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        <option value="NR" data-dial_code="674">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ท Nauru (+674)</option>
        <option value="NP" data-dial_code="977">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ต Nepal (+977)</option>
        <option value="NL" data-dial_code="31">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Netherlands (+31)</option>
        <option value="AN" data-dial_code="599">๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡ณ Netherlands Antilles (+599)</option>
        <option value="NC" data-dial_code="687">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡จ New Caledonia (+687)</option>
        <option value="NZ" data-dial_code="64">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฟ New Zealand (+64)</option>
        <option value="NI" data-dial_code="505">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฎ Nicaragua (+505)</option>
        <option value="NE" data-dial_code="227">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ช Niger (+227)</option>
        <option value="NG" data-dial_code="234">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฌ Nigeria (+234)</option>
        <option value="NU" data-dial_code="683">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡บ Niue (+683)</option>
        <option value="NF" data-dial_code="672">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ซ Norfolk Island (+672)</option>
        <option value="MP" data-dial_code="1670">๐Ÿ‡ฒ๐Ÿ‡ต Northern Mariana Islands (+1670)</option>
        <option value="NO" data-dial_code="47">๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ด Norway (+47)</option>
        <option value="OM" data-dial_code="968">๐Ÿ‡ด๐Ÿ‡ฒ Oman (+968)</option>
        <option value="PK" data-dial_code="92">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ฐ Pakistan (+92)</option>
        <option value="PW" data-dial_code="680">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ผ Palau (+680)</option>
        <option value="PS" data-dial_code="970">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ธ Palestine (+970)</option>
        <option value="PA" data-dial_code="507">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ฆ Panama (+507)</option>
        <option value="PG" data-dial_code="675">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ฌ Papua New Guinea (+675)</option>
        <option value="PY" data-dial_code="595">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡พ Paraguay (+595)</option>
        <option value="PE" data-dial_code="51">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ช Peru (+51)</option>
        <option value="PH" data-dial_code="63">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ญ Philippines (+63)</option>
        <option value="PN" data-dial_code="872">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ณ Pitcairn (+872)</option>
        <option value="PL" data-dial_code="48">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ฑ Poland (+48)</option>
        <option value="PT" data-dial_code="351">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Portugal (+351)</option>
        <option value="PR" data-dial_code="1939">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ท Puerto Rico (+1939)</option>
        <option value="QA" data-dial_code="974">๐Ÿ‡ถ๐Ÿ‡ฆ Qatar (+974)</option>
        <option value="RO" data-dial_code="40">๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡ด Romania (+40)</option>
        <option value="RU" data-dial_code="7">๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ Russia (+7)</option>
        <option value="RW" data-dial_code="250">๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡ผ Rwanda (+250)</option>
        <option value="RE" data-dial_code="262">๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡ช Rรฉunion (+262)</option>
        <option value="BL" data-dial_code="590">๐Ÿ‡ง๐Ÿ‡ฑ Saint Barthรฉlemy (+590)</option>
        <option value="SH" data-dial_code="290">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ญ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha (+290)</option>
        <option value="KN" data-dial_code="1869">๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ณ Saint Kitts and Nevis (+1869)</option>
        <option value="LC" data-dial_code="1758">๐Ÿ‡ฑ๐Ÿ‡จ Saint Lucia (+1758)</option>
        <option value="MF" data-dial_code="590">๐Ÿ‡ฒ๐Ÿ‡ซ Saint Martin (+590)</option>
        <option value="PM" data-dial_code="508">๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ฒ Saint Pierre and Miquelon (+508)</option>
        <option value="VC" data-dial_code="1784">๐Ÿ‡ป๐Ÿ‡จ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (+1784)</option>
        <option value="WS" data-dial_code="685">๐Ÿ‡ผ๐Ÿ‡ธ Samoa (+685)</option>
        <option value="SM" data-dial_code="378">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฒ San Marino (+378)</option>
        <option value="ST" data-dial_code="239">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡น Sao Tome and Principe (+239)</option>
        <option value="SA" data-dial_code="966">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฆ Saudi Arabia (+966)</option>
        <option value="SN" data-dial_code="221">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ณ Senegal (+221)</option>
        <option value="RS" data-dial_code="381">๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡ธ Serbia (+381)</option>
        <option value="SC" data-dial_code="248">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡จ Seychelles (+248)</option>
        <option value="SL" data-dial_code="232">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Sierra Leone (+232)</option>
        <option value="SG" data-dial_code="65">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฌ Singapore (+65)</option>
        <option value="SK" data-dial_code="421">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฐ Slovakia (+421)</option>
        <option value="SI" data-dial_code="386">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฎ Slovenia (+386)</option>
        <option value="SB" data-dial_code="677">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ง Solomon Islands (+677)</option>
        <option value="SO" data-dial_code="252">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ด Somalia (+252)</option>
        <option value="ZA" data-dial_code="27">๐Ÿ‡ฟ๐Ÿ‡ฆ South Africa (+27)</option>
        <option value="GS" data-dial_code="500">๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ธ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (+500)</option>
        <option value="ES" data-dial_code="34">๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Spain (+34)</option>
        <option value="LK" data-dial_code="94">๐Ÿ‡ฑ๐Ÿ‡ฐ Sri Lanka (+94)</option>
        <option value="SD" data-dial_code="249">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฉ Sudan (+249)</option>
        <option value="SR" data-dial_code="597">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ท Suriname (+597)</option>
        <option value="SJ" data-dial_code="47">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฏ Svalbard and Jan Mayen (+47)</option>
        <option value="SZ" data-dial_code="268">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฟ Swaziland (+268)</option>
        <option value="SE" data-dial_code="46">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Sweden (+46)</option>
        <option value="CH" data-dial_code="41">๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ญ Switzerland (+41)</option>
        <option value="SY" data-dial_code="963">๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡พ Arab Republic of Syria (+963)</option>
        <option value="TW" data-dial_code="886">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ผ Taiwan (+886)</option>
        <option value="TJ" data-dial_code="992">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ฏ Tajikistan (+992)</option>
        <option value="TZ" data-dial_code="255">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ฟ Tanzania (+255)</option>
        <option value="TH" data-dial_code="66">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ญ Thailand (+66)</option>
        <option value="TL" data-dial_code="670">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ฑ Timor-Leste (+670)</option>
        <option value="TG" data-dial_code="228">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ฌ Togo (+228)</option>
        <option value="TK" data-dial_code="690">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ฐ Tokelau (+690)</option>
        <option value="TO" data-dial_code="676">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ด Tonga (+676)</option>
        <option value="TT" data-dial_code="1868">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡น Trinidad and Tobago (+1868)</option>
        <option value="TN" data-dial_code="216">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ณ Tunisia (+216)</option>
        <option value="TR" data-dial_code="90">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ท Turkey (+90)</option>
        <option value="TM" data-dial_code="993">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ฒ Turkmenistan (+993)</option>
        <option value="TC" data-dial_code="1649">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡จ Turks and Caicos Islands (+1649)</option>
        <option value="TV" data-dial_code="688">๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ป Tuvalu (+688)</option>
        <option value="UG" data-dial_code="256">๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฌ Uganda (+256)</option>
        <option value="UA" data-dial_code="380">๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ Ukraine (+380)</option>
        <option value="AE" data-dial_code="971">๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡ช United Arab Emirates (+971)</option>
        <option value="GB" data-dial_code="44">๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง United Kingdom (+44)</option>
        <option selected="" value="US" data-dial_code="1">๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States (+1)</option>
        <option value="UY" data-dial_code="598">๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡พ Uruguay (+598)</option>
        <option value="UZ" data-dial_code="998">๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฟ Uzbekistan (+998)</option>
        <option value="VU" data-dial_code="678">๐Ÿ‡ป๐Ÿ‡บ Vanuatu (+678)</option>
        <option value="VE" data-dial_code="58">๐Ÿ‡ป๐Ÿ‡ช Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (+58)</option>
        <option value="VN" data-dial_code="84">๐Ÿ‡ป๐Ÿ‡ณ Vietnam (+84)</option>
        <option value="VG" data-dial_code="1284">๐Ÿ‡ป๐Ÿ‡ฌ Virgin Islands, British (+1284)</option>
        <option value="VI" data-dial_code="1340">๐Ÿ‡ป๐Ÿ‡ฎ Virgin Islands, U.S. (+1340)</option>
        <option value="WF" data-dial_code="681">๐Ÿ‡ผ๐Ÿ‡ซ Wallis and Futuna (+681)</option>
        <option value="YE" data-dial_code="967">๐Ÿ‡พ๐Ÿ‡ช Yemen (+967)</option>
        <option value="ZM" data-dial_code="260">๐Ÿ‡ฟ๐Ÿ‡ฒ Zambia (+260)</option>
        <option value="ZW" data-dial_code="263">๐Ÿ‡ฟ๐Ÿ‡ผ Zimbabwe (+263)</option>
        <option value="AX" data-dial_code="358">๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡ฝ ร…land Islands (+358)</option>
      </select><input type="tel" name="contact[phone]" placeholder="Your phone number">
    </div>
    <div class="cf-form-field" data-pos="5" data-field="url" data-visible="" data-adjacent="" style="order:5">
      <p class="cf-label" style="display:none !important"></p><input type="text" name="contact[url]" placeholder="Your website URL">
    </div>
    <div class="cf-form-field" data-pos="6" data-field="company-name" data-visible="" data-adjacent="" style="order:6">
      <p class="cf-label" style="display:none !important"></p><input type="text" name="contact[company_name]" placeholder="Your company name">
    </div>
    <div class="cf-form-field" data-pos="7" data-field="company-title" data-visible="" data-adjacent="" style="order:7">
      <p class="cf-label" style="display:none !important"></p><input type="text" name="contact[company_title]" placeholder="Your professional title">
    </div>
    <div class="cf-form-field" data-pos="8" data-field="city" data-visible="" data-adjacent="" style="order:8">
      <p class="cf-label" style="display:none !important"></p><input type="text" name="contact[city]" placeholder="Your city">
    </div>
    <div class="cf-form-field" data-pos="9" data-field="state" data-visible="" data-adjacent="" style="order:9">
      <p class="cf-label" style="display:none !important"></p><input type="text" name="contact[state]" placeholder="Your state">
    </div>
    <div class="cf-form-field" data-pos="10" data-field="country" data-visible="" data-adjacent="" style="order:10">
      <p class="cf-label" style="display:none !important"></p><select type="text" name="contact[country]" placeholder="Your country">
        <option selected="" value="" disabled="" hidden="">Your country</option>
        <option value="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</option>
        <option value="Albania">Albania</option>
        <option value="Algeria">Algeria</option>
        <option value="AmericanSamoa">AmericanSamoa</option>
        <option value="Andorra">Andorra</option>
        <option value="Angola">Angola</option>
        <option value="Anguilla">Anguilla</option>
        <option value="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</option>
        <option value="Argentina">Argentina</option>
        <option value="Armenia">Armenia</option>
        <option value="Aruba">Aruba</option>
        <option value="Australia">Australia</option>
        <option value="Austria">Austria</option>
        <option value="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</option>
        <option value="Bahamas">Bahamas</option>
        <option value="Bahrain">Bahrain</option>
        <option value="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</option>
        <option value="Barbados">Barbados</option>
        <option value="Belarus">Belarus</option>
        <option value="Belgium">Belgium</option>
        <option value="Belize">Belize</option>
        <option value="Benin">Benin</option>
        <option value="Bermuda">Bermuda</option>
        <option value="Bhutan">Bhutan</option>
        <option value="Plurinational State of Bolivia">Plurinational State of Bolivia</option>
        <option value="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option>
        <option value="Botswana">Botswana</option>
        <option value="Brazil">Brazil</option>
        <option value="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</option>
        <option value="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</option>
        <option value="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</option>
        <option value="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</option>
        <option value="Burundi">Burundi</option>
        <option value="Cambodia">Cambodia</option>
        <option value="Cameroon">Cameroon</option>
        <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
        <option value="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</option>
        <option value="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</option>
        <option value="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</option>
        <option value="Chad">Chad</option>
        <option value="Chile">Chile</option>
        <option value="China">China</option>
        <option value="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</option>
        <option value="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option>
        <option value="Colombia">Colombia</option>
        <option value="Comoros">Comoros</option>
        <option value="Congo">Congo</option>
        <option value="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</option>
        <option value="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</option>
        <option value="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</option>
        <option value="Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</option>
        <option value="Croatia">Croatia</option>
        <option value="Cuba">Cuba</option>
        <option value="Cyprus">Cyprus</option>
        <option value="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</option>
        <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
        <option value="Djibouti">Djibouti</option>
        <option value="Dominica">Dominica</option>
        <option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</option>
        <option value="Ecuador">Ecuador</option>
        <option value="Egypt">Egypt</option>
        <option value="El Salvador">El Salvador</option>
        <option value="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</option>
        <option value="Eritrea">Eritrea</option>
        <option value="Estonia">Estonia</option>
        <option value="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</option>
        <option value="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)">Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</option>
        <option value="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</option>
        <option value="Fiji">Fiji</option>
        <option value="Finland">Finland</option>
        <option value="France">France</option>
        <option value="French Guiana">French Guiana</option>
        <option value="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</option>
        <option value="Gabon">Gabon</option>
        <option value="Gambia">Gambia</option>
        <option value="Georgia">Georgia</option>
        <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
        <option value="Ghana">Ghana</option>
        <option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</option>
        <option value="Greece">Greece</option>
        <option value="Greenland">Greenland</option>
        <option value="Grenada">Grenada</option>
        <option value="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</option>
        <option value="Guam">Guam</option>
        <option value="Guatemala">Guatemala</option>
        <option value="Guernsey">Guernsey</option>
        <option value="Guinea">Guinea</option>
        <option value="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</option>
        <option value="Guyana">Guyana</option>
        <option value="Haiti">Haiti</option>
        <option value="Holy See (Vatican City State)">Holy See (Vatican City State)</option>
        <option value="Honduras">Honduras</option>
        <option value="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</option>
        <option value="Hungary">Hungary</option>
        <option value="Iceland">Iceland</option>
        <option value="India">India</option>
        <option value="Indonesia">Indonesia</option>
        <option value="Iran">Iran</option>
        <option value="Iraq">Iraq</option>
        <option value="Ireland">Ireland</option>
        <option value="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</option>
        <option value="Israel">Israel</option>
        <option value="Italy">Italy</option>
        <option value="Jamaica">Jamaica</option>
        <option value="Japan">Japan</option>
        <option value="Jersey">Jersey</option>
        <option value="Jordan">Jordan</option>
        <option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</option>
        <option value="Kenya">Kenya</option>
        <option value="Kiribati">Kiribati</option>
        <option value="Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</option>
        <option value="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</option>
        <option value="Kuwait">Kuwait</option>
        <option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</option>
        <option value="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic</option>
        <option value="Latvia">Latvia</option>
        <option value="Lebanon">Lebanon</option>
        <option value="Lesotho">Lesotho</option>
        <option value="Liberia">Liberia</option>
        <option value="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</option>
        <option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</option>
        <option value="Lithuania">Lithuania</option>
        <option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</option>
        <option value="Macao">Macao</option>
        <option value="Republic of North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</option>
        <option value="Madagascar">Madagascar</option>
        <option value="Malawi">Malawi</option>
        <option value="Malaysia">Malaysia</option>
        <option value="Maldives">Maldives</option>
        <option value="Mali">Mali</option>
        <option value="Malta">Malta</option>
        <option value="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</option>
        <option value="Martinique">Martinique</option>
        <option value="Mauritania">Mauritania</option>
        <option value="Mauritius">Mauritius</option>
        <option value="Mayotte">Mayotte</option>
        <option value="Mexico">Mexico</option>
        <option value="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</option>
        <option value="Republic of Moldova ">Republic of Moldova </option>
        <option value="Monaco">Monaco</option>
        <option value="Mongolia">Mongolia</option>
        <option value="Montenegro">Montenegro</option>
        <option value="Montserrat">Montserrat</option>
        <option value="Morocco">Morocco</option>
        <option value="Mozambique">Mozambique</option>
        <option value="Myanmar">Myanmar</option>
        <option value="Namibia">Namibia</option>
        <option value="Nauru">Nauru</option>
        <option value="Nepal">Nepal</option>
        <option value="Netherlands">Netherlands</option>
        <option value="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</option>
        <option value="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</option>
        <option value="New Zealand">New Zealand</option>
        <option value="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</option>
        <option value="Niger">Niger</option>
        <option value="Nigeria">Nigeria</option>
        <option value="Niue">Niue</option>
        <option value="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</option>
        <option value="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</option>
        <option value="Norway">Norway</option>
        <option value="Oman">Oman</option>
        <option value="Pakistan">Pakistan</option>
        <option value="Palau">Palau</option>
        <option value="Palestine">Palestine</option>
        <option value="Panama">Panama</option>
        <option value="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</option>
        <option value="Paraguay">Paraguay</option>
        <option value="Peru">Peru</option>
        <option value="Philippines">Philippines</option>
        <option value="Pitcairn">Pitcairn</option>
        <option value="Poland">Poland</option>
        <option value="Portugal">Portugal</option>
        <option value="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</option>
        <option value="Qatar">Qatar</option>
        <option value="Romania">Romania</option>
        <option value="Russia">Russia</option>
        <option value="Rwanda">Rwanda</option>
        <option value="Rรฉunion">Rรฉunion</option>
        <option value="Saint Barthรฉlemy">Saint Barthรฉlemy</option>
        <option value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha</option>
        <option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option>
        <option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</option>
        <option value="Saint Martin">Saint Martin</option>
        <option value="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option>
        <option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option>
        <option value="Samoa">Samoa</option>
        <option value="San Marino">San Marino</option>
        <option value="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</option>
        <option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</option>
        <option value="Senegal">Senegal</option>
        <option value="Serbia">Serbia</option>
        <option value="Seychelles">Seychelles</option>
        <option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</option>
        <option value="Singapore">Singapore</option>
        <option value="Slovakia">Slovakia</option>
        <option value="Slovenia">Slovenia</option>
        <option value="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</option>
        <option value="Somalia">Somalia</option>
        <option value="South Africa">South Africa</option>
        <option value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</option>
        <option value="Spain">Spain</option>
        <option value="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</option>
        <option value="Sudan">Sudan</option>
        <option value="Suriname">Suriname</option>
        <option value="Svalbard and Jan Mayen">Svalbard and Jan Mayen</option>
        <option value="Swaziland">Swaziland</option>
        <option value="Sweden">Sweden</option>
        <option value="Switzerland">Switzerland</option>
        <option value="Arab Republic of Syria">Arab Republic of Syria</option>
        <option value="Taiwan">Taiwan</option>
        <option value="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</option>
        <option value="Tanzania">Tanzania</option>
        <option value="Thailand">Thailand</option>
        <option value="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</option>
        <option value="Togo">Togo</option>
        <option value="Tokelau">Tokelau</option>
        <option value="Tonga">Tonga</option>
        <option value="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</option>
        <option value="Tunisia">Tunisia</option>
        <option value="Turkey">Turkey</option>
        <option value="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</option>
        <option value="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</option>
        <option value="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</option>
        <option value="Uganda">Uganda</option>
        <option value="Ukraine">Ukraine</option>
        <option value="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</option>
        <option value="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</option>
        <option value="United States">United States</option>
        <option value="Uruguay">Uruguay</option>
        <option value="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</option>
        <option value="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</option>
        <option value="Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela">Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela</option>
        <option value="Vietnam">Vietnam</option>
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EASY GUIDE TO REAMER SPEEDS AND FEEDS, SIZES, TYPES, AND TIPS


REAMER SPEEDS AND FEEDS, SIZES, TYPES, AND TIPS GUIDE


WHAT IS REAMING?



Reaming is a cutting process that uses a special tool called a reamer to enlarge
an existing hole to a precise diameter and at the same to to create a smooth
finish on the walls of the hole.ย  Reaming is typically done on a milling
machine, a lathe, or a drill press.ย  Reaming is therefore a finishing
operating.ย  Another process, such as drilling must rough out the hole before it
can be reamed.

There are other means to create holes with precise diameters and high quality
finish on the walls, but reaming is often the best choice for speed and low
cost.

If you need to hold tolerances tighter than +/- 0.002โ€ณ on hole diameter, a
reamer is probably the way to go.ย  For example, you could use our Press Fit
Calculator to figure the required hole size and them use a reamer to achieve
that size within tolerances.

The surface finish from reaming depends on the workpiece material. The range for
cast iron is 50 to 80 rms and 30 to 60 rms for steels.ย  A PCD reamer can impart
a finish as fine as 8 rms in aluminum.


HOW TO REAM A HOLE?

Performing reaming correctly depends first and foremost on preparation of the
hole.ย  The reamer is only capable of removing a small amount of material from
the hole, and it will tend to follow the hole.ย  It can only slightly improve the
straightness of a hole if it has front-cutting capability.ย  A 1/4โ€ณ reamer might
improve the straightness of a hole by up to 0.005โ€ณ, but no more.

If you require more correction for straightness than that, boring may be a
better approach.

Hereโ€™s a quick video that shows how to ream a hole on a Bridgeport Mill:







More information on how to use a reamer:


OPTIMUM REAMER SPEED AND FEEDS

What are the best reamer speeds and feeds?

Saw this question come upย on HMEM.ย A lot of machinists are taught a rule of
thumb similar to this:

1/3 the SFM, 3x more feed than the same sized Twist Drill

(Click here to learn what is SFM and how to go from SFM to RPM)

Opinions vary on exactly what that rule of thumb ought to be for reamer speeds
and feeds. Some say the ratio to a twist drill is 1/3, while others suggest it
should be 1/2.

In looking over a number of different manufacturerโ€™s recommendations, weโ€™ve
found 1/2 yields results reamer speeds and feeds that are much closer to their
recommendations. ย Moreover, when we say, โ€œ2x more feedโ€, we actually want โ€œ2x
more chip loadโ€. ย 2x the feedrate would be 4x the chip load since weโ€™ve already
doubled the spindle rpm relative to a twist drill. ย This chip load is a
synthetic number for G-Wizard, so donโ€™t try to do too much math on it!

Hereโ€™s what G-Wizard would suggest for reamer speeds and feeds with a 3/16โ€ณ HSS
Reamer in 300 series stainless, which was the question in the post:



A 3/16โ€ณ reamer going 1โ€ณ deep in 304 stainless should run 458 rpm and 2.75 ipm
feed. ย Chipload is 0.0015โ€ณ

For comparison, here is the same cut with a 3/16โ€ณ HSS Twist Drill:



Twist drill is 703 rpm (a little less than 2x the reamer), and 1.863 ipm (reamer
is feeding a little faster)โ€ฆ

Okay, those numbers are neither 1/2 nor 1/3, though the reamer is spinning close
to 1/2 the twist drill, and the reamer feed is faster. ย What gives?

Well, this is another reason to use a calculator instead of a rule of thumb.
ย Thereโ€™s more at work here than a rule of thumb can account for. ย For example,
it gets harder for a twist drill to extract chips the deeper the hole. ย Reamers
donโ€™t even try to extract chipsโ€“they have straight flutes and donโ€™t produce many
chips if a large enough pilot hole is provided. ย Hence, the twist drill needs to
behave more and more differently than the rule of thumb the deeper the hole
goes. ย In this case, weโ€™re quite deepโ€“1โ€ณ is 5.3 diameters deep. ย I made the hole
deep just to make the point.


REAMER HOLE SIZES

Reamers are a fast way to finish a hole and very convenient relative to other
precision approaches like boring. Their purpose is not to change the location of
the hole. ย In fact, they often have long shanks so that they will deflect
slightly to ensure the go into the hole. ย Rather, theyโ€™re made to improve the
surface finish, roundness, and hole size quickly and easily.

Reamers are certainly not the be all and end all of hole boring, but if youโ€™ve
never used one, give it a try. One thing to keep in mind when using reamers is
hole size guidelines. If you make the hole too large (i.e. to close to the
reamerโ€™s finished bore size without going over), there isnโ€™t enough meat for the
reamer to do its job. Too small and youโ€™re making the precision reamer work way
too hard.

There was recentlyย some back and forth on CNCZoneย about reamer hole sizes, and I
felt like it would be a good time to throw out that G-Wizard tells you the
recommended guidelines for how far undersized to make your holes before reaming:



G-Wizard says to make the hole 0.010 โ€“ 0.025โ€ณ undersized for a 1/2โ€ณ reamer, and
it tells you the closest twist drill size in that rangeโ€ฆ

Did you notice that down in the Tips area (right above the Tortoise and Hare),
G-Wizard tells you the right twist drill size?

Give G-Wizard a try. Itโ€™s gives you the starting hole size and good feeds and
speeds for both HSS and carbide reamers. ย Best of all, itโ€™s free during your 30
day trial.


PRE-REAM DRILL SIZE CHART

The hole that will be reamed must first be drilled to an undersized
diameter.ย ย Typically, the rule of thumb is to keep 0.010โ€ณ to 0.015โ€ณ material
after drilling for the reamer to remove.ย  Very small diameters, say 1/32โ€ณ or
less, should have 0.003โ€ณ to 0.006โ€ณ of material to remove by reaming.ย  Rather
than using a fixed range, it is better to use a percentage.ย  Make the hole 2-3%
smaller than the reamerโ€™s diameter.ย  If conditions are good, you can have the
hole be up to 5% smaller than the reamerโ€™s diameter.

If the hole is poorly drilled, more material may need to be available to allow
the reamer to clean up the hole sufficiently.

One of the most common mistakes using a reamer is to leave insufficient stock
for the reamer to cut.ย  If this happens, the reamer will rub instead of cutting
which will result in excessive wear, poor tool life, and inability to hold
diameter tolerances.

BTW, our G-Wizard Calculator will tell you the hole size as part of a Feeds and
Speeds Calculation for Reamers.ย  But, for those who want an old-fashioned chart,
here you go:




OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS

Given a decent hole and the proper reamer selected, here are some of the
remaining operating conditions that must be met for optimal performance:

 * Make sure the workpiece is held tightly so it canโ€™t flex, shift, or
   vibrate/chatter.
 * Use a good quality chuck to hold the reamer.
 * Use recommended cutting fluids for the reamer.
 * Do not allow the reamerโ€™s flutes to become blocked with chips.
 * Line up the reamerโ€™s centerline as closely as possible on the holeโ€™s
   centerline.
 * Reaming an angled surface is not recommended if the angle is more than 5
   degrees.
 * Uses the shortest tool overhang (stickout) possible.


REAMER HOLDING

Reamers are typically held by precision collets or hydraulic chucks.


OTHER REAMING TIPS

HOW TO PROGRAM A REAMER IN CNC

CNCโ€™ers use a G85 canned cycle rather than a drilling cycle for reamers. The
drilling cycles rapid out of the hole which can mar the surface finish.

MAXIMUM REAMING DEPTH FOR HSS

HSS (High Speed Steel) is MUCH less rigid than Carbide.ย  If the hole depth is
greater than the limits below, you should be using a carbide reamer to ensure
the reamer canโ€™t flex and the hole stays straight.

Hole Diameter Max Hole Depth with HSS Reamer 0.1875โ€ณ to 0.3125โ€ณ 0.500โ€ณ 0.3126โ€ณ
to 0.7188โ€ณ 0.625โ€ณ 0.7189โ€ณ to 1.0625โ€ณ 0.750โ€ณ 1.0626โ€ณ to 1.5000โ€ณ 0.875โ€ณ



ย 

WORKHARDENING MATERIALS LIKE TITANIUM AND STAINLESS STEEL

In materials that can workharden, such as Titanium, itโ€™s desirable to keep a
light DOC (Depth of Cut).ย  The light DOC keeps chips thin so theyโ€™re easier to
evacuate.

REAMING TWICE

If two much stock remains after drilling, it is possible to use 2 sizes of
reamer to open up the hole.

HEAT TREATING REAMED HOLES

Heat Treatment will often shrink a reamed hole so do some experiments to
determine exactly how oversized the hole should be before any shrinkage will
bring it right down to spec and tolerances.

INTERRUPTED REAMING



A spiral flute reamerโ€ฆ

If there are hole interruptions, such as a keyway or cross hole, you should use
a spiral-flute reamer rather than a straight flute.ย  The spiral will help bridge
the gap so the reamer is supported at all times.ย  A straight flute reamer will
bang like crazy as every tooth catches on the interrupted edge.


REAMER TYPES AND SELECTION


REAMER GEOMETRY AND FLUTE STYLES

Reamers typically have one of the following flute styles:

 * Straight:ย  Best suited to non-chip forming materials.ย  The work best in thru
   holes as the lack of helix makes it hard for them to life chips out of a
   blind hole.
 * Right Hand Spiral:ย  May be used to pull chips out of a blind hole.ย  Spirals
   are also better than straight flutes for making interrupted cuts.ย  Due to
   aggressive geometry, they may cut slightly oversized.
 * Left Hand Spiral:ย  Preferred thru holes as the reverse spiral pushes chips
   down into the hole.ย  Good for interrupted cuts and hard materials.ย  Can
   potentially provide the very best size and finish.
 * Expansion Reamers:ย  Useful in in applications with abrasive materials that
   change the reamerโ€™s size through wear very quickly.ย  You can expand the
   diameter by turning a set screw.

In addition to flute style, reamer is geometry may be modified by these reamer
types:


TYPES OF REAMERS

CHUCKING REAMER

The most common type of reamer, pictured at the very top of this article, is a
Chucking Reamer.

TAPERED REAMER

A variety of uses required a tapered reamer than can finish a tapered hole:

 * Taper Pin Reamers are designed to ream holes for standard taper pins.ย  Cut
   the pilot hole a few thousands smaller than the small daimeter of the tapered
   hole.
 * Car Reamers are made for Railroad Car work.
 * Taper Pipe Reamers are used before tapping a tapered thread such as NPTF,
   Dryseal, or ANPT threads.
 * Bridge Reamers are used in structural steel applications such as bridge
   building and ship construction.

You can find tapered reamers especially made for most standard tapered holes.ย 
For example, hereโ€™s a 5 piece collection of Morse Taper reamers to fit 1 MT to 5
MT:



HAND REAMER

Hand Reamers are designed to be used by hand.ย  Since the human hand is not
capable of exerting as much force as a machine, Hand Reamers have special
features to make reaming easier:

 * tapered lead for easy entry
 * Square on the end for use with a wrench

Even so, theyโ€™re not recommended for removing very much material.

RING REAMERS / CUTTING RINGS



Cutting ring adjustable reamerโ€ฆ

These reamers can use replaceable inserts and they are often expandable to adapt
to tool wear.

PILOTED REAMER



When alignment is critical the best tool may be a piloted reamer.ย  The pilot is
non-cutting and acts as a guide to ensure alignment of multi-diameter holes.

DRILL REAMING



Drill Reamers combine a reamer and a drill into one tool.ย  They only work for
through holes, but they can save tool change time and really help lower costs.


COOLANT OPTIONS

Good quality cutting fluid can enhance surface finish and prolong the reamerโ€™s
useful life.ย  Through spindle coolant can be even more effective as it has a
positive effect on chip control and chip breaking.

Center Feed coolant aids chip clearing.ย  Use a Right Hand Spiral Reamer with
Center Fed Coolant to maximize chip clearing, especially in highly ductile
materials.


COST EFFECTIVE REAMER SELECTION:ย  CARBIDE VS HSS AND COBALT

This is basically a function of the number of parts to be made and the hardness
of the material being reamed.ย  For most materials, itโ€™s probably worth spending
for carbide if you need to ream more than about 40 parts.ย  Even 20 parts should
go carbide if you are reaming all but the very softest kinds of materials.


REAMER TROUBLESHOOTING

POOR FINISH

 * Unequal chamfers:ย  Reamer must be reground
 * Incorrect Margins:ย  Reamer must be reground
 * Excessive Spindle Runout:ย  Try a bushing 2 or 3 ten thousandths over reamer
   diameter.
 * Chatter:ย  Increase feed and reduce spindle rpms.ย  Use power feed.ย  Use spiral
   fluted reamer.
 * Insufficient Cutting Action:ย  Get a reamer with positive radial rake to
   reduce cutting pressure.

OVERSIZED HOLES,ย TAPERED HOLES, &ย BELL MOUTH HOLES

 * Misalignment:ย  Make sure your fixturing and setup allow the reamer to be
   right on center of the hole.ย  Use a floating holder if necessary.ย  Consider
   using precision bushings or piloted reamers.
 * Incorrect Feed and/or Speed:ย  use correct Feeds & Speeds.

EXCESSIVE TOOL WEAR

 * Improper stock removal:ย  Pre-ream hole should be 2-3% of reamer diameter
 * Excessive Reaming Pressure:ย  Reduce feed rate
 * Misalignment:ย  Make sure your fixturing and setup allow the reamer to be
   right on center of the hole.ย  Use a floating holder if necessary.ย  Consider
   using precision bushings or piloted reamers.

CROOKED HOLES

 * Drill walking or incorrect sharpening:ย  Make sure your pre-ream hole is good.

TOOL BREAKAGE

 * Excessive reaming pressure:ย  Reduce feed rate.
 * Misalignment:ย  Make sure your fixturing and setup allow the reamer to be
   right on center of the hole.ย  Use a floating holder if necessary.ย  Consider
   using precision bushings or piloted reamers.

ย 


ย 

ย 


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