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 * 1 Species
 * 2 Description
 * 3 Ecology
 * 4 Reproduction
 * 5 References
 * 6 External links

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FANGTOOTH

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Fangtooths)
Genus of fishes



Fangtooths Anoplogaster cornuta Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order:
Trachichthyiformes Family: Anoplogastridae
T. N. Gill, 1893 Genus: Anoplogaster
Günther, 1859

Fangtooths are beryciform fish of the family Anoplogastridae (sometimes spelled
"Anoplogasteridae") that live in the deep sea. The name is from the Greek
anoplo, meaning "unarmed", and γαστήρ (gastḗr), meaning "stomach". With a
worldwide distribution in tropical and cold-temperate waters, the family
contains only two very similar species in one genus, with no known close
relatives.


SPECIES

[edit]

The currently recognized species in this genus are:[1]

 * Anoplogaster brachycera (Kotlyar, 1986) (shorthorn fangtooth)
 * Anoplogaster cornuta (Valenciennes, 1833) (common fangtooth)


DESCRIPTION

[edit]

While named for their disproportionately large, fang-like teeth and
unapproachable visage, fangtooths are actually quite small and harmless to
humans: the larger of the two species, the common fangtooth, reaches a maximum
length of just 16 cm (6.3 in);[2] the shorthorn fangtooth is less than half this
size[3] though currently known only from juvenile specimens.[4]

Anoplogaster cornuta are in the smaller size range of fishes. They are well
known for their large sharp teeth when having their jaws closed. With the help
of their teeth they are able to kill fishes much larger than themselves. The
head is small with a large jaw and appears haggard, riddled with mucous cavities
delineated by serrated edges and covered by a thin skin. The eyes are relatively
small, set high on the head; the entire head is a dark brown to black and is
strongly compressed laterally, deep anteriorly and progressively more slender
towards the tail. The fins are small, simple, and spineless; the scales are
embedded in the skin and take the form of thin plates. As compensation for
reduced eyes, the lateral line is well-developed and appears as an open groove
along the flanks.[1]

In adults, the largest two fangs of the lower jaw are so long, the fangtooths
have evolved a pair of opposing sockets on either side of the brain to
accommodate the teeth when the mouth is closed. According to BBC's Blue Planet,
episode "The Deep", the fangtooth has the largest teeth of any fish in the
ocean, proportionate to body size, and are so large, they can never close their
mouths. The juveniles are morphologically quite different - unlike the adults,
they possess long spines on the head and preoperculum, larger eyes, a functional
gas bladder, long and slender gill rakers, much smaller and depressible teeth,
and are a light gray in colour. These differences once caused the two life
stages to be classed as distinct species, with one in another genus;
Caulolepis.[4]

A. cornuta


ECOLOGY

[edit]

The pelagic fangtooths are among the deepest-living fish, found as far as
5,000 m (16,000 ft) down.[1] They are more commonly found between 200 and
2,000 m (660 and 6,560 ft), however, and juveniles apparently stay within the
upper reaches of this range. They may undergo diel migrations as is common with
many deep-sea fish: by day these fish remain in the gloomy depths and towards
evening they rise to the upper layers of the water column to feed by starlight,
returning to deep water by daybreak. Fangtooths may form small schools or go
alone. They are thought to use contact chemoreception to find prey. [5]

The smaller teeth and longer gill rakers of juveniles suggest they feed
primarily by filtering zooplankton from the water, while the deeper-living
adults target other fish and squid. The fangtooths' oversized teeth and mouths
are a common feature among the miniature beasts of the deep (cf. viperfishes,
daggertooths, bristlemouths, barracudinas, anglerfishes), thought to be an
advantage in these lean waters where anything encountered (even if it is larger
than the fish) must be considered a possible meal. The fangtooths in turn are
preyed upon by other large pelagic fish, such as tuna and marlin and some
species of sharks.[6]

Fangtooths are known to be robust when compared to many other deep-sea fish;[5]
they have been kept alive for months in aquariums despite conditions which are
significantly different from their usual deep-sea habitat.[7]


REPRODUCTION

[edit]

Fangtooths have planktonic larvae and are assumed to not be egg guarders;
spawning frequency and time are not certain, but some activity has been reported
from June–August. The juveniles of common fangtooths begin to assume adult form
from about 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, at which time they begin to descend into
deeper water.[8] Onset of maturity is not known, but common fangtooths are known
to be mature at 16 cm (6.3 in). They are likely slow-growing, as are most
deep-sea fish.


REFERENCES

[edit]
 1. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus
    Anoplogaster". FishBase. October 2012 version.
 2. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Anoplogaster cornuta". FishBase.
    January 2006 version.
 3. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Anoplogaster brachycera". FishBase.
    January 2006 version.
 4. ^ a b Kotlyar, Alexander N. (2003). "Family Anoplogastridae Gill 1893 —
    fangtooths" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of
    Fishes. 20: 1–3.
 5. ^ a b Childress, James J.; Robert P. Meek (1973). "Observations on the
    feeding behavior of a mesopelagic fish (Anoplogaster cornuta:
    Beryciformes)". Copeia. 1973 (3): 602–603. doi:10.2307/1443133.
    JSTOR 1443133.
 6. ^ Prosanta Chakrabarty (2009). "Fangtooth". Digital Fish Library. University
    of California San Diego. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
 7. ^ "Fangtooth". deepseacreatures.org. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
 8. ^ Paxton, John R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia
    of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 163. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.

 * "Anoplogaster brachycera". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved
   19 March 2006.
 * Childress, James J., and Robert P. Meek. "Observations on the Feeding
   Behavior of a Mesopelagic Fish (Anoplogaster Cornuta: Beryciformes)." Copeia,
   vol. 1973, no. 3, [American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
   (ASIH), Allen Press], 1973, pp. 602–03, https://doi.org/10.2307/1443133.
 * Marletta, Giuliana, and Andrea Lombardo. "Undergoing Invasion of the
   Fangtooth Moray Enchelycore Anatina (Lowe, 1838) in the Western Ionian Sea,
   Central Mediterranean." BioInvasions Records 9.2 (2020): 195–203. Web.
 * Bailey, Regina. "Fangtooth Fish Facts." ThoughtCo, Sep. 12, 2021,
   thoughtco.com/fangtooth-fish-4692454.


EXTERNAL LINKS

[edit]
 * Fangtooth facts


Taxon identifiers
Anoplogaster
 * Wikidata: Q2140610
 * Wikispecies: Anoplogaster
 * AFD: Anoplogaster
 * BOLD: 2519
 * CoL: WYY
 * GBIF: 2356709
 * iNaturalist: 86493
 * IRMNG: 1110516
 * ITIS: 166151
 * NBN: NHMSYS0019995546
 * NCBI: 88655
 * NZOR: 0e6bad75-5e65-4dab-a8cc-70c0d5fb3bd2
 * Open Tree of Life: 587931
 * WoRMS: 125699

Retrieved from
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Categories:
 * Anoplogastridae
 * Taxa named by Albert Günther

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