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Skip to main content Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy.× * Log In * Sign Up * Log In * Sign Up * more * * Job Board * About * Press * Blog * People * Papers * Terms * Privacy * Copyright * We're Hiring! * Help Center * less * Arvind Iyengar 1.2 | University of New England - Australia, Linguistics, Faculty Member University of New England - Australia, Linguistics, Faculty Member | Sociolinguistics +8 University of New England, Armidale, Australia less 147 Followers | 13 Following | 8,603Total Views | — follow following * * * all * 11 Papers * 1 Book Reviews * 3 Conference Presentations * 2 Thesis Chapters Papers Sindhī Multiscriptality, Past and Present: A Sociolinguistic Investigation into Community Acceptance of a thesis for a Doctorate of Philosophy submitted to the University of New England, Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 3 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Self-Perceptions of Heritage Language Shift among young Sindhis in Pune ABSTRACT The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts... more ABSTRACT The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the country—mostly urban areas such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad. Previous studies that have researched the linguistic habits of the Sindhi community in India (Khubchandani 1963, Daswani &amp; Parchani 1978; Daswani 1985, Parchani 1998) largely suggest that there is progressive inter-generational heritage language shift among urban Sindhis, many of whom have adopted either English or Hindi as the home language. However, most of the literature regarding such shift is based on empirical data, and has stopped short of actively exploring the mindset of such Sindhis who have undergone heritage language shift. Hence, the present study aimed to find out from young Sindhis in Pune, India, who admitted to having undergone heritage language shift, what they thought were the reasons behind this shift. The thirteen informants selected by snowball sampling were all Sindhi women and men who admitted to having poor or extremely limited ability in Sindhi, were below 35 years of age, and had spent a majority of their life (&gt;50%) in Pune. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with each of the informants, and the resulting data analysed using qualitative methods, namely thematic analysis. The views provided by these informants suggested that ability in a language was largely a function of three parameters – necessity, exposure and affinity. All informants rated their need for, exposure to and emotional attachment to the Sindhi language as low, resulting in correspondingly poor competence in Sindhi. Save to LibraryEdit 2 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact A diachronic analysis of Sindhi multiscriptality Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country pres... more Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country present the situation as a binary choice between Perso-Arabic and Devanagari. However, such debates almost always fail to take into account the fact that the Sindhi language has, for most of its written history, been written in multiple scripts by different user groups and for different purposes. This study investigates the rich history of multiscriptality in the Sindhi language by analysing data on the use of various scripts for the language from the tenth century to the present day. I show that, historically, the Sindhi community chose and used scripts based on utilitarian and pragmatic principles, rather than on ideology or prejudice. I also demonstrate that script choice in the Sindhi community was determined by religio-occupational needs, one’s gender affiliation as well as the purpose and function of writing. In doing so, I argue that the case of Sindhi multiscriptality makes significa... Save to LibraryEdit 3 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact A diachronic analysis of Sindhi multiscriptality Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country pres... more Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country present the situation as a binary choice between Perso-Arabic and Devanagari. However, such debates almost always fail to take into account the fact that the Sindhi language has, for most of its written history, been written in multiple scripts by different user groups and for different purposes. This study investigates the rich history of multiscriptality in the Sindhi language by analysing data on the use of various scripts for the language from the tenth century to the present day. I show that, historically, the Sindhi community chose and used scripts based on utilitarian and pragmatic principles, rather than on ideology or prejudice. I also demonstrate that script choice in the Sindhi community was determined by religio-occupational needs, one’s gender affiliation as well as the purpose and function of writing. In doing so, I argue that the case of Sindhi multiscriptality makes significa... Save to LibraryEdit 2 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Variation in Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī Sindhī orthographies Written Language and Literacy The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the ... more The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the twentieth century, Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī emerged as the dominant scripts for the language. Today, Perso-Arabic is the sole official script for Sindhī in Pakistan, while both Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī are in concurrent use for the language in India. This paper identifies and analyses areas of orthographic standardisation and variation in the Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī scripts for Sindhī, focusing primarily on practices in the Indian context. It first classifies orthographic variation into that stemming from phonological ambiguity, and that which is purely graphematic. The former includes the representation of reduced vowels, gemination, vocalic endings, loanwords, consonant clusters and sounds of unclear phonemic status. The latter includes the shapes and positioning of diacritics, allographs, derivative graphemes and collation orders. The paper concludes by summarising the possi... Save to LibraryEdit 3 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact A Phonological Overview of the Hebbar Iyengar Language The language variety of the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar’) is a mino... more The language variety of the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar’) is a minority Dravidian language variety (no reliable statistics; unofficial estimates ~ 50,000 speakers) spoken in the areas of southern Karnataka where the community has traditionally been based (Bangalore, Mysore, Mandya, Haasan and Tumkur districts in particular). It is closely related to standard Tamil, but has been significantly influenced by Kannada, particularly in terms of lexicon. This paper will phonemically (and, where required, phonetically) analyse the following aspects of Hebbar – - comparison of phonemic inventory with that of standard Tamil; - comparisons of pronouns, person-number-gender (PNG) markers, and non-PNG markers in Hebbar with those of standard Tamil; - comparison of word-final nasalisation with standard Tamil; - concept of surface and underlying phonetic forms; - vowel harmony; - vowel lowering before retroflexes; - phonemic assimilation of borrowings from Kannada and... Save to LibraryEdit 8 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Self-Perceptions of Heritage Language Shift among Young Sindhis in Pune The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the c... more The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the country—mostly urban areas such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad. Previous studies that have researched the linguistic habits of the Sindhi community in India (Khubchandani 1963, Daswani & Parchani 1978; Daswani 1985, Parchani 1998) largely suggest that there is progressive inter-generational heritage language shift among urban Sindhis, many of whom have adopted either English or Hindi as the home language. However, most of the literature regarding such shift is based on empirical data, and has stopped short of actively exploring the mindset of such Sindhis who have undergone heritage language shift. Hence, the present study aimed to find out from young Sindhis in Pune, India, who admitted to having undergone heritage language shift, what they thought were the reasons behind this shift. The thirteen informants selected by snowball sampling were all Sindhi women and men who admitted to... Save to LibraryEdit 1 ViewPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Self-Perceptions of Heritage Language Shift among Young Sindhis in Pune The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the c... more The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the country—mostly urban areas such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad. Previous studies that have researched the linguistic habits of the Sindhi community in India (Khubchandani 1963, Daswani & Parchani 1978; Daswani 1985, Parchani 1998) largely suggest that there is progressive inter-generational heritage language shift among urban Sindhis, many of whom have adopted either English or Hindi as the home language. However, most of the literature regarding such shift is based on empirical data, and has stopped short of actively exploring the mindset of such Sindhis who have undergone heritage language shift. Hence, the present study aimed to find out from young Sindhis in Pune, India, who admitted to having undergone heritage language shift, what they thought were the reasons behind this shift. The thirteen informants selected by snowball sampling were all Sindhi women and men who admitted to... Save to LibraryEdit 1 ViewPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Variation in Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī Sindhī orthographies: An overview Written Language & Literacy, 2018 The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the ... more The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the twentieth century, Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī emerged as the dominant scripts for the language. Today, Perso-Arabic is the sole official script for Sindhī in Pakistan, while both Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī are in concurrent use for the language in India. This paper identifies and analyses areas of orthographic standardisation and variation in the Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī scripts for Sindhī , focusing primarily on practices in the Indian context. It first classifies orthographic variation into that stemming from phonological ambiguity, and that which is purely graphematic. The former includes the representation of reduced vowels, gemination, vocalic endings, loanwords, consonant clusters and sounds of unclear phonemic status. The latter includes the shapes and positioning of diacritics, allographs, derivative graphemes and collation orders. The paper concludes by summarising the possible pedagogical implications of such orthographic standardisation and variation. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 267 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Sindhī multiscriptality, past and present: a sociolinguistic investigation into community acceptance Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 2017 Abstract of a thesis for a Doctorate of Philosophy submitted to the University of New England, Ar... more Abstract of a thesis for a Doctorate of Philosophy submitted to the University of New England, Armidale, Australia Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 26 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Other Tongue: Heritage Language Shift among Young Sindhis in Pune Asian Journal of English Studies, 2013 Earlier studies have revealed that heritage language shift is indeed taking place among sections ... more Earlier studies have revealed that heritage language shift is indeed taking place among sections of the Sindhi community in India. This study analysed the opinions of Sindhis in Pune below 35 years of age who admitted to having undergone such language shift, as to why this shift has occurred, and to what extent English is responsible for it. The results showed that learning or using a language, in the eyes of the informants, depended on the necessity of, exposure to and prestige associated with that language. It emerged that English ranked highly and Sindhi ranked low on all three parameters. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 100 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Book Reviews Book Review: Towards openly multilingual policies and practices: Assessing minority language maintenance across Europe Current Issues in Language Planning, 2017 Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 55 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Conference Presentations Pronouns and grammatical markers in Hebbar Tamil The Tamil variety spoken by the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar Tamil’ ... more The Tamil variety spoken by the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar Tamil’ or ‘HT’) is a minority language variety (no reliable statistics; unofficial estimates ~ 50,000 speakers) traditionally spoken in southern Karnataka, where the majority of community members still reside. Based on community legends that describe their out-migration from Srirangam town in present-day Tamil Nadu and subsequent settlement in and around Melukote town in present-day Karnataka, it is hypothesised that Hebbar Tamil split from Middle Tamil (the basis for Literary Tamil or ‘LT’) around the 13th century AD. This has meant that HT has developed independently of modern Spoken Tamil (ST) in Tamil Nadu. *** HT has been most significantly influenced by standard Kannada, which is the majority language spoken in the community’s traditional areas of residence. However, Kannada influence on the language has remained largely lexical; the core vocabulary of HT including function words and pronouns, person-number-gender (PNG) and tense-aspect-mood (TAM) markers remain perceptibly of Tamil origin. That said, pronouns and grammatical markers in HT have indeed undergone some degree of phonetic change, such that they are no longer identical to their counterparts in modern ST. *** This paper will compare and contrast pronouns and PNG-TAM markers in HT with those in LT and ST. This will include, among other things, a comparison of the divergent evolution of LT word-final nasal stops on pronouns and grammatical markers in HT and ST, e.g. (i) LT <nāṉ> --> ST /nãː/, HT /naːnʉ/ ‘I’, but (ii) LT <pōkirēṉ> ST /poːrɛ̃ː/, HT /poːreː/ ‘I go’ *** It will also discuss the concept of surface and underlying forms, namely the variation in phonetic forms of a grammatical marker with and without morphological suffixes, e.g. (i) LT <paṇṇukiṟāṉ> --> ST [pɐɳɳʉrɑ̃ː], HT [pɐɳɳʉrʊ] ‘he does’, but (ii) LT <paṇṇukiṟāṉā> --> ST [pɐɳɳʉrɑːnɑː], HT [pɐɳɳʉrɑːnɑː] ‘does he do?’ Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 388 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Romanisation of Indian Languages: A diachronic analysis of its failure This paper will cover the rich but understudied history of the usage of the Roman script (ABCD…XY... more This paper will cover the rich but understudied history of the usage of the Roman script (ABCD…XYZ) for the languages of the Indian Subcontinent. The romanisation of languages in various non-European multilingual regions, such as East and South-East Asia, Africa and the Middle East, has been relatively well-documented and studied. However, any comprehensive diachronic analysis of the—ultimately unsuccessful—attempts at romanising languages in India has yet to appear. This paper is an initial effort in that direction. *** This paper comprises two sections. The first section, spanning the years 1616 to 1947, will first deal with the initial efforts by Europeans in India to transcribe Indian languages in the Roman script. It will then describe the subsequent attempts by various European and Indian proponents to introduce a uniform romanisation system throughout India, and their eventual failure. The second section will seek to answer various questions that arise during the preceding historical analysis, based on the Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Romanisation (Aytürk 2010a, 2010b). *** Since this paper largely deals with the period prior to the Partition of British India into modern-day India and Pakistan in 1947, the term ‘India’ in this paper shall mean the entire Indian Subcontinent. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 269 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact A Phonological Overview of the Hebbar Iyengar language The language variety of the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar’) is a mino... more The language variety of the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar’) is a minority Dravidian language variety (no reliable statistics; unofficial estimates ~ 100,000 speakers) spoken in the areas of southern Karnataka where the community has traditionally been based (Bangalore, Mysore, Mandya, Haasan and Tumkur districts in particular). It is closely related to standard Tamil, but has been significantly influenced by Kannada, particularly in terms of lexicon. *** Based on oral or anecdotal evidence, it is generally believed that Hebbar split from Medieval Tamil—the ancestor of Modern Tamil—around the 13th century AD, with the supposed migration of its speakers from Tamil Nadu into Karnataka. This has meant that the language has developed independently from modern standard Tamil, or indeed most recognised varieties of Tamil spoken in Tamil Nadu. *** This paper will phonemically (and, where required, phonetically) analyse the following aspects of Hebbar: (i) comparison of phonemic inventory with that of standard Tamil; (ii) comparisons of pronouns, person-number-gender (PNG) markers, and non-PNG markers in Hebbar with those of standard Tamil; (iii) comparison of word-final nasalisation with standard Tamil; (iv) concept of surface and underlying phonetic forms; (v) vowel harmony; (vi) vowel lowering before retroflexes; (vii) phonemic assimilation of borrowings from Kannada and other contact languages. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 5,274 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Thesis Chapters Self-Perceptions of Heritage Language Shift Among Young Sindhis in Pune The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the ... more The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the country—mostly urban areas such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad. Previous studies that have researched the linguistic habits of the Sindhi community in India (Khubchandani 1963, Daswani & Parchani 1978; Daswani 1985, Parchani 1998) largely suggest that there is progressive inter-generational heritage language shift among urban Sindhis, many of whom have adopted either English or Hindi as the home language. However, most of the literature regarding such shift is based on empirical data, and has stopped short of actively exploring the mindset of such Sindhis who have undergone heritage language shift. *** Hence, the present study aimed to find out from young Sindhis in Pune, India, who admitted to having undergone heritage language shift, what they thought were the reasons behind this shift. The thirteen informants selected by snowball sampling were all Sindhi women and men who admitted to having poor or extremely limited ability in Sindhi, were below 35 years of age, and had spent a majority of their life (>50%) in Pune. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with each of the informants, and the resulting data analysed using qualitative methods, namely thematic analysis. *** The views provided by these informants suggested that ability in a language was largely a function of three parameters – necessity, exposure and affinity. All informants rated their need for, exposure to and emotional attachment to the Sindhi language as low, resulting in correspondingly poor competence in Sindhi. *** Keywords: heritage language, language shift, Sindhi, thematic analysis Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 860 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Sindhī Multiscriptality, Past and Present: A Sociolinguistic Investigation into Community Acceptance This thesis is on the sociolinguistics of writing. It investigates the use of scripts for the Sin... more This thesis is on the sociolinguistics of writing. It investigates the use of scripts for the Sindhī language of South Asia, both from a diachronic and synchronic perspective. The thesis first analyses the rich but understudied script history of the Sindhī language from the tenth century to modern times. In doing so, it investigates the domains in which certain scripts were used, and identifies definite patterns in their distribution. Particular attention is paid to Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī, which emerged as the two most widely used scripts for the language in the twentieth century. The diachronic analysis draws on several linguistic, literary and other academic works on the Sindhī language and brings to the fore hitherto neglected data on historical script use for the language. The thesis then presents and analyses oral interview data on community opinion on the recent proposal to use the Roman script to read and write Sindhī. The synchronic analysis is based on original fieldwork data, comprising in-depth qualitative interviews with fifty members of the Indian Sindhī community of diverse backgrounds and ages from various geographical locations. Empirically, this work is one of the first to provide a comprehensive diachronic and synchronic review and analysis of script practices in the Sindhī community specifically from a sociolinguistic perspective. It also provides revealing insights into the kinds of expectations an urbanised, highly educated and socioeconomically successful minority has of a writing system for its language. In doing so, the study challenges the prevalent simplistic claim in the literature that minority communities are desirous of seeing their language in writing. Most importantly, this work indicates the emergence of a so-called new variety of Sindhī phonology in India, which differs subtly from the old variety phonology. The implications of this subtle shift in phonology for Sindhī pedagogical material form a key part of the findings of this study. Theoretically, this work contributes to the concept of orthographic transfer, which is the phenomenon of phoneme-grapheme correspondences in a particular orthography being inadvertently applied to another orthography. The study also affirms the presence of a scriptal diglossia, or digraphia, in script use for the Sindhī language, where the use of particular scripts for the language is implicitly determined by domain and context. The potential impact of orthographic transfer and digraphia on the pedagogy of lesser-learnt languages is a key part of the study’s findings. Methodologically, the juxtaposition of historical and present-day sociolinguistic factors at play offers a fresh and nuanced look at the rise and fall of scripts in the context of a language with a centuries-old written tradition. The study concludes that usage of a particular script for a language is not the result of a simplistic binary opposition between authoritarian imposition and voluntary choice. Rather, it is a reflection of several pragmatic and symbolic considerations by the community in question. The thesis puts into perspective the various psychological, socioeconomic and cultural forces at work in determining script use for the Sindhī language. In doing so, the thesis makes several additions not just to the existing body of knowledge on the Sindhī language, but also to the fledgling field of inquiry that is the sociolinguistics of writing. These varied and unique contributions set the study apart from previous research on the subject. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 790 ViewsPaperRank: 1.8 Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Sindhī Multiscriptality, Past and Present: A Sociolinguistic Investigation into Community Acceptance of a thesis for a Doctorate of Philosophy submitted to the University of New England, Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 3 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Self-Perceptions of Heritage Language Shift among young Sindhis in Pune ABSTRACT The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts... more ABSTRACT The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the country—mostly urban areas such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad. Previous studies that have researched the linguistic habits of the Sindhi community in India (Khubchandani 1963, Daswani &amp; Parchani 1978; Daswani 1985, Parchani 1998) largely suggest that there is progressive inter-generational heritage language shift among urban Sindhis, many of whom have adopted either English or Hindi as the home language. However, most of the literature regarding such shift is based on empirical data, and has stopped short of actively exploring the mindset of such Sindhis who have undergone heritage language shift. Hence, the present study aimed to find out from young Sindhis in Pune, India, who admitted to having undergone heritage language shift, what they thought were the reasons behind this shift. The thirteen informants selected by snowball sampling were all Sindhi women and men who admitted to having poor or extremely limited ability in Sindhi, were below 35 years of age, and had spent a majority of their life (&gt;50%) in Pune. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with each of the informants, and the resulting data analysed using qualitative methods, namely thematic analysis. The views provided by these informants suggested that ability in a language was largely a function of three parameters – necessity, exposure and affinity. All informants rated their need for, exposure to and emotional attachment to the Sindhi language as low, resulting in correspondingly poor competence in Sindhi. Save to LibraryEdit 2 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact A diachronic analysis of Sindhi multiscriptality Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country pres... more Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country present the situation as a binary choice between Perso-Arabic and Devanagari. However, such debates almost always fail to take into account the fact that the Sindhi language has, for most of its written history, been written in multiple scripts by different user groups and for different purposes. This study investigates the rich history of multiscriptality in the Sindhi language by analysing data on the use of various scripts for the language from the tenth century to the present day. I show that, historically, the Sindhi community chose and used scripts based on utilitarian and pragmatic principles, rather than on ideology or prejudice. I also demonstrate that script choice in the Sindhi community was determined by religio-occupational needs, one’s gender affiliation as well as the purpose and function of writing. In doing so, I argue that the case of Sindhi multiscriptality makes significa... Save to LibraryEdit 3 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact A diachronic analysis of Sindhi multiscriptality Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country pres... more Recent debates in modern India on which script to use for the Sindhi language in the country present the situation as a binary choice between Perso-Arabic and Devanagari. However, such debates almost always fail to take into account the fact that the Sindhi language has, for most of its written history, been written in multiple scripts by different user groups and for different purposes. This study investigates the rich history of multiscriptality in the Sindhi language by analysing data on the use of various scripts for the language from the tenth century to the present day. I show that, historically, the Sindhi community chose and used scripts based on utilitarian and pragmatic principles, rather than on ideology or prejudice. I also demonstrate that script choice in the Sindhi community was determined by religio-occupational needs, one’s gender affiliation as well as the purpose and function of writing. In doing so, I argue that the case of Sindhi multiscriptality makes significa... Save to LibraryEdit 2 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Variation in Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī Sindhī orthographies Written Language and Literacy The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the ... more The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the twentieth century, Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī emerged as the dominant scripts for the language. Today, Perso-Arabic is the sole official script for Sindhī in Pakistan, while both Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī are in concurrent use for the language in India. This paper identifies and analyses areas of orthographic standardisation and variation in the Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī scripts for Sindhī, focusing primarily on practices in the Indian context. It first classifies orthographic variation into that stemming from phonological ambiguity, and that which is purely graphematic. The former includes the representation of reduced vowels, gemination, vocalic endings, loanwords, consonant clusters and sounds of unclear phonemic status. The latter includes the shapes and positioning of diacritics, allographs, derivative graphemes and collation orders. The paper concludes by summarising the possi... Save to LibraryEdit 3 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact A Phonological Overview of the Hebbar Iyengar Language The language variety of the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar’) is a mino... more The language variety of the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar’) is a minority Dravidian language variety (no reliable statistics; unofficial estimates ~ 50,000 speakers) spoken in the areas of southern Karnataka where the community has traditionally been based (Bangalore, Mysore, Mandya, Haasan and Tumkur districts in particular). It is closely related to standard Tamil, but has been significantly influenced by Kannada, particularly in terms of lexicon. This paper will phonemically (and, where required, phonetically) analyse the following aspects of Hebbar – - comparison of phonemic inventory with that of standard Tamil; - comparisons of pronouns, person-number-gender (PNG) markers, and non-PNG markers in Hebbar with those of standard Tamil; - comparison of word-final nasalisation with standard Tamil; - concept of surface and underlying phonetic forms; - vowel harmony; - vowel lowering before retroflexes; - phonemic assimilation of borrowings from Kannada and... Save to LibraryEdit 8 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Self-Perceptions of Heritage Language Shift among Young Sindhis in Pune The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the c... more The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the country—mostly urban areas such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad. Previous studies that have researched the linguistic habits of the Sindhi community in India (Khubchandani 1963, Daswani & Parchani 1978; Daswani 1985, Parchani 1998) largely suggest that there is progressive inter-generational heritage language shift among urban Sindhis, many of whom have adopted either English or Hindi as the home language. However, most of the literature regarding such shift is based on empirical data, and has stopped short of actively exploring the mindset of such Sindhis who have undergone heritage language shift. Hence, the present study aimed to find out from young Sindhis in Pune, India, who admitted to having undergone heritage language shift, what they thought were the reasons behind this shift. The thirteen informants selected by snowball sampling were all Sindhi women and men who admitted to... Save to LibraryEdit 1 ViewPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Self-Perceptions of Heritage Language Shift among Young Sindhis in Pune The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the c... more The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the country—mostly urban areas such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad. Previous studies that have researched the linguistic habits of the Sindhi community in India (Khubchandani 1963, Daswani & Parchani 1978; Daswani 1985, Parchani 1998) largely suggest that there is progressive inter-generational heritage language shift among urban Sindhis, many of whom have adopted either English or Hindi as the home language. However, most of the literature regarding such shift is based on empirical data, and has stopped short of actively exploring the mindset of such Sindhis who have undergone heritage language shift. Hence, the present study aimed to find out from young Sindhis in Pune, India, who admitted to having undergone heritage language shift, what they thought were the reasons behind this shift. The thirteen informants selected by snowball sampling were all Sindhi women and men who admitted to... Save to LibraryEdit 1 ViewPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Variation in Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī Sindhī orthographies: An overview Written Language & Literacy, 2018 The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the ... more The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the twentieth century, Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī emerged as the dominant scripts for the language. Today, Perso-Arabic is the sole official script for Sindhī in Pakistan, while both Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī are in concurrent use for the language in India. This paper identifies and analyses areas of orthographic standardisation and variation in the Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī scripts for Sindhī , focusing primarily on practices in the Indian context. It first classifies orthographic variation into that stemming from phonological ambiguity, and that which is purely graphematic. The former includes the representation of reduced vowels, gemination, vocalic endings, loanwords, consonant clusters and sounds of unclear phonemic status. The latter includes the shapes and positioning of diacritics, allographs, derivative graphemes and collation orders. The paper concludes by summarising the possible pedagogical implications of such orthographic standardisation and variation. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 267 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Sindhī multiscriptality, past and present: a sociolinguistic investigation into community acceptance Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 2017 Abstract of a thesis for a Doctorate of Philosophy submitted to the University of New England, Ar... more Abstract of a thesis for a Doctorate of Philosophy submitted to the University of New England, Armidale, Australia Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 26 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Other Tongue: Heritage Language Shift among Young Sindhis in Pune Asian Journal of English Studies, 2013 Earlier studies have revealed that heritage language shift is indeed taking place among sections ... more Earlier studies have revealed that heritage language shift is indeed taking place among sections of the Sindhi community in India. This study analysed the opinions of Sindhis in Pune below 35 years of age who admitted to having undergone such language shift, as to why this shift has occurred, and to what extent English is responsible for it. The results showed that learning or using a language, in the eyes of the informants, depended on the necessity of, exposure to and prestige associated with that language. It emerged that English ranked highly and Sindhi ranked low on all three parameters. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 100 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Book Review: Towards openly multilingual policies and practices: Assessing minority language maintenance across Europe Current Issues in Language Planning, 2017 Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 55 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Pronouns and grammatical markers in Hebbar Tamil The Tamil variety spoken by the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar Tamil’ ... more The Tamil variety spoken by the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar Tamil’ or ‘HT’) is a minority language variety (no reliable statistics; unofficial estimates ~ 50,000 speakers) traditionally spoken in southern Karnataka, where the majority of community members still reside. Based on community legends that describe their out-migration from Srirangam town in present-day Tamil Nadu and subsequent settlement in and around Melukote town in present-day Karnataka, it is hypothesised that Hebbar Tamil split from Middle Tamil (the basis for Literary Tamil or ‘LT’) around the 13th century AD. This has meant that HT has developed independently of modern Spoken Tamil (ST) in Tamil Nadu. *** HT has been most significantly influenced by standard Kannada, which is the majority language spoken in the community’s traditional areas of residence. However, Kannada influence on the language has remained largely lexical; the core vocabulary of HT including function words and pronouns, person-number-gender (PNG) and tense-aspect-mood (TAM) markers remain perceptibly of Tamil origin. That said, pronouns and grammatical markers in HT have indeed undergone some degree of phonetic change, such that they are no longer identical to their counterparts in modern ST. *** This paper will compare and contrast pronouns and PNG-TAM markers in HT with those in LT and ST. This will include, among other things, a comparison of the divergent evolution of LT word-final nasal stops on pronouns and grammatical markers in HT and ST, e.g. (i) LT <nāṉ> --> ST /nãː/, HT /naːnʉ/ ‘I’, but (ii) LT <pōkirēṉ> ST /poːrɛ̃ː/, HT /poːreː/ ‘I go’ *** It will also discuss the concept of surface and underlying forms, namely the variation in phonetic forms of a grammatical marker with and without morphological suffixes, e.g. (i) LT <paṇṇukiṟāṉ> --> ST [pɐɳɳʉrɑ̃ː], HT [pɐɳɳʉrʊ] ‘he does’, but (ii) LT <paṇṇukiṟāṉā> --> ST [pɐɳɳʉrɑːnɑː], HT [pɐɳɳʉrɑːnɑː] ‘does he do?’ Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 388 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Romanisation of Indian Languages: A diachronic analysis of its failure This paper will cover the rich but understudied history of the usage of the Roman script (ABCD…XY... more This paper will cover the rich but understudied history of the usage of the Roman script (ABCD…XYZ) for the languages of the Indian Subcontinent. The romanisation of languages in various non-European multilingual regions, such as East and South-East Asia, Africa and the Middle East, has been relatively well-documented and studied. However, any comprehensive diachronic analysis of the—ultimately unsuccessful—attempts at romanising languages in India has yet to appear. This paper is an initial effort in that direction. *** This paper comprises two sections. The first section, spanning the years 1616 to 1947, will first deal with the initial efforts by Europeans in India to transcribe Indian languages in the Roman script. It will then describe the subsequent attempts by various European and Indian proponents to introduce a uniform romanisation system throughout India, and their eventual failure. The second section will seek to answer various questions that arise during the preceding historical analysis, based on the Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Romanisation (Aytürk 2010a, 2010b). *** Since this paper largely deals with the period prior to the Partition of British India into modern-day India and Pakistan in 1947, the term ‘India’ in this paper shall mean the entire Indian Subcontinent. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 269 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact A Phonological Overview of the Hebbar Iyengar language The language variety of the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar’) is a mino... more The language variety of the Hebbar Iyengar community of Karnataka (henceforth ‘Hebbar’) is a minority Dravidian language variety (no reliable statistics; unofficial estimates ~ 100,000 speakers) spoken in the areas of southern Karnataka where the community has traditionally been based (Bangalore, Mysore, Mandya, Haasan and Tumkur districts in particular). It is closely related to standard Tamil, but has been significantly influenced by Kannada, particularly in terms of lexicon. *** Based on oral or anecdotal evidence, it is generally believed that Hebbar split from Medieval Tamil—the ancestor of Modern Tamil—around the 13th century AD, with the supposed migration of its speakers from Tamil Nadu into Karnataka. This has meant that the language has developed independently from modern standard Tamil, or indeed most recognised varieties of Tamil spoken in Tamil Nadu. *** This paper will phonemically (and, where required, phonetically) analyse the following aspects of Hebbar: (i) comparison of phonemic inventory with that of standard Tamil; (ii) comparisons of pronouns, person-number-gender (PNG) markers, and non-PNG markers in Hebbar with those of standard Tamil; (iii) comparison of word-final nasalisation with standard Tamil; (iv) concept of surface and underlying phonetic forms; (v) vowel harmony; (vi) vowel lowering before retroflexes; (vii) phonemic assimilation of borrowings from Kannada and other contact languages. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 5,274 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Self-Perceptions of Heritage Language Shift Among Young Sindhis in Pune The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the ... more The Sindhi community in India numbers about 2.5 million and has settled in various parts of the country—mostly urban areas such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Ahmedabad. Previous studies that have researched the linguistic habits of the Sindhi community in India (Khubchandani 1963, Daswani & Parchani 1978; Daswani 1985, Parchani 1998) largely suggest that there is progressive inter-generational heritage language shift among urban Sindhis, many of whom have adopted either English or Hindi as the home language. However, most of the literature regarding such shift is based on empirical data, and has stopped short of actively exploring the mindset of such Sindhis who have undergone heritage language shift. *** Hence, the present study aimed to find out from young Sindhis in Pune, India, who admitted to having undergone heritage language shift, what they thought were the reasons behind this shift. The thirteen informants selected by snowball sampling were all Sindhi women and men who admitted to having poor or extremely limited ability in Sindhi, were below 35 years of age, and had spent a majority of their life (>50%) in Pune. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with each of the informants, and the resulting data analysed using qualitative methods, namely thematic analysis. *** The views provided by these informants suggested that ability in a language was largely a function of three parameters – necessity, exposure and affinity. All informants rated their need for, exposure to and emotional attachment to the Sindhi language as low, resulting in correspondingly poor competence in Sindhi. *** Keywords: heritage language, language shift, Sindhi, thematic analysis Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 860 ViewsPaperRank: Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact Sindhī Multiscriptality, Past and Present: A Sociolinguistic Investigation into Community Acceptance This thesis is on the sociolinguistics of writing. It investigates the use of scripts for the Sin... more This thesis is on the sociolinguistics of writing. It investigates the use of scripts for the Sindhī language of South Asia, both from a diachronic and synchronic perspective. The thesis first analyses the rich but understudied script history of the Sindhī language from the tenth century to modern times. In doing so, it investigates the domains in which certain scripts were used, and identifies definite patterns in their distribution. Particular attention is paid to Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī, which emerged as the two most widely used scripts for the language in the twentieth century. The diachronic analysis draws on several linguistic, literary and other academic works on the Sindhī language and brings to the fore hitherto neglected data on historical script use for the language. The thesis then presents and analyses oral interview data on community opinion on the recent proposal to use the Roman script to read and write Sindhī. The synchronic analysis is based on original fieldwork data, comprising in-depth qualitative interviews with fifty members of the Indian Sindhī community of diverse backgrounds and ages from various geographical locations. Empirically, this work is one of the first to provide a comprehensive diachronic and synchronic review and analysis of script practices in the Sindhī community specifically from a sociolinguistic perspective. It also provides revealing insights into the kinds of expectations an urbanised, highly educated and socioeconomically successful minority has of a writing system for its language. In doing so, the study challenges the prevalent simplistic claim in the literature that minority communities are desirous of seeing their language in writing. Most importantly, this work indicates the emergence of a so-called new variety of Sindhī phonology in India, which differs subtly from the old variety phonology. The implications of this subtle shift in phonology for Sindhī pedagogical material form a key part of the findings of this study. Theoretically, this work contributes to the concept of orthographic transfer, which is the phenomenon of phoneme-grapheme correspondences in a particular orthography being inadvertently applied to another orthography. The study also affirms the presence of a scriptal diglossia, or digraphia, in script use for the Sindhī language, where the use of particular scripts for the language is implicitly determined by domain and context. The potential impact of orthographic transfer and digraphia on the pedagogy of lesser-learnt languages is a key part of the study’s findings. Methodologically, the juxtaposition of historical and present-day sociolinguistic factors at play offers a fresh and nuanced look at the rise and fall of scripts in the context of a language with a centuries-old written tradition. The study concludes that usage of a particular script for a language is not the result of a simplistic binary opposition between authoritarian imposition and voluntary choice. Rather, it is a reflection of several pragmatic and symbolic considerations by the community in question. The thesis puts into perspective the various psychological, socioeconomic and cultural forces at work in determining script use for the Sindhī language. In doing so, the thesis makes several additions not just to the existing body of knowledge on the Sindhī language, but also to the fledgling field of inquiry that is the sociolinguistics of writing. These varied and unique contributions set the study apart from previous research on the subject. Save to LibraryDownloadEdit 790 ViewsPaperRank: 1.8 Readers Related Papers MentionsView Impact ×Close LOG IN Log in with Facebook Log in with Google Sign in with Apple or Email Password Remember me on this computer or reset password Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? 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