generative Inverse Design of Aerodynamic Shapes Using Conditional Invertible Neural Networks Alok Warey, Vishal Raul, Shailendra Kaushik, Taeyoung Han, Rajan Chakravarty Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 23(3), 031006 2023 Secure Eco-Routing with Private Function Evaluations Bharatkumar Hegde, Chen-Fang Chang IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(24), 135-140 2022 Reinforcement Learning Based EV Energy Management for Integrated Traction and Cabin Thermal Management Considering Battery Aging Ibrahim Haskara, Bharatkumar Hegde, Chen-Fang Chang IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(24), 348-353 2022 Battery Power Prediction for Protecting Droop Cells From Over-Discharging Hai Wu, Yue-yun Wang, Kevin B. Rober IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(24), 191-196 2022 A Novel Engine Start Mechanism for an Electrified Powertrain Neeraj Shidore, Madhusudan Raghavan International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation, 12(3), 195-206 2022 Jerk Minimization for a Novel Engine Crank Mechanism Using Lqg Control Neeraj Shidore, Madhusudan Raghavan IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(24), 103-110 2022 A Drop-in Phase Change Material-Based Augmented Cooling System for Track Capable Electric Vehicles Neeraj Shidore, Justin Skorski, Satish Ketkar, Jacob Wright, Madhu Raghavan Proceedings of I4SDG Workshop 2023. I4SDG 2023. Mechanisms and Machine Science, 134, 403-410 2023 Electrified Accessories Study for 48V Hybrids Norman K. Bucknor, Madhusudan Raghavan Proceedings of 2023 CCToMM M3 Symposium 2023 KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 3: MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS Document Title Authors Source Year Time-Dependent Deep Learning Predictions of 3D Electrode Particle-Resolved Microstructure Effect on Voltage Discharge Curves Wenhua Yang, Xinxin Yao, Zhuo Wang, Yaohong Xiao, Karnpiwat Tantratian, Wayne Cai, Lei Chen Journal of Power Sources, 579, 233087 2023 Ultrasonic-Assisted Resistance Spot Welding of Multilayered Al Foil Stacks for Li-Ion Battery Applications Ho Kwon, Umair Shah, Xun Liu, Teresa J. Rinker, Wayne Cai Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 317 (2023), 117990 2023 Unified Casting (Unicast) Aluminum Alloy—a Sustainable and Low-Carbon Materials Solution for Vehicle Lightweighting Hongyi Zhan, Guang Zeng, Qigui Wang, Congjie Wang, Pan Wang, Zhou Wang, Yiwu Xu, Devin Hess, Paul Crepeau, Jianfeng Wang Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 154, 251-268 2023 A Thermo-Metallurgical-Mechanical Model for Microstructure Evolution in Laser-Assisted Robotic Roller Forming of Ultrahigh Strength Martensitic Steel Yi Liu, Jincheng Wang, Wayne Cai, Blair E. Carlson, Junhe Lian, Junying Min Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25, 451-464 2023 Uncovering Ce-Rich Clusters and their Role in Precipitation Strengthening of an Ae44 Alloy Tim M. Schwarz, Wenhao Yu, Hongyi Zhan, Baptist Gault, Christopher M. Gourlay, Ingrid McCarroll Scripta Materialia, 232, 115498 2023 Application of Tailored Fiber Placement to Fabricate Automotive Composite Components with Complex Geometries Anthony M. Coppola, Scott R Huelskamp, Caleb Tanner, Daniel Rapking, Richard D Ricchi Composite Structures, 313, 116855 2023 Enhanced Ductility in in-Layer Glass-Carbon Fiberepoxy Hybrid Composites Produced via Tailored Fiber Placement Adam Burley, Venkat Aitharaju Composites: Part A, 168 (2023), 107488 2023 Effects of Laser Oscillation on Metal Mixing, Microstructure, and Mechanical Property of Aluminum–Copper Welds Wenkang Huang, Wayne Cai, Teresa Rinker, Jennifer Bracey, Wenda Tan International Journal of Machine Tool and Manufacturer, 188, 104020 2023 Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Properties of Forged Mg-Zn-Zr Alloys: Effects of Zr Microalloying Guang Zeng, Hu Yao, Wei Sun, Hongyi Zhan, Congjie Wang, Jianfeng Wang, Lixin Huang, Meng Li, Jingru Shen JOM, 2023 2023 Assessment of Laser-Generated Ultrasonic Total Focusing Method for Battery Cell Foil Weld Inspection Dmitriy Bruder, Megan McGovern, Robin James, Teresa Rinker, Vineet Gattani Research in Nondestructive Evaluation, 34 (2), 83-100 2023 A Review of Research Needs in Nondestructive Evaluation for Quality Verification in Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Manufacturing Megan E. McGovern, Dmitriy D. Bruder, Erik D. Huemiller, Teresa J. Rinker, Jennifer T. Bracey, Ryan C. Sekol, Jeffrey A. 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Population is based on employee count by location and not by full-time equivalent. Data as of April 1, 2024, excluding GM Financial and Cruise. 2. Number of GM facilities in the U.S. as of January 1, 2024. Facilities include: Assembly, Battery, Die & Stamping, GPS, Components, Engineering, Office, CCA, GM Financial, GM IT, Sales Service and Marketing and Cruise offices. 3. Total number of active GM dealers in the U.S. and by individual state as of January 1, 2024. 4. Approximate number includes both hourly and salaried retirees as of Jan 1, 2023. 5. Direct investment amount announced in the U.S. since 2014. 6. 2023 taxable wages (Box 16 W-2) paid in the U.S. State Unemployment Income (SUI) used to provide approximate wages for AK, FL, NV, NH, SD, TN, TX, WA and WY where state personal income taxes are not collected on wages. 7. Total GM philanthropic investments by state in 2023, including corporate grants, community impact grants and charitable sponsorships. 8. Number of vehicles delivered in the U.S. and by state, in 2023. U.S. total includes deliveries in Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. 9. Number of GM primary suppliers (direct and indirect) with a purchase order current within the last 365 days. 2023 spend is based on GM's global purchasing and supply chain invoice system. 10. 2023 amount provided in grants to eligible nonprofit organizations working to help create inclusive solutions to social issues around the world. 11. As reported in our 10-K filing, the approximate number employed by GM worldwide as of December 31, 2023. 12. 2023 full-year earnings before tax (EBT). 13. Source: Oxford Economics June 2023 study – “The Economic Impact of General Motors in the U.S.” 14. State taxable wages, 2023 (Box 16 W-2). 15. State taxable wages, 2023 (Box 16 W-2). State Unemployment Income (SUI) used to provide approximate wages for employees at facilities in AK, FL, NV, NH, SD, TN, TX, WA and WY where state personal income taxes are not collected on wages. 16. Total Community Impact Grants disbursed at a local level in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023. 17. Total GM philanthropic investments in the Detroit area in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, including corporate grants, community impact grants and charitable sponsorships. 18. Total GM philanthropic investments in Detroit, Pontiac and Warren areas in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, including corporate grants, community impact grants and charitable sponsorships.