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AEGIS THREAT PROTECTION PLATFORM

Disarm BEC, phishing, ransomware, supply chain threats and more.

SIGMA INFORMATION PROTECTION PLATFORM

Defend your data from careless, compromised and malicious users.

IDENTITY THREAT DEFENSE PLATFORM

Prevent identity risks, detect lateral movement and remediate identity threats
in real time.

INTELLIGENT COMPLIANCE PLATFORM

Reduce risk, control costs and improve data visibility to ensure compliance.

PREMIUM SERVICES

Leverage proactive expertise, operational continuity and deeper insights from
our skilled experts.



Overview

EMAIL SECURITY AND PROTECTION

Email Protection Email Fraud Defense Secure Email Relay Threat Response
Auto-Pull Sendmail Open Source Essentials for Small Business


ADVANCED THREAT PROTECTION

Targeted Attack Protection in Email Email Isolation Threat Response Emerging
Threats Intelligence


SECURITY AWARENESS TRAINING

Assess Change Behavior Evaluate
Overview

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Enterprise Data Loss Prevention (DLP) Insider Threat Management Intelligent
Classification and Protection Endpoint Data Loss Prevention (DLP) Email Data
Loss Prevention (DLP) Email Encryption Data Discover


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Overview

IDENTITY THREAT DETECTION AND RESPONSE

Spotlight Shadow
Overview

COMPLIANCE AND ARCHIVING

Automate Capture Patrol Track Archive Discover Supervision


DIGITAL RISK PROTECTION

Social Media Protection Domain Fraud Monitoring Executive and Location Threat
Monitoring
Overview

PREMIUM SERVICES

Managed Email Threat Protection Services Managed Information Protection Services
Managed Security Awareness Services Recurring Consultative Services Technical
Account Managers Threat Intelligence Services People-Centric Security Program




NEW THREAT PROTECTION SOLUTION BUNDLES WITH FLEXIBLE DEPLOYMENT OPTIONS

AI-powered protection against BEC, ransomware, phishing, supplier risk and more
with inline+API or MX-based deployment

Learn More




SOLUTIONS BY TOPIC

COMBAT EMAIL AND CLOUD THREATS

Protect your people from email and cloud threats with an intelligent and
holistic approach.

CHANGE USER BEHAVIOR

Help your employees identify, resist and report attacks before the damage is
done.

COMBAT DATA LOSS AND INSIDER RISK

Prevent data loss via negligent, compromised and malicious insiders by
correlating content, behavior and threats.

MODERNIZE COMPLIANCE AND ARCHIVING

Manage risk and data retention needs with a modern compliance and archiving
solution.

PROTECT CLOUD APPS

Keep your people and their cloud apps secure by eliminating threats, avoiding
data loss and mitigating compliance risk.

PREVENT LOSS FROM RANSOMWARE

Learn about this growing threat and stop attacks by securing today’s top
ransomware vector: email.

SECURE MICROSOFT 365

Implement the very best security and compliance solution for your Microsoft 365
collaboration suite.

DEFEND YOUR REMOTE WORKFORCE WITH CLOUD EDGE

Secure access to corporate resources and ensure business continuity for your
remote workers.

WHY PROOFPOINT

Today’s cyber attacks target people. Learn about our unique people-centric
approach to protection.


SOLUTIONS BY INDUSTRY

Federal Government State and Local Government Higher Education Financial
Services Healthcare Mobile Operators Internet Service Providers Small and Medium
Businesses


PARTNER PROGRAMS

CHANNEL PARTNERS

Become a channel partner. Deliver Proofpoint solutions to your customers and
grow your business.

ARCHIVE EXTRACTION PARTNERS

Learn about the benefits of becoming a Proofpoint Extraction Partner.

GLOBAL SYSTEM INTEGRATOR (GSI) AND MANAGED SERVICE PROVIDER (MSP) PARTNERS

Learn about our global consulting and services partners that deliver fully
managed and integrated solutions.

TECHNOLOGY AND ALLIANCE PARTNERS

Learn about our relationships with industry-leading firms to help protect your
people, data and brand.

SOCIAL MEDIA PROTECTION PARTNERS

Learn about the technology and alliance partners in our Social Media Protection
Partner program.

PROOFPOINT ESSENTIALS PARTNER PROGRAMS

Small Business Solutions for channel partners and MSPs.


PARTNER TOOLS

Become a Channel Partner Channel Partner Portal

RESOURCE LIBRARY

Find the information you're looking for in our library of videos, data sheets,
white papers and more.

BLOG

Keep up with the latest news and happenings in the ever‑evolving cybersecurity
landscape.

PODCASTS

Learn about the human side of cybersecurity. Episodes feature insights from
experts and executives.

NEW PERIMETERS MAGAZINE

Get the latest cybersecurity insights in your hands – featuring valuable
knowledge from our own industry experts.

THREAT GLOSSARY

Learn about the latest security threats and how to protect your people, data,
and brand.

EVENTS

Connect with us at events to learn how to protect your people and data from
ever‑evolving threats.

CUSTOMER STORIES

Read how Proofpoint customers around the globe solve their most pressing
cybersecurity challenges.

WEBINARS

Browse our webinar library to learn about the latest threats, trends and issues
in cybersecurity.

Watch now to earn your CPE credits


SECURITY HUBS

Get free research and resources to help you protect against threats, build a
security culture, and stop ransomware in its tracks.

Threat Hub
CISO Hub
Cybersecurity Awareness Hub
Ransomware Hub
Insider Threat Management Hub

ABOUT PROOFPOINT

Proofpoint is a leading cybersecurity company that protects organizations'
greatest assets and biggest risks: their people.

WHY PROOFPOINT

Today’s cyber attacks target people. Learn about our unique people-centric
approach to protection.

CAREERS

Stand out and make a difference at one of the world's leading cybersecurity
companies.

NEWS CENTER

Read the latest press releases, news stories and media highlights about
Proofpoint.

PRIVACY AND TRUST

Learn about how we handle data and make commitments to privacy and other
regulations.

ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND GOVERNANCE

Learn about our people-centric principles and how we implement them to
positively impact our global community.


SUPPORT

Access the full range of Proofpoint support services.

Learn More
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United StatesUnited KingdomFranceDeutschlandEspaña日本AustraliaItaliaFortsetzen
Blog
Email and Cloud Threats
Playing for the Wrong Team: Dangerous Functionalities in Microsoft Teams Enable
Phishing and Malware Delivery by Attackers


PLAYING FOR THE WRONG TEAM: DANGEROUS FUNCTIONALITIES IN MICROSOFT TEAMS ENABLE
PHISHING AND MALWARE DELIVERY BY ATTACKERS

Share with your network!
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May 17, 2023 David Krispin and Eilon Bendet


KEY TAKEAWAYS

Proofpoint researchers have uncovered several new ways of effectively abusing
Microsoft Teams, including:

 * Post account compromise impersonation and manipulation techniques
   * Using tabs for phishing users
   * Using tabs for instant malware download
 * Weaponizing meeting invites by replacing default URLs with malicious links
 * Weaponizing messages by replacing existing URLs with malicious links


OVERVIEW

Microsoft is a major productivity partner for many organizations and
enterprises. These organizations widely trust Microsoft Office’s suite of
products as a reliable foundation for their daily cloud ecosystem needs.
However, as Proofpoint has shown in the past, this migration to the cloud also
introduces new kinds of threats.

Today, attackers set their sights on cloud environments and services and try to
leverage existing security flaws and vulnerabilities for various nefarious
purposes. We have published extensively about these trends, showing how threat
actors are using Microsoft services for attacks, and disclosing how attackers
could effectively weaponize Microsoft Sway while bypassing security measures.
Alarmingly, Sway is not the only app to be targeted and abused by threat actors.


Proofpoint’s threat researchers recently analyzed over 450 million malicious
sessions, detected throughout the second half of 2022 and targeting Microsoft
365 cloud tenants. According to our findings, Microsoft Teams is one of the ten
most targeted sign-in applications, with nearly 40% of targeted organizations
having at least one unauthorized login attempt trying to gain access. 



Figure 1 - Top 10 most targeted Sign-in apps in the second half of 2022

In this blog post we will uncover multiple methods to abuse one of the most
popular (and most targeted) native cloud applications: Microsoft Teams. These
techniques allow malicious actors to effectively execute Office 365 credentials
phishing, deliver malicious executables, and expand their foothold within a
compromised cloud environment. 


ABUSING THE DEFAULT TABS MECHANISM

Microsoft Teams platform provides a personal and group messaging mechanism,
through Teams channels or chats. Each channel or chat can contain additional
tabs created by different applications. An example of a default tab appearing in
personal and group chats is the “Files” tab, associated with SharePoint and
OneDrive (Figure 2). We have found that tabs manipulation could be part of a
potent and largely automated attack vector, following an account compromise.

Usually, users may rename tabs however they choose, as long as the new name does
not overlap with an existing tab’s name (for example: “Files”). In addition,
users are supposedly restricted from re-positioning tabs in a way that places
them before default tabs (e.g., “Files”).

However, we have discovered that using undocumented Teams API calls, tabs may be
reordered and renamed so that the original tab can be swapped with a new custom
tab.

 



Figure 2 - A fake 'Files' tab created and placed before the original tab

One way that this seemingly benign “feature” can be leveraged by threat actors
is by using a native app, “Website”, which allows users to pin a chosen website
as a tab at the top of a Teams channel or chat (Figures 3 & 4).

After pinning a “Website” instance as a tab, an attacker can manipulate the
tab’s name, changing it to an existing tab’s name, and then repositioning it.
This effectively allows the attackers to push the native tab out of view, and
therefore increase the chances of using the fraudulent tab.



Figure 3 - Adding a new tab to a Teams chat



Figure 4 - Informative description of the Website app tab, as given in Teams

This new tab could be used to point to a malicious site, such as a credential
phishing webpage posing as a Microsoft 365 sign-in page (Figure 5). This could
be extremely attractive for attackers, seeing as, by design, a website tab’s URL
is not displayed to users unless they deliberately visit the tab’s ‘Settings’
menu.



Figure 5 - Setting a new tab pointing to a nefarious web page, using Teams’ user
interface

Although browser security best practices educate users to closely examine key
indicators (such as the URL bar) and to not click on suspicious links, in this
case all those instructions are irrelevant, as Teams does not provide a visible
URL bar. Therefore, unsuspecting victims are unlikely to notice that the web
page they access is, in fact, malicious.

As our simulation shows (Figure 6), when combined, the above-mentioned hazardous
functionalities allow threat actors to seamlessly plant malicious content within
compromised Microsoft 365 environments, with minimal risk of exposure.



Figure 6 – Tabs manipulation using undocumented API calls:
(1) Creation of a new ‘Website’ tab; (2) Change of tab name from (‘Website’) to
impersonate a default tab (‘Files’); (3) Change the new tab position before the
original tab; and (4) Change the tab’s target URL to refer to nefarious\legit
web page

But we are not done yet. Another way of easily abusing the same mechanisms is by
using the Website tab to point to a file. This causes Teams (desktop or web
client) to automatically download the file to the user’s device, potentially
placing malicious droppers inside victims’ corporate devices and networks
(Figure 7).



Figure 7 – Simulation of tabs manipulation using undocumented API calls:

Automatic download of malicious file linked to our fake ‘Files’ tab. In this
case, our new tab refers to a benign URL in order to conceal its “malicious”
intent.


WEAPONIZING MEETING INVITES

Tabs are not the only Teams feature open to exploitation and abuse by malicious
actors. The Microsoft Teams platform can also sync with a user’s calendar to
display, create, and edit scheduled meetings. By default, when creating a Teams
online meeting, several links are generated and sent within the meeting’s
description (Figure 8). These allow users to join the online meeting or download
Teams’ desktop client.



Figure 8 - Default links included in a Microsoft Teams meeting invite

Whereas usually an attacker would need access to Outlook or Microsoft Exchange
in order to manipulate the content of a meeting invite, once attackers gain
access to a user’s Teams account, they can manipulate meeting invites using
Teams API calls, swapping benign default links with malicious ones.

As shown in our simulation below (Figure 9), a sophisticated attacker may
automatically alter the default links within a meeting invite so that users,
both outside and inside the organization, are referred to phishing pages or to
malware-hosting sites, thus causing instant download of malware posing as Teams
installation files.



Figure 9 – Simulation showing creation of a meeting invite containing hidden
malicious URLs that refer to malicious web pages


WEAPONIZING HYPERLINKS IN MESSAGES

A different approach that attackers can utilize, given access to a user’s Teams
token, is using Teams’ API or user-interface to weaponize existing links in sent
messages. This could be done by simply replacing benign links with links
pointing to nefarious websites or malicious resources. In this scenario, the
presented hyperlink would not be changed, even though the URL behind it was
modified (Figure 10).

Given that Teams API allows for the rapid and automatic enumeration and editing
of links included in private or group chat messages, a simple script run by
attackers could weaponize countless URLs within seconds. Subsequently, a
sophisticated threat actor might utilize social engineering techniques and send
new messages, encouraging unsuspecting users to click (or “re-visit”) the
edited, and now weaponized, link. 



Figure 10 - Simulation showing automatic enumeration and manipulation of
existing links within messages, using Teams API


POTENTIAL IMPACT

It is important to note that the aforementioned abuse methods require
pre-existing access to a compromised user account or Teams token. Nevertheless,
approximately 60% of Microsoft 365 tenants suffered at least one successful
account takeover incident in 2022. Consequently, the potential proliferation of
these methods would provide threat actors with effective possibilities for
post-compromise lateral movement.

Our analysis of past attacks and ongoing trends within the dynamic cloud threat
landscape indicates that attackers progressively pivot to more advanced attack
vectors. The adoption of new attack techniques and tools, when combined with
apparent security flaws, including dangerous functionalities in 1st-party apps,
exposes organizations to a variety of critical risks.


RECOMMENDATIONS TO PROTECT YOUR ORGANIZATION 

Following are ways to help your organization defend against Microsoft
Teams-based phishing and malware risks:

 * Security awareness: Educate users to be aware of these risks when using
   Microsoft Teams.
 * Cloud security: Identify attackers accessing Teams within your cloud
   environment. This requires accurate and timely detection of the initial
   account compromise, and the visibility into the impacted sign-in application.
 * Web security: Isolate potentially malicious sessions initiated by links
   embedded in Teams messages.
 * Review Microsoft Teams usage: If you’re facing targeting attempts on a
   regular basis, consider limiting usage of Microsoft Teams in your cloud
   environment.
 * Restrict access: Make sure your Teams service is internal only if possible
   and not exposed to communication with other organizations. 

Threat actors constantly seek new ways to steal users’ credentials and acquire
access to users’ accounts. As this blog illustrates, Microsoft Teams could be
leveraged as a platform for various forms of cloud attacks since it is a
legitimate and popular cloud application.

Contact Proofpoint to learn more about how we can help your organization protect
cloud apps and secure cloud environments.

In response to Proofpoint’s disclosure of these findings, Microsoft has offered
the following guidance: “Microsoft encourages users to observe security best
practices in Microsoft Teams and to adopt industry-standard best practices for
security and data protection including embracing the Zero Trust Security model
and adopting robust strategies to manage security updates, antivirus updates,
and authentication. More information on Zero Trust Security is available
at https://aka.ms/zerotrust.”

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