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THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ICTS IN COMBATI

Introduction

I.C.Ts is important in the world in general and developing countries to be
specific. I.C.Ts have created significant impact in lots of areas in terms of
national development. When we check out the economy of the country, education,
religion, Social Science and Technology we can see that I.C.Ts have contributed
a lot in improving these areas. You may have a tendency to wonder how but as you
read along you'll understand and see the need for I.C.Ts in developing countries
(Johnson, 2008).

I.C.Ts make reference to technologies that provide usage of information through
telecommunications. It is similar to information technology (I.T), but focuses
primarily on communication technologies. This includes the web, wireless
networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums (Marke, 2003).

I.C.Ts are concerned mainly with information management that's, acquisition,
processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical
information by a microelectronics based communication of computer and
telecommunication as its main fields (Julliet, 2001).

The Role of ICTs in Organisations

If any organization like the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in Sierra
Leone is to grow and develop then there must be effective and efficient
communication in the organisation. Information whether it's pictorial, textual,
written or vocal form by which an information is communication throughout or the
reviser for the effective running of the organization the application of I. C.
T. is very important because it makes it very easy by using cell phone,
computers along with other devices that people use to communicate information is
due to the fact that we've what we call I. C. Ts. (Johnson 2008).

? Through I. C.Ts. technology user might have quick access to information
through an e-mail through by this it save the time of the staff just through at
his/her e-mail address he/she will know about the latest development in Criminal
Investigation Department, without likely to his/her or boss for information;

? I. C. Ts. have played very vital role in social media marketing activities and
the use of internet over the years and it is still making positive impact in our
society today. Without I.C.Ts;

? I.C.Ts. have made it possible for a person in one country to order goods from
another country, electronically from the second and shell out the dough
electronically in a third.
I. C.Ts. Have changed the planet industrial revolution forms from the mine tenth
century which change is permanent, since it creates new economic activities, new
relations of production, new political forces, new job, and new outlook of life;
? I.C.Ts. have plays great role in medical sector of Criminal Investigation

Department by improving on healthcare awareness delivery and public awareness on
important ailment. Through I. C. Ts. you can can get access to medical
information and trained specialists can reduce suffering and saves lives (Peter,
2005).

Historical background of the (C. I.D) in Sierra Leone

The Sierra Leone POLICE is the brainchild of the British government. Its
inception dates as far back as to 1808 when Freetown was declared a British
Crown Colony. In the lack of a formal organized body to keep the peace, some
retired British Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates were appointed by
Magistrates to come to Sierra Leone to keep law and order. Between 1863-1888 the
then Police Force had metamorphosed in order to address the ugly incidents, that
have been rearing their heads especially during the 1881 Koya and 1888 Sherbro
disturbances. These disturbances led to the development of police along the
frontier. In 1889, therefore, the authorities was divided- military and frontier
duties were bought out by the Frontier Police white Civilian duties were left
with the Frontier Police subsequently became known as the Court Messenger Force,
and were made in charge of the colony.

On the 27th October 1894, in the Royal Gazette of that date, the civil police in
the colony received the designation "The Sierra Leone POLICE" - (S. L.P.F) which
includes remained unchanged to this day. Captain V.F. Laphan was seconded from
the Army to regulate the authorities force, with the rank of superintendent and
Mr. Brooks, a metropolitan police officer, was appointed inspector of police. In
1909 superintendent Brooks was appointed the first commissioner of police.

No real significant strides occurred in the force, until, Mr. C. H. Ward,
(O.B.E.) Superintendent of Police from Nigerian, took over command of the force
as Commissioner of Police form Captain P. T. Brodie, in 1943. The effectiveness
of the force was 300, including two (2) expatriates, the Commissioner and the
Assistant Commissioner and Africans filled the others the other ranks. The
serious civil disturbances led to the quick introduction of the Riot Squad that
was subsequently trained to contain further riots. Mr. Ward raised the strength
to 600 and this created a welcome and overdue upsurge in promotion chances. For
the very first time Africans were promoted to the rank of Assistant
superintendent of Police (A. S. P) and a fleet of vehicles comprising cars,
lorries, motor cycle and bicycles was later obtained.

He started the correct training school at Port Loko in 1944, that was later
transferred to the naval camp at hasting where it stands even today. He also
started local communications between police departments and finally replace this
by way of a police wireless communication system which today cover the whole
country. Mr. Ward was succeeded by J. P. I. Forde who raised the strength to at
least one 1,000, sent the initial African sub-inspector to teach a Henden which
continued thenceforth. He introduced the initial proper FORCE STANDING ORDERS
(F. S. O.) the authorities FEDERATION and POLICE COUNICIL. In 1952 Mr. W. G.
more info took over and wasted no time in taking policing to the provinces which
led to its expansion. He affiliated the authorities force to International
Police Organization (INTERPOL) and disbanded the Riot Squad, there by
introducing something in which every police officer was taught not duties
whatever portion of the force he may be attached to.

Between 1963-1969 Mr. L. W. Leigh became the first Sierra Leonean Commissioner
of Police and under his leadership a police Act was established in 1964 that was
meant to consolidate and amend the laws associated with the Sierra Leone police
that is, the protection of life and property, the prevention and detection of
crime and the apprehension of offenders between 1969-1972, Mr. Jenkins M.E.G
Smith became the next Sierra Leone commissioner of police who led the force
through Republic in 1971.

The uniform at the moment consisted of grey shorts and grey jacket with black
shoes and cummerbund. Section 174 of the Sierra Leone Constitution of 1978
changed the original role of the force by the appointment of the ten
Commissioners of Police, Mr. P. C. Kaetu Smith [1973- 1979] as one of the seven
(7) appointed members of parliament by the Executive president, thus
politicizing the role of the police force.

Between 1981- 1984, Honorable C Kaetu Smith was succeeded by Hon. J. A. Grant.
In 1986, Hon. P. M. Johnson becomes the initial inspector - General of police.
On the very first of January, 1987, the force was re- divisionalized into police
divisions each division being represented by letters, ranging from "A" to "N"
and each division commanded by a chief officer [C. P. O]. They were further
sub-divided into police Districts and placed directly under the command of the
officer commanding districts [o/c] who can be a Deputy Superintendent of police
or Assistant Superintendent of Police (A.S.P.).

In 1987 Hon. James Bambay Kamara succeeded by Mr. P.M. Johnson. In December,
1991, in a bid to redeem the nice image of the Sierra Leone POLICE which had
seriously dented by politics, the British Government sent Mr. Keith Lewis, a
retired British Superintendent of Police to restructure the force. A number of
police courses were then introduced in to the curriculum so that you can enhance
the force in policing a modern democratic society training courses just like the
Junior and Senior Management Courses Trainers course, criminal investigation
Department course known as the Yorkshire Course was introduced which went a long
way to restructure the authorities.

The democratically elected Government of Dr. Ahmed Tejan Kabba in 1996 solicited
the services of the British Government to greatly help further restructure the
Sierra Leone Police Force. The British Government responded by sending a team
referred to as the Commonwealth Police Development Task Force. that was headed
by the Inspector-General of police, Mr. Kieth Biddle.Under the dynamic
leadership of the British born Inspector- General of police, the Sierra Leone
police force is gradually regained the confidence of the public through the
change management under the new restructured program, so that the force may
become "Force For Good' which is its known for today. (Sierra Leone Police
Prospectus 2014).

Activities of Criminal Investigation Department (CID)

The following are the actions untaken by CID of the Sierra Leone Police:

Documentation

Crimes scene investigators are charged with the responsibility of formally
documenting the crime scene. This documentation is normally permanent and
constitutes the official record of the investigation. It is usually forwarded to
officers and police agencies for further use and investigation. Documentation
includes photograph, diagrams and sketches, and written notes. At this stage,
the crimes scene investigation usually make some type of initial interpretation
of the evidence at hand and document what taken by the investigators at what
taken by the investigators at the scene Effective documentation allows for an
accurate re-party, for instance a forensics team.

Legal Duties

The investigator must perform several legal duties with regards to previous
work. Predicated on their investigation, crime scene investigators help lawyers
along with other legal officials prepare criminal proceedings. They normally
meet to explain their official reports and the data, making certain it's
understood. Investigators are also called to testify in court, where they are
the foremost authority on which was on the scene and what conclusions were
drawn.

They must be able to explain what the evidence means and why certain conclusions
seem compelling based on investigation. Crime scene investigators must be
familiar with National and state laws sufficient reason for relevant case law to
place the data in perspective.

Evidence Collection

Once the scene has been secured, surveyed and documented, the crime scene
investigator leads an attempt to get relevant evidence. This process could be
slow and requires a lot of patience, as well as the capability to effectively
communicate and collaborate with others. An capability to properly and
delicately deploy equipment is paramount here. Evidence, such as articles of
clothing hair, nail clippings and fiber samples, must be collected in such a
manner that its integrity is preserved. Labeled and sealed pouches keep up with
the integrity of the data in addition to the chain of custody. The investigator
also is in charge of maintaining the integrity of the crime scene by roping off
the region, keeping witnesses from tampering with evidence and making spots
where evidence was collected.

Search

The initial search, also called scene recognition, is the first walkthrough that
or crime scene investigator takes. Upon the initial examination, the crime scene
investigator develops a strategy to approach the scene and apprehend evidence.
This can include factors such as for example what directing to go in,
prioritizing evidence that may disappear or be harmed; and determining what
equipment and resources are essential to effectively take stock of the
situation. The crime scene investigator can assemble and lead the team to
investigate the scene and collect evidence. Murder scenes, for instance, may
require investigators to collect blood and tissue samples, fingerprint, shoe
casings. A robbery may necessitate fingerprints, from points of entry along with
other surfaces the burglar may have touched.

Examples of ICTs utilized by the C I D

In modern times, policing has been finished with the application of
technological what to enable them carryout their activities with the ease and
for effective and efficient service delivery. ICTs. make reference to
technologies that provide usage of information, through telecommunication which
is similar to information technology (I T), but here focus is primarily on
communication technologies. This consists of the web, wireless networks, cell
phones along with other communication media The next information communication
technologies are used by the CID of the Sierra Leone police

? Closed-Circuit television (CCTV): to monitor events/ happenings of their areas
of responsibilities also to be utilized as pictorial/ visual evidence in court
and for records purposes.

? Digital Cameras: these are used to take snap shots of enable effective and
efficient investigations with real evidence to be tendered in court as evidence.

? Drivers: these are used to save/keep useful information about an investigation
such as progress reports, abstract reports, summary of evidence, and
proceedings/rulings about a matter.

? Photo Copiers: they're primarily used to duplicate reports and other documents
to be distributed to various authorities concerned for his or her personal
directives and necessary action.

? Scanners: these are most typical now due to terrorist threats and can be used
for humans, cars and for baggage's as a way to detect / prevent crime and
worries of crime and to restore confidence in the populace. It can be used to
detect any offensive objects/ weapons and to prevent any mishap.

? Computers: are now commonly used to investigate criminal worldwide. Through
computers, the Interpol can track criminals out of every continent and the many
police headquarters can liaise with one another to have the desired outcome.
Also, could computing has been so much influential investigations to be able to
locate the where about of criminals also to track their acts/actions and
accomplices.

Problems associated with the usage of ICTs and information delivery of the CID
in the Sierra Leone Police.

? Power Challenges: Insufficient consistent and affordable electricity is the
greatest challenge in designing a computing infrastructure for criminal
information (or any other application that matter). The vast majority of
criminal investigation facilities in the criminal investigation department have
no main power and, where available, such power is normally extremely unreliable
or so unstable that it poses a threat to unprotected electronic equipment.

? Environmental Challenges: The physical environment in Sierra Leone and
generally in most other areas in the country is seen as a some combination of
heat, dust and humidity, each of which is a problem for standard computers. High
speed Central Processing Units generate large numbers of heat that, if not
properly dissipated, reduces performance or can render these systems in
operable. Dust threatens sensitive electronics by shorting circuits and impeding
airflow and heat dissipation. Humidity leads to condensation corrosion and also
mold, which can cause electrical problems and possibly shorten equipment
lifespan.

? Connectivity Challenges: Insufficient affordable connectivity and bandwidth in
the primary obstacle to several of the very most promising criminal
investigation applications in the CID, including training initiatives and other
real- time support Lack of connectivity also complicates more basic efforts to
collect and analyse criminal information.

CONCLUSION

It really is increasingly clear that information is the life blood of the CID
system. Accurate, timely and accessible crime information strengthens literally
every section of the system, from policy making, to logistic and training. In
contrast, inefficient crime information systems suffer from an information
anemia that weakens the system.

Sadly, all too many crime systems in the developing world still suffer from the
same information shock, something threaten condition characterized by the
inability to generate access or act on even probably the most essential crime
information. Success or failure of ICTs deployment in Criminal Investigation
Department depends on access to affordable, integrated solutions which are both
sustainable in low resource setting and adaptable to local condition invented is
actively developing and deploying such system specially to address this need.
Hence, it is quite necessary to remember that ICTs play a critical and crucial
role in enhancing the successful provision, management and delivery of
information in combating crimes.

References

Johnson, Jade (2008). ICTs in Developing Nations. London: Aslib.

Julliet, Roy (2001). The Impact of ICTs in the Educational Sector. London: Sage
Publication Limited.

Marke, Richard (2003). ICTs in Education. London: ASLIB.

Peter, Jones (2005). Information Management. London: Oxford University Press.

Sierra Leone Police Prospectus (2014). Freetown: Government Printing Department.
Public Last Update: 2023-04-16 19:07:04



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