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Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > A > Armagh


ARMAGH

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Archdiocese founded by St. Patrick about 445, as the primatial and metropolitan
see of Ireland. The Archdiocese of Armagh at present comprises almost the whole
of the counties Armagh and Louth, a great part of Tyrone, and portions of Derry
and of Meath. It is divided into fifty-five parishes, two of which, Armagh and
Dundalk, are mensal parishes attached to the see. The Diocesan Chapter,
re-established in 1856, consisted in 1906 of thirteen members, including a dean,
archdeacon, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, theologian, and canons. Diocesan
clergy, 139; regulars, 39; churches and chapels, 156; primary schools, 227;
Catholic population (1901), 147,358. The suffragan sees are Meath, Ardagh,
Clogher, Derry, Down and Connor, Dromore, Kilmore, Raphoe.



St. Patrick, having received some grants of land from the chieftain Daire, on
the hill called Ard-Macha (the Height of Macha), built a stone church on the
summit and a monastery and some other religious edifices round about, and fixed
on this place for his metropolitan see. He also founded a school in the same
place, which soon became famous and attracted thousands of scholars. In the
course of time other religious bodies settled in Armagh, such as the Culdees,
who built a monastery there in the eighth century. The city of Armagh was thus
until modern times a purely ecclesiastical establishment. About 448, St.
Patrick, aided by Secundinus and Auxilius, two of his disciples, held a synod at
Armagh, of which some of the canons are still extant. One of these expressly
mentions that all difficult cases of conscience should be referred to the
judgment of the Archbishop of Armagh, and that if too difficult to be disposed
of by him with his counsellors they should be passed on to the Apostolic See of
Rome. In Irish times, the primacy of Armagh was never questioned, and for many
centuries the primates were accustomed to make circuits and visitations through
various parts of the country for the collection of their dues. This was called
the "Cattlecess", or the "Law of St. Patrick". Beginning in 734, during the
incumbency of Primate Congus, it continued till long after the English invasion,
but ceased as soon as English prelates succeeded to the see. Two kings gave it
their royal sanction: Felim, King of Munster, in 822, and the famous Brian Boru,
in 1006. The record of the latter's sanction is preserved in the Book of Armagh,
in the handwriting of Brian Boru's chaplain. To add solemnity to their
collecting tours, the primates were in the habit of carrying with them the
shrine of St. Patrick, and as a rule their success was certain. These
collections seem to have been made at irregular intervals and were probably for
the purpose of keeping up the famous school of Armagh, said at one time to
contain 7,000 students, as well as for the restoration, often needed, of the
church and other ecclesiastical buildings when destroyed by fire or plundered in
war. The Irish annals record no fewer than seventeen burnings of the city,
either partial or total. It was plundered on numerous occasions by the Danes and
the clergy driven out of it. It was also sacked by De Courcy, Fitz-Aldelm and
Philip of Worcester during the conquest of Ulster by the Anglo-Normans.

The seizure of the primacy of Armagh by laymen in the eleventh century has
received great prominence owing to St. Bernard's denunciation of it in his life
of St. Malachy, but the abuse was not without a parallel on the continent of
Europe. The chiefs of the tribe in whose territory Armagh stood usurped the
position and temporal emoluments of the primacy and discharged by deputy the
ecclesiastical functions. The abuse continued for eight generations until
Cellach, known as St. Celsus (1105-29), who was intruded as a layman, had
himself consecrated bishop, and ruled the see with great wisdom. In 1111 he held
a great synod at Fiadh-Mic-Aengus at which were present fifty bishops, 300
priests, and 3,000 other ecclesiastics, and also Murrough O'Brian, King of
southern Ireland, and his nobles. During his incumbency the priory of Sts. Peter
and Paul at Armagh was re-founded by Imar, the learned preceptor of St. Malachy.
This was the first establishment in Ireland into which the Canons Regular of St.
Augustine had been introduced. Roderic O'Connor, monarch of Ireland, afterwards
granted it an annual pension for a public school. After a short interval, Celsus
was succeeded by St. Malachy O'Morgair (1134-37), who later suffered many
tribulations in trying to effect a reformation in the diocese. He resigned the
see after three years and retired to the Bishopric of Down. In 1139 he went to
Rome and solicited the Pope for two palliums, one for the See of Armagh and the
other probably for the new Metropolitan See of Cashel. The following year he
introduced the Cistercian Order into Ireland, by the advice of St. Bernard. He
died at Clairvaux, while making a second journey to Rome. St. Malachy is
honoured as the patron saint of the diocese. Gelasius succeeded him and during a
long incumbency of thirty-seven years held many important synods which effected
great reforms. At the Synod of Kells, held in 1152 and presided over by Cardinal
Paparo, the Pope's legate, Gelasius received the pallium and at the same time
three others were handed over to the new metropolitan sees of Dublin, Cashel,
and Tuam. The successor of Gelasius in the see, Cornelius Mac Concaille, who
died at Chambery the following year, on a journey to Rome, has been venerated
ever since in that locality as a saint. He was succeeded by Gilbert O'Caran
(1175-80), during whose incumbency the see suffered greatly from the
depredations of the Anglo-Norman invaders. William Fitz-Aldelm pillaged Armagh
and carried away St. Patrick's crosier, called the "Staff of Jesus". O'Caran's
successor was Thomas O'Conor (1181-1201). In the year after his succession to
the see, Pope Lucius III, at the instance of John Comyn, the first English
prelate in the See of Dublin, tried to abolish the old Irish custom according to
which the primates claimed the right of making solemn circuits and visitations
in the province of Leinster as well as those of Tuam and Munster. The papal bull
issued was to the effect that no archbishop or bishop should hold any assembly
or ecclesiastical court in the Diocese of Dublin, or treat of the ecclesiastical
causes and affairs of the said diocese, without the consent of the Archbishop of
Dublin, if the latter were actually in his see, unless specially authorized by
the Papal See or the Apostolic legate. This Bull laid the groundwork of a bitter
and protracted controversy between the Archbishops of Armagh and of Dublin,
concerning the primatial right of the former to have his cross carried before
him and to try ecclesiastical cases in the diocese of the latter. This contest,
however, must not be confounded with that regarding the primacy, which did not
arise till the seventeenth century.




ENGLISH PERIOD (1215-1539)

As the first Anglo-Norman adventurers who came to Ireland showed very little
scruple in despoiling the churches and monasteries, Armagh suffered considerably
from their depredations and the clergy were almost reduced to beggary. When the
English kings got a footing in the country, they began to interfere in the
election of bishops and a contest arose between King John and the Pope regarding
Eugene Mac Gillaweer, elected to the primatial see in 1203. This prelate was
present at the General Council of the Lateran in 1215 and died at Rome the
following year. The English kings also began to claim possession of the
temporalities of the sees during vacancies and to insist on the newly-elected
bishops suing them humbly for their restitution. Primate Reginald (1247-56), a
Dominican, obtained a papal Brief uniting the county of Louth to the See of
Armagh. Primate Patrick O'Scanlan (1261-70), also a Dominican, rebuilt to a
large extent the cathedral of Armagh and founded a house for Franciscans in that
city. Primate Nicholas Mac Maelisu (1272-1302) signalized himself by convening
an important assembly of the bishops and clergy of Ireland at Tuam in 1291, at
which they bound themselves by solemn oaths to resist the encroachments of the
secular power. Primate Richard Fitz-Ralph (1346-60) contended publicly both in
Ireland and England with the Mendicant Friars on the question of their vows and
privileges. A contest regarding the primacy of Armagh was carried on
intermittently during these centuries by the Archbishops of Dublin and Cashel,
especially the former as the city of Dublin was the civic metropolis of the
kingdom. During the English period, the primates rarely visited the city of
Armagh, preferring to reside at the arch-episcopal manors of Dromiskin and
Termonfechan, in the county of Louth which was within the Pale. During the reign
of Henry VIII, Primate Cromer, being suspected of heresy by the Holy See, was
deposed in favour of Robert Wauchope (1539-51), a distinguished theologian, who
assisted at the Council of Trent. In the meantime, George Dowdall, a zealous
supporter of Henry, had been intruded into the See of Armagh by that monarch,
but on the introduction of Protestantism into Ireland in the reign of Edward VI,
he left the kingdom in disgust. Thereupon the king in 1552, appointed Hugh
Goodacre to the see. He was the first Protestant prelate who assumed the title
of Primate and enjoyed the temporalities of the diocese. In the beginning of the
reign of Queen Mary, Dowdall (1553-58) was appointed by the Pope to the see on
account of the great zeal he had shown against Protestantism, though at the same
time, he had acted in a schismatical way.


PERIOD OF PERSECUTION

After the short incumbency of Donagh O'Tighe (1560-62), the see was filled by
Richard Creagh (1564-85), a native of Limerick . He was arrested by order of
Queen Elizabeth and imprisoned by her in the Tower of London, where he was
tortured and maltreated and left to languish in captivity for eighteen years
till his death. Edward Mac Gauran, who succeeded him (1587-94), was very active
in soliciting aid from the pope and the king of Spain for the Irish who were
then engaged in a struggle for liberty of conscience with the English Queen.
After an interval of eight years, he was succeeded by Peter Lombard (1601-25),
one of the most learned men of his time. He remained in exile, in Rome, during
the whole twenty-four years of his incumbency and thus never once visited his
diocese. Hugh Mac Cawell, a Franciscan, was consecrated abroad for the see in
1626, but died before he could reach it. Hugh O'Reilly, the next primate
(1628-53), was very active in the political movements of his day. In 1642, he
summoned the Ulster bishops and clergy to a synod at Kells in which the war then
carried on by the Irish was declared lawful and pious. He took a prominent part
in the Confederation of Kilkenny and was appointed a member of the Supreme
Council of twenty-four persons who carried on the government of the country in
the name of King Charles I. After the defeat and death of most of the Catholic
Irish chieftains he was elected generalissimo of the Catholic forces and
prolonged the heroic though hopeless conflict. Edmund O'Reilly (1657-69)
succeeded to the see, but owing to the difficulties of the time was only able to
spend two years in the diocese out of the twelve of his incumbency. He was
exiled on four different occasions. During the whole time he spent in the
diocese, he was hiding in woods and caves and never had any bed but a cloak
thrown over straw. He suffered a great deal from the machinations of the
notorious Father Walsh, the author of the "Loyal Remonstrance" (1661, 1672) to
King Charles II, and died in exile in France.

The next primate was the Venerable Oliver Plunket (1669-81), the cause of whose
beatification is at present being promoted. Shortly after his accession to the
see, he was obliged to defend the primatial rights of Armagh against the claims
put forward for Dublin by its archbishop, Dr. Peter Talbot. At a meeting of the
Catholic clergy in Dublin in 1670, each of these prelates refused to subscribe
subsequent to the other. Dr. Plunket thereupon wrote a work on the ancient
rights and prerogatives of his see, published in 1672, under the title "Jus
Primatiale; or the ancient Pre-eminence of the See of Armagh above all the other
Archbishops in the Kingdom of Ireland, asserted by O. A. T. H. P". This was
replied to two years later by Dr. Talbot in a dissertation styled "Primatus
Dublinensis; or the chief reasons on which the Church of Dublin relies in the
possession and prosecution of her right to the Primacy of Ireland". A violent
persecution stilled the controversy for some time and subsequent primates
asserted their authority from time to time in Dublin. In 1719 two Briefs of
Clement XI were in favour of the claims of Armagh. Still the matter was not
allowed to rest and Dr. Hugh Mac Mahon felt compelled to write a work treating
the subject exhaustively in answer to an anonymous pamphlet published by Father
John Hennessy, a Jesuit of Clonmel. Dr. Mac Mahon's work, written under great
difficulties, appeared in 1728 under the title of "Jus Primatiale Armacanum; or
the Primatial Right of Armagh over all the other Archbishops and Bishops and the
entire clergy of Ireland, asserted by H. A. M. T. H. P". This learned work
contains the last word on the subject and is conclusive. In practice, however,
the primatial right has fallen into desuetude in Ireland as in every other part
of the Church. In 1679, Venerable Oliver Plunket was arrested on a ridiculous
charge of conspiring to bring 20,000 Frenchmen into the country and of having
levied moneys on his clergy for the purpose of maintaining 70,000 men for an
armed rebellion. After being confined in Dublin Castle for many months, he was
presented for trial on these and other charges in Dundalk; but the jury, though
all Protestants, refused to find a true bill against him. The venue, however, of
his trial was changed by his enemies to London, where he was tried by an English
jury before he was able to gather his witnesses and bring them across, though he
made the request to the judge. The principal witnesses against him were some
disreputable priests and friars of Armagh whom he had censured and suspended for
their bad conduct. He was dragged on a sledge to Tyburn on 1 July, 1681, where
he was hanged, drawn, and quartered in presence of an immense multitude. His
head, still in a good state of preservation, is in the possession of the
Dominican nuns of Drogheda.


PENAL TIMES



During this trying period, the primates had to live in the greatest obscurity in
order to disarm the malice of the enemies of the Catholic clergy. Dominic
Maguire (1683-1707), a Dominican, succeeded to the see after the death of the
Venerable Oliver Plunket. This primate, having to go into exile after the
surrender of Limerick in 1691, spent the sixteen years that intervened between
that time and his death in a very destitute condition. In the meantime the See
of Armagh was administered by a vicar, Patrick Donnelly, a priest of the
diocese, who in 1697 was appointed Bishop of Dromore, though retaining the
administration of Armagh for several years afterwards. His name occurs in the
government register of the "popish clergy" of Armagh, made in 1704, as the
pretended popish priest of that part of the parish of Newry that lies in the
county of Armagh. The sureties for his good conduct were Terence Murphy of
Lurgan and Patrick Guinnisse of the same town. Altogether the names of nineteen
parish priests appear on the register for the county of Armagh. From the returns
made in 1731 by the Protestant archbishops and bishops regarding the growth of
popery in Ireland, we find that in the Diocese of Armagh there were 26
Mass-houses, 77 officiating priests, 5 friaries, 22 friars, 1 nunnery with 9
nuns, 7 private chapels and 40 popish schools. Owing to the severity of the laws
there was no primate resident in Ireland for twenty-three years after the flight
of Primate Maguire, in 1691. Hugh Mac Mahon (1714-37), Bishop of Clogher, was at
last appointed to the bereft see. Living during the worst of the penal times,
the primate was obliged constantly to wander from place to place, saying Mass
and administering Confirmation in the open air. Nevertheless, in spite of these
difficulties he has left his name to posterity by the learned work "Jus
Primatiale Armacanum", written by command of the pope in defence of the
primatial rights of Armagh. He was succeeded by his nephew, Bernard Mac Mahon
(1737-47), then Bishop of Clogher, who is described as a prelate remarkable for
zeal, charity, prudence, and sound doctrine. He also suffered considerably from
the persecution, and spent most of his time in hiding. Bernard was succeeded in
the primacy by his brother, Ross Mac Mahon (1747-48), also Bishop of Clogher.
Michael O'Reilly (1749-58), Bishop of Derry, was the next primate. He published
two catechisms, one in Irish and the other in English, the latter of which has
been in use in parts of the north of Ireland till our own time. On one occasion
this primate and eighteen of his priests were arrested near Dundalk. He lived in
a small thatched cottage at Termonfechan, and at times had to lie concealed in a
narrow loft under the thatch. Anthony Blake (1758-86) was his successor. The
persecution having subsided to a great extent, he was not harried like his
predecessors, but nevertheless could not be induced to live permanently in his
diocese, a circumstance which was the occasion of much discontent among his
clergy and led to a temporary suspension from his duties. Richard O'Reilly
(1787-1818) was his successor in the primacy. Having an independent fortune, he
was the first Catholic prelate since the Revolution who was able to live in a
manner becoming his dignified station. By his gentleness and affability he
succeeded in quieting the dissensions which had distracted the diocese during
the time of his predecessor and was thenceforward known as the "Angel of Peace".
In 1793, he laid the foundation-stone of St. Peter's Church in Drogheda, which
was to serve as his pro-cathedral, one of the first Catholic churches to be
built within the walls of a town in Ireland since the Protestant Reformation.
The Protestant Corporation of Drogheda, wearing their robes and carrying the
mace and sword, appeared on the scene and forbade the ceremony to proceed, but
their protest was disregarded.


MODERN TIMES

Patrick Curtis (1819-32), who had been rector of the Irish College of Salamanca,
was appointed to the see in more hopeful times and lived to witness the
emancipation of the Catholics of Ireland. He was one of the first to join the
Catholic Association, and being on friendly terms with the Duke of Wellington,
whom he had met in Spain during the Peninsular War, was able to advance
considerably the cause of Catholic Emancipation. Thomas Kelly succeeded
(1832-35). He drew up the statutes which are still in use in the diocese and
lived and died with the reputation of a saint. William Crolly succeeded
(1835-49). He was the first Catholic primate to reside in Armagh and perform
episcopal functions there since the persecution began, and signalized himself by
beginning the noble cathedral which it has taken more than sixty years to bring
to completion. The foundation-stone was laid 17 March, 1840, and before the
primate's death the walls had been raised to a considerable height. Paul Cullen
succeeded in 1849, but was translated to the See of Dublin in 1852. In 1850 he
presided over the National Synod of Thurles, the first of the kind held in
Ireland since the convention of the bishops and clergy in Kilkenny, in 1642.
Joseph Dixon (1852-66), the next primate, held a synod in Drogheda in 1854, at
which all the northern bishops assisted. In 1856, the Diocesan Chapter,
consisting of thirteen members, was formed. Archbishop Dixon resumed the
building of the cathedral, but did not live to see it finished. Michael Kieran
(1866-69) succeeded, residing in Dundalk during his tenure of the primatial see.
His successor, Daniel Mac Gettigan (1870-87), spent three years of earnest
labour in the completion of the cathedral, and was able to open it for divine
worship in 1873. The present illustrious occupant of the see, Cardinal Michael
Logue, succeeded to the primacy in 1887. He is the first Primate of Armagh to
become a member of the Sacred College. He has devoted himself for several years
to the task of beautifying and completing in every sense the noble edifice
erected by his predecessors. In the building of the sacristy, library,
synod-hall, muniment-room, the purchase in fee-simple of the site, and the
interior decorations and altars, he has spent more than £50,000 on what is now
known as the National Cathedral. This great temple was consecrated on 24 July,
1904. Cardinal Vincenzo Vannutelli, representing Pope Pius X, was present at the
consecration.


RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN THE ARCHDIOCESE

There is a Franciscan and an Augustinian friary in Drogheda, and the Dominicans
have one founded by Primate Netterville in 1224. They also have one in Dundalk,
established originally at Carlingford in the early part of the fourteenth
century. Of the modern congregations, the Vincentians were introduced into
Armagh by Primate Dixon in 1861, to take charge of the ecclesiastical seminary.
The Marist Fathers, also at Primate Dixon's request, came to Dundalk the same
year to conduct a college. The Redemptorists were brought there by Primate Mac
Gettigan in 1876. Primate Cullen brought the Irish Christian Brothers to Armagh
in 1851, Primate Dixon brought them to Drogheda in 1857, and Primate Kieran to
Dundalk in 1869. The French Congregation of Christian Brothers (de la Salle)
have schools in Dundalk, Keady, and Ardee. The Presentation Brothers have
schools at Dungannon. The Dominican Nuns, invited to Drogheda in 1722 by Primate
Hugh Mac Mahon, conduct a boarding-school and a day-school. The Presentation
Nuns, who settled in Drogheda in 1813, and in Portadown in 1882, have large poor
schools in both towns. The Sisters of Mercy, also devoted to the education of
the poor, came to Dundalk in 1847, to Ardee in 1859, and to Dungannon in 1894.
They also have convents at Bessbrook and Cookstown. The Sisters of Charity of
St. Vincent de Paul came to Drogheda in 1855, where they conduct an industrial
school for little boys and an orphanage for girls. The Ladies of the Sacred
Heart were brought to Armagh by Primate Cullen in 1850. There is a missionary
school for girls attached to their convent. There is a convent of Poor Clares at
Keady, one of St. Louis at Middletown, and one of the Sisters of the Immaculate
Conception at Magherafelt, all recent foundations. The Academy of St. Patrick,
Dungannon, is conducted by the diocesan clergy. The Catholic Diocesan Orphan
Society is under the direction of the Primate.


PROTESTANT ARCHBISHOPS

Hugh Goodacre, the first Protestant prelate who presided over the diocese, was
appointed by Edward VI, in 1552. He was consecrated according to the Protestant
ordinal and survived his consecration only three months. Adam Loftus (1563-67),
from whom the Irish Protestant hierarchy claim to derive their orders, was
consecrated by Hugh Curwin, Archbishop of Dublin, according to the form annexed
to the second Book of Common Prayer of the time of Edward VI. The most learned
of the Protestant primates was James Ussher (1625-56), whose most important
works were "Veterum Epistolarum Hibernicarum Sylloge", published in 1632, and
"Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates", which appeared in 1639. He left his
valuable library, comprising several thousand printed books and manuscripts, to
Trinity College, Dublin, and his complete works were published by that
institution in twenty-four volumes at the cost of 3,000. In spite of his
learning, this prelate's character was marked by a most intolerant spirit of
bigotry against the Irish Catholics. His judgment against toleration of Papists,
i.e. "to consent that they may freely exercise their religion and profess their
faith and doctrine is a grievous sin", was a signal for the renewal of
persecution and led to the Rising of the Irish Catholics in 1641. John Bramhall
(1660-63), another learned Protestant divine, succeeded Ussher. His works on
polemic and other subjects have been published in four folio volumes. Narcissus
March (1702-13), another learned prelate, built the noble library of St.
Sepulchre's in Dublin, which bears his name, filled it with a valuable
collection of theological and Oriental works and liberally endowed it for the
support of a librarian and deputy. Hugh Boulter (1724-42), John Hoadly
(1742-46), and George Stone (1746-64) are principally famous as politicians and
upholders of the "English Interest" in Ireland. The first two supported and
promoted the penal laws against the Catholics, but Stone was opposed to
persecution. Richard Robinson, first Baron Rokeby (1765-94), raised Armagh by
his munificence from extreme decay to a state of opulence and embellished it
with various useful public institutions. He built an episcopal palace, a public
library, an infirmary, and an observatory. Lord John George Beresford (1822-62)
was also distinguished by his munificence. He restored Armagh Cathedral at a
cost of 34,000 and is said to have spent 280,000 in acts of public benevolence.
On his successor, Marcus Gervais Beresford (1862-65), fell a large portion of
the task of providing for the future organization and sustentation of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in Ireland, which was disestablished from 1 January
1871. After the flight of the Earls O'Neill and O'Donnell, large portions of
their forfeited estates were made over to the Protestant see, which, together
with the land previously belonging to the see in Catholic times, made up a total
of 100,563 acres, producing in modern times a gross revenue for the Protestant
primate of 17,670. By the Church Temporalities' Act of 1833, this was
considerably reduced, and the net income of the see before the disestablishment
was 12,087. Since that event the primate receives an annual salary from the
Church Representative Body of 2,500, with the palace free of rent. The glebe
lands belonging to the eighty-eight benefices in the diocese comprised 19,290
acres. Since disestablishment, about 9,000 are contributed annually by the
voluntary system for sustentation funds and about 5,000 for various other Church
purposes. Before disestablishment, the Irish Episcopalians formed twenty-two per
cent of the population of the diocese, Presbyterians seventeen per cent, and
Catholics sixty-one per cent, a proportion which has remained almost the same
ever since. The non-Catholic population in 1901 was 100,451.




SOURCES

STUART, History of Armagh, ed. AMBROSE COLEMAN (Dublin, 1900); The Annals of the
Four Masters (Dublin, 1851-56), VII, Index s.v. Armagh; HENNESSY AND McCARTHY,
Annals of Ulster, 431-1541 (Dublin, 1887-91); VEN. OLIVER PLUNKET, Jus
Primatiale Armacanum (1672); LANIGAN, Ecclesiastical History of Ireland (Dublin,
1829), I-IV, passim; O'HANLON, Life of St. Malachy O'Morgair (Dublin, 1859);
BRENNAN, Eccl. History of Ireland (Dublin, 1864), passim; HEALY, Ireland's
Ancient Schools and Scholars (Dublin, 1890), 91-105; GAMS, Series episcoporum,
etc. (1873), 206-208, and his continuator, EUBEL, passim; MAZIERE BRADY,
Episcopal Succession in England, Ireland, and Scotland (Rome, 1876); Dublin
University Magazine (1839-40), V, 319; XVI, 86; COOTE, A Survey of the County of
Armagh (Dublin, 1804);LEWIS, Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (London, 1837),
I, 66-75; JOYCE, A Social History of Ireland (London, 1903), II, 613, s.v.
Armagh; WARE-HARRIS, Antiquities of Ireland (Dublin, 1739-45); ARCHDALL-MORAN,
Monasticon Hibernicum (Dublin, 1873); MORAN, Memoirs of Most Rev. Dr. Oliver
Plunket (Dublin, 1861); Spicilegium Ossoriense, 1517-1800 (Dublin, 1874-85). For
the Protestant archbishops see COTTON, Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae (Dublin,
1851-78); COX, Hibernia Anglicana (London, 1689); MALONE, Church History of
Ireland from the Invasion to the Restoration (Dublin, 1863); RENEHAN,
Collections on Church History (Dublin, 1861); COMERFORD, The History of Ireland
from the Earliest Account of Time to the Invasion of the English under Henry II
(Dublin, 1754); COLEMAN, Ir. Eccl. Rec., VII, 193; FITZPATRICK, Ir. Eccl. Rec.,
XVI, 26, 122; MORAN, Ir. Eccl. Rec., XII, 385.


ABOUT THIS PAGE

APA citation. Coleman, A. (1907). Armagh. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New
York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01729a.htm

MLA citation. Coleman, Ambrose. "Armagh." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New
York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907.
<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01729a.htm>.

Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Marcy Milota.

Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. March 1, 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D.,
Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.

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